Three parasitic copepods (Siphonostomatoida) belonging to three different genera were recovered from marine fishes of Iraq, and are listed here as new records. The sea lice Caligus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1936 (Caligidae) was collected from the Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch). It had been frequently reported from teleost fishes around the world. The second record, comprising male and female, was another caligid, rarely caught from fishes – Hermilius longicornis Bassett Smith, 1898, collected from the giant catfish, Netuma thalassina (Rüppell). This paper features the first description of the male
of the latter species. The third record was the lernanthropid, Lernanthropinus temminckii (von Nordmann, 1864) (Lernanthropidae), redescribed based on the specimens collected from the greater lizard fish, Saurida tumbil (Bloch) (Synodontidae). In order to clarify its taxonomic status, our specimen was compared with the holotype of L. gibbosus (Pillai, 1964) from the collections of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, and the syntypes of L. sauridae Do in Ho and Do, 1985 and L. temminckii from the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. We found similarities in the morphology of the body, mouthparts, and legs 1–4 in three above-mentioned species. The prominent feature, the setation pattern of legs 1 and 2 was similar in all the female specimens examined. In the light of this, we formally relegate L. gibbosus and L. sauridae to synonymy with L. temminckii. Another important similarity is that Lernanthropinus gibbosus, L. sauridae, and L. temminckii have exclusively been parasitic on lizardfishes (Synodontidae). The attachment site of all three copepods reported form Iraq were the gill filaments.
A checklist of snakes observed in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh from March 2013 to September 2015 is documented here. Seventeen species of the snakes belonging to five families were recorded during the current study. All species of snakes were observed, photographed and released back to secure areas away from the human daily interference. In addition, road kills of snakes were also recorded along the forest trails and in urban areas. Out of all the species of snakes Xenochrophis piscator and Ptyas mucosa were found to be the most common snake followed by Amphiesma stolata and Oligodon arnensis .
Occurrence of whirling disease symptoms in cultured common carp in Basrah, IraqDrNajimRKhamees
A total of 128 fish samples including 70 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758,10 Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843), 40 Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) and eight Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) were collected during the period from November 2016 to May 2017. Seven different localities (floating cages, earthen ponds and natural water) in Basrah were investigated. Among some detected fish diseases, whirling
disease symptoms was reported for the first time in Iraq in April 2017, from two C. carpio cultured in earthen fish ponds of Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah.
The infested fish were dwarfed, with abnormal big head and small body. Grossly signs of the diseases represent fins and tail deformities in addition to open ulcers and losing of scales, and necrosis of skin and muscles. Internally, fish suffered of muscles
ecchymosis and vertebral deformities. Histological sections revealed that the spinal cord had healthy structure.
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
A checklist of snakes observed in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh from March 2013 to September 2015 is documented here. Seventeen species of the snakes belonging to five families were recorded during the current study. All species of snakes were observed, photographed and released back to secure areas away from the human daily interference. In addition, road kills of snakes were also recorded along the forest trails and in urban areas. Out of all the species of snakes Xenochrophis piscator and Ptyas mucosa were found to be the most common snake followed by Amphiesma stolata and Oligodon arnensis .
Occurrence of whirling disease symptoms in cultured common carp in Basrah, IraqDrNajimRKhamees
A total of 128 fish samples including 70 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758,10 Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843), 40 Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) and eight Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) were collected during the period from November 2016 to May 2017. Seven different localities (floating cages, earthen ponds and natural water) in Basrah were investigated. Among some detected fish diseases, whirling
disease symptoms was reported for the first time in Iraq in April 2017, from two C. carpio cultured in earthen fish ponds of Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah.
The infested fish were dwarfed, with abnormal big head and small body. Grossly signs of the diseases represent fins and tail deformities in addition to open ulcers and losing of scales, and necrosis of skin and muscles. Internally, fish suffered of muscles
ecchymosis and vertebral deformities. Histological sections revealed that the spinal cord had healthy structure.
