This document discusses database management systems and the three-level architecture. It covers the internal or physical view, which concerns the physical implementation of the database. It also discusses data independence, where changes to lower levels do not affect upper levels. The types of data independence are logical, where changes to the conceptual model do not affect external views, and physical, where changes to the internal model do not affect the conceptual model. Other topics covered include the functions of a DBMS, different DBMS environments like single-user, multi-user, and client-server, and an assignment for students on the three-level architecture.

1. Database
Management
Systems
Lecture - 4

2. Today’s Review
Continue 3-L architecture
Data Independence
Different aspect of DBMS

3. Level 3
Internal or Physical
View
Concerns about the physical implementation of
the database

4. Internal View
DBMS chooses type of data structures
lays out data on storage devices with operating
system access methods

5. Internal View
Internal record: a single stored record
Does not just contain what we see at the
conceptual level
DBMS adds other data

6. Physical Level
Generally same as Internal
Actual representation of data on the
storage device
In the binary format
OS responsibility

7. Inter-Schema
Mappings
Also, a part of 3-level architecture
External/conceptual mapping
Conceptual/Internal

8. Ext/Con Mapping
Specifies mapping between objects in the
external view to those in the logical model

9. Con/Int Mapping
Specifies mapping between objects in the
logical model to those in the physical model-
data independence

10. 3-Level Architecture
External Level
Conceptual Level
Internal Level
Physical Data
Organization
Ext/Con Mapping
View 1 View 2 View n
Conceptual
Schema
Internal
Schema
Database
User 1 User 2 User n
Con/Int Mapping

11. Name DoB Deps DepId
Rana Aslam 12/09/70 5 D001
Marya Wasti 29/02/80 0 D005
First Name: Rana
Last Name: Aslam
Date of Birth:
12 Sep, 1970
Name: R. Aslam
Age: 24y,10d
Dept: Sales
Saleem
Saleema
01110011010011100101001010100101010010101…..
BH RH Rana Aslam 120970 5 D001 RH Marya Wasti…

12. Data
Independence

13. Data Independence
A major outcome of 3-L Arch
The immunity of applications to change in
storage structure and access strategy

14. Changes in lower level do not affect the
upper levels
Don’t take it word to word
Mind the direction please
Data Independence

15. Data Independence
Types
• Logical Data Independence
• Physical Data Independence

16. Logical Data
Independence
Changes in conceptual model do not affect the
external views
Immunity of external level from changes at
conceptual level

17. Types of Changes
Adding a new file/index etc.
Adding a new field in a file
Changing type/size
Deleting an attribute

18. Physical Data
Independence
 Changes in the internal model do not affect the
conceptual model
 Immunity of Conceptual level from changes at
Internal level

19. Changes Examples
Changing file organization
Index implementation, hash, tree etc.
Changing storage medium

20. 3-Level Architecture
External Level
Conceptual Level
Internal Level
Physical Data
Organization
Ext/Con Mapping
View 1 View n
Conceptual
Schema
Internal
Schema
Database
User 1 User n
Con/Int Mapping
Conceptual Data Ind
Physical
Data Ind

21. Functions of DBMS
 Data Processing
 A User Accessible Catalog
 Transaction Support
 Concurrency Control Services

22. Functions of DBMS
 Recovery Services
 Authorization Services
 Support for Data Communication
 Integrity Services

23. DBMS Environments
Single User
Multi-user
Teleprocessing
File Servers
Client-Server

24. Teleprocessing
All processing at
a central computer
Dumb Terminals

25. File Servers
LAN
File returned Data request
Database
Workstation Workstation
File Server

26. Client-Server
LAN
Selected data returned Data request
Database
Client Client
Server
(with DBMS)

27. Today’s Summary
Completed 3-L architecture
Discussed data independence
Discussion on DBMS

28. Group Assignment
• Write a sample data that you may want to store about different
things around you.
• List the changes that may arise during the working of any
system, i.e., Railway Reservation System
• Write the different forms of data at the external and conceptual
levels. Also, try to define a mapping between them.
• Extend the format of data to include the physical and internal
levels. Complete your exercise by including data at all three
levels.
• Write the different natures of changes at all three levels of
database architecture and see, which ones will have no effect on
the existing applications, which will be adjusted in the inter-
schema mapping, and which will affect the existing applications.

29. Deadline
• Group Members
2-3
• Deadline
7 September 2023
• Submission
Hard copy
• Handwritten
No
© Virtual University of Pakistan

30. Thanks and
Allah Hafiz