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
Review on fresh water fish diversity of maharashtra (india)DrRavindraPawara
The current review deals with the freshwater fish
recorded and confirmed by various authors, 165 species belonging to 09 orders, 26 families and 82
genera in Maharashtra during 2000 to 2014 and will be useful for fishermen, consumers, fish industry
producers and researchers.
Apistogramma sp. estão entre os Ciclídeos mais espetaculares do mundo. A nova espécie foi adicionada a este gênero no mês passado. Apistogramma kullanderi continua a tradição de excelência para este gênero de Ciclídeos anão.
Record of two Anuretes species (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) from fishes of ...DrNajimRKhamees
Two species of the genus Anuretes: Anuretes anomalus Pillai, 1967 and A. branchialis Rangnekar, 1953 were recorded from gills of Diagramma pictum (Thunberg, 1792) and Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775), respectively. Fishes were caught off coast of Iraq during the period from January 2011 till April 2012. Illustrated descriptions of both parasites have been given. The prevalence and mean intensity of infection were 58.3% and 7.3, for A. anomalus and 24.6% and 4.2, for A. branchialis.
Review on fresh water fish diversity of maharashtra (india)DrRavindraPawara
The current review deals with the freshwater fish
recorded and confirmed by various authors, 165 species belonging to 09 orders, 26 families and 82
genera in Maharashtra during 2000 to 2014 and will be useful for fishermen, consumers, fish industry
producers and researchers.
Apistogramma sp. estão entre os Ciclídeos mais espetaculares do mundo. A nova espécie foi adicionada a este gênero no mês passado. Apistogramma kullanderi continua a tradição de excelência para este gênero de Ciclídeos anão.
Record of two Anuretes species (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) from fishes of ...DrNajimRKhamees
Two species of the genus Anuretes: Anuretes anomalus Pillai, 1967 and A. branchialis Rangnekar, 1953 were recorded from gills of Diagramma pictum (Thunberg, 1792) and Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775), respectively. Fishes were caught off coast of Iraq during the period from January 2011 till April 2012. Illustrated descriptions of both parasites have been given. The prevalence and mean intensity of infection were 58.3% and 7.3, for A. anomalus and 24.6% and 4.2, for A. branchialis.
The Studies on Morphological Abnormality and Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in...AnuragSingh1049
During hydrobiologicals studies of Gandhinagar reservoir some fishes were collected having morphological abnormality and Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome. Seven species of fishes such as Catla catla, Labeo rohita, L. calbasu, Cirrhinus mrigala, Mystus seenghala, M. aor and Wellago attu were infected severely. One Catla catla were reported with one eye on one side only. It was measured 79 cm in total length with 30.0 kg body weight. Summer infection of these fishes was correlated with the physico-chemical parameters.
Puffer fish belonging to the family tetraodontidae are usually distributed in the shallow waters. During investigation in stations viz. Marina Park, Chidiyatapu and Burmanullah, around Andaman, five species from genus Arothron and two from Canthigaster have been recorded and were mostly found to prefer coral reefs and rock crevices, with the exception of Arothron immaculatus, which was found to be present in the open waters and it confined to sandy bottom substrate with patches of sea grasses around them. These fishes were found to be most diverse and abundant in Chidiyatapu with the Margelef’s Richness Index of 2.49, Shannon-Wiener index of 1.05 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.96. Biometric analysis results demonstrate that they have shown an isometric growth. The individuals collected were mostly lying in the length group of 120-160 mm. Gut content analysis of A. Immaculatus reveals that the fish feed mainly on molluscs and sea urchin and the other food items were shrimps, crabs, sponges, micro algae, foraminiferans etc. gastro-somatic index, hepato-somatic index and gonado-somatic indices were also calculated to throw light upon the feeding behavior and reproductive maturity of the fishes. Most of the individuals were found to be in the developing stage of maturity.
Taxonomic study of the family Scoliidae (Hymenoptera; Aculeata) in Iraq - JBESInnspub Net
In this study, 117 specimens of the hairy wasps (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae), collected from different region of Iraq are investigated. Five species belonging to three genera were determined; this species are: Campsomeriella thoracica (Fabricius), Megascolia maculata (Drury), Scolia flaviceps Eversmann, S. turkestanica Betrem, S. hirta (Schrank) and S. schrenkii (Eversmann). The last two species have been recorded for the first time in Iraq. Identification keys to genera, species and figured of male genitalia are illustrated. Get the original articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/taxonomic-study-of-the-family-scoliidae-hymenoptera-aculeata-in-iraq/
Comparative Taxonomy of Two Species of Acanthopagrus Peters, 1855 (Pisces: Sp...DrNajimRKhamees
Morphometric and meristic characteristics of two species of genus
Acanthopagrus (A. arabicus and A. sheim) were described based on 19 specimens of A.
arabicus and 10 specimens of A. sheim. Distinguished morphometric characteristics
between two species are included; obvious black streak on anal fin in fresh specimens
and the black spots on the membrane between spines of dorsal fin found in A. sheim
only, while yellow lower lobe of caudal fin in A. arabicus in compared with black or
dusky once in A. sheim. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins being vivid yellow (yellow in A.
sheim, anal fin with black streaks), caudal fin being yellow in the lower part, while
grayish on the upper part of A. arabicus. The biometric characters of 33 out of 42
morphometric characters of A. arabicus were larger than that of A. sheim, which
reported for the first time in Iraqi waters.
In order to assess the Myxosporeans fauna of Cameroon fresh water fishes so
as to find the fight strategies, 655 specimens (350 Oreochromis niloticus and 305
Barbus callipterus) were sampled in Mapé river (Sanaga basin) and examined.
Standard methods were used for the sampling of fishes, conservation and microscopy.
Morphometric characteristics of the spores were used for species identification. Two
new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Büstchli, 1882 were described namely
Myxobolus tchoumbouei n. sp in Barbus callipterus which formed cysts within various
organs (fins, skin and operculum); Myxobolus mapei n. sp parasite of kidneys and liver
in Oreochromis niloticus and Barbus callipterus. Myxobolus tchoumbouei exhibited
very long spores (19.19 x 8.89 μm), pear-shaped with rounded anterior end
sometimes flattened. Polar capsules were dissymmetrical. They measured 7.60 x 3.00
μm for the bigger and 7.06 x 2.62 μm for the smaller. Myxobolus mapei n. sp had
ellipsoidal spores (13.50 x 6.83 μm) with unequal polar capsules. The larger polar
capsule (6.44 X 2.88 μm) was about 1.5 times longer than the smaller one (4.13 X 1.61
μm) and filled half of the spiral cavity. The awareness about these parasites is useful
to find fighting strategies.
Similar to Three new records of copepods (Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on marine fishes of Iraq (20)
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
OCCURRENCE AND REDESCRIPTION OF THRYSSA SETIROSTRIS (BROUSSONET, 1782) (CLUPI...DrNajimRKhamees
Nine fish specimens of Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782) were collected from the Arabian Gulf, during the period from July 2015 to April 2016. Because of the scarcity of this fish and overlapping and ambiguous of its taxonomic characters with other Thryssa spp., a detailed taxonomic study was conducted. The present study includes the most important meristic and morphometric characteristics.
The mean of the total length of the specimens was 149.67 mm; dorsal fin consists of 12 rays, anal fin with 34-37 rays and pectoral fin with 12-13 rays; Gill rakers were 4 upper,1 medial and 10 lower. The most important character that isolates T. setiristis from other close Thryssa spp. is the maxilla which is considered very long and reach beyond the tip of the
pectoral fin.
Freshwater and marine fishes of Shatt Al-Arab river, Basrah, Iraq are listed. This is a chapter from unpublished Atlas of this historical river. It is presented in arabic, but scientific names were given. The Lists of Fishes were categorized in three groups viz., the native freshwater fishes, the marine anadromous fishes and the exotic or invader fishes.
Checklists of Fish Parasites of Basrah Marshlands, IraqDrNajimRKhamees
Literature reviews of all reports concerning the parasitic
fauna of fishes of Basrah marshlands, southern Iraq showed that a total of 78 parasite species are so far known from 11 fish species investigated for parasitic infections. The parasitic fauna included four euglenozoans, seven ciliophorans, eight myxozoans, 11 trematodes, 15 monogeneans, nine cestodes, seven nematodes, two acanthocephalans, one clam glochidium and 14 crustaceans. The infection with some trematodes and nematodes as well as with the clam occurred with their larval stages, while the remaining infections were either with trophozoites or adult parasites. Among the inspected fishes, Silurus triostegus was infected with the highest number of parasite species (59 parasite species), followed by Carasobarbus luteus (16 species), Leuciscus vorax (15 species), while four fish species (Gambusia holbrooki, Luciobarbus xanthopterus, Planiliza subviridis and Poecillia latipinna) were infected with only one parasite species each. The third larval stage of the nematode Contracaecum species was the commonest parasite species as it was recorded from eight fish species, followed by both the myxozoan Myxobolus pfeifferi and the crustaceans Ergasilus mosulensis and Ergasilus sp. which were reported from five fish host species each, while 74.4% of the parasite species were recorded from a single host fish species each.
Literature reviews of available reports concerning the parasitic fauna of marine fishes of Iraq till the end of 2017 showed that a total of 253 parasite species are so far known from 86 fish species (13 elasmobranchians and 73 actinopterygians) investigated for parasitic infections. The parasitic fauna included
one myzozoan, three ciliophorans, three myxozoans, 50 trematodes, 41 monogeneans, 21 cestodes, 47 nematodes, 11 acanthocephalans, one mollusc larva and 75 crustaceans. Among the inspected fishes, the mugilid fish Planiliza
subviridis was infected with the highest number of parasite species (47 parasite species), followed by the sparid fish Acanthopagrus arabicus (28 species) and the clupeid fish Tenualosa ilisha (17 species), while 23 fish species were infected with only one parasite species each. The praniza larval stage of the isopode Gnathia was the commonest parasite species as it was recorded on 18 fish species, followed by
the cestode Callitetrarhynchus gracilis which was reported from seven fish host species, while the majority of the remaining parasite species infected only one host species each.
Reviewing the literature dealt with marine fishes of Iraq, which were captured in territorial marine waters of Iraq or brackish, freshwaters and marshes, from 1874 until the mid of 2018 indicated the presence of 322 species belonging to 193 genera, 94 families and 26 orders. Perciformes is the richest order, represented with 183 species (about 56.83% of all fish species), 97 genera and 38 families. Among these, 40 (42.5%) different families are represented with a single species. The Carangidae has the higher number of genera (17) and species (33). Ten out of 26 orders (38.5%) have been represented with single species only. Elasmobranchs are represented with 42 species (23 selachids and 19 batoids). Locally, the sharks (selachids) comprise three orders and eight families, while the skates and the rays (batoids) are represented with seven families and four orders. A total of 193 of confirmed marine species (66 families and 18 orders) were recorded from Shatt AlArab river.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. B. A. Venmathi Maran et al.140
1785 is one of the major genera of the Caligidae parasitic on
teleost fishes around the world. There are currently more
than 250 valid species of Caligus (Dojiri and Ho 2013), in
contrast, Hermilius Heller, 1865, another genus from the
same family has so far been reported with just 8 species
(Boxshall and Halsey 2004; Dojiri and Ho 2013). In this
study, we report a species from both Caligus and Hermilius
and the male of latter species is also described.
The Lernanthropidae is a large family that comprises
more than 150 species that are exclusively parasitic on gill
filaments of marine teleosts using their prehensile antennae
and maxillipeds (Boxshall and Halsey 2004). In female, leg
3 is modified as large, folded lamellae for clinging to the gill
filaments (Ho et al. 2011). The genus Lernanthropinus Do in
Ho et Do 1985 (Lernanthropidae) was adopted based on two
lateral plates (Ho and Do 1985). Following this feature, eight
species of Lernanthropus de Blainville, 1822 were transferred
to Lernanthropinus (see Ho and Do 1985; Ho et al. 2008,
2011) including the one here, we report and redescribe as Ler-
nanthropinus temminckii (von Nordmann, 1864). In this
study, we relegate two other species of Lernanthropinus col-
lected from the same host of India and Japan to L. temminckii
(Pillai 1964, 1985; Cressey and Cressey 1979; Ho and Do
1985), which reduces the number of valid species of Lernan-
thropinus to six.
In the presently reported study from Iraq, three parasitic
copepods were recovered from three different marine fish
hosts such as the Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus
japonicus (Bloch, 1791) (Perciformes: Nemipteridae); the
giant catfish Netuma thalassina (Rüppell, 1837) (Siluri-
iformes: Ariidae); and the greater lizard fish, Saurida tumbil
(Bloch, 1795) (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae). This is also
the first report of occurrence on these three parasitic cope-
pods from Iraq.
Materials and Methods
Copepod specimens were carefully removed from the gills of
the host fish collected from the fishing port of Al-Faw City,
Basrah Province, Iraq (29°46´N; 48°49´E) using fine forceps
and observed under a dissecting microscope. The collected
copepods were preserved in 70% ethanol. Preserved cope-
pods were cleared in a drop of 85% lactic acid or lactophe-
nol prior to examination using an Olympus BX51 differential
phase contrast microscope. Selected specimens were meas-
ured intact using an ocular micrometer and/or dissected and
examined according to the wooden slide procedure (Humes
and Gooding 1964). Measurements given in millimeter
(mm) are in the range followed by the mean in parentheses.
Specimens from collections of Zoological Survey of India
(ZSI), Kolkata, and United States National Museum for Nat-
ural History (USNMNH), Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington D.C., USA were also studied for the comparisons.
Morphological terminology follows Ho and Lin (2004) and
Huys and Boxshall (1991) and fish names conform to Fish-
Base (Froese and Pauly 2013). Voucher specimens are de-
posited at the National Institute of Biological Resources
(NIBR), Incheon, Korea.
Results and Discussion
Order Siphonostomatoida Thorell, 1859
Family Caligidae Burmeister, 1835
Genus Caligus Müller, 1785
Caligus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1936
(Fig. 1A)
Caligus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1936: 4; Shiino 1952: 80;
Yamaguti 1963: 53; Kirtisinghe 1964: 57; Kabata 1965: 112;
Leong 1984: 166; Pillai 1985: 287; Ho and Sey 1996: 64;
Ho et al. 2000: 164; Ho and Lin 2004: 175; Boxshall and
El-Rashidy 2009: 26.
Caligus annularis Yamaguti, 1954: 375
C. chiloscyllii Pillai, 1967: 1556.
C. cossackii Rangnekar et Murti, 1959: 78.
C. minutus Pillai, 1963: 655.
C. paxillifer Yamaguti, 1954: 375
C. sciaenae Gnanamuthu, 1947: 43
Material examined. 5♀♀ (NIBRIV0000276263) from gill
filaments of Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus
(Bloch); Fishing Port, Al-Faw City, Basrah Province, Iraq,
4 June 2011.
Systematic accounts of adult female. Body (Fig. 1A) 2.58
(2.38–2.91, n = 5) mm long, excluding setae on caudal rami.
Cephalothoracic shield 1.16 (1.06–1.26) mm long and 1.13
(1.01–1.25) mm wide, excluding lateral hyaline membranes.
Genital complex 0.89 (0.86–0.92) mm long and 0.83 (0.80–
0.86) mm wide. Abdomen longer than wide, 0.41 (0.39–0.43)
× 0.26 (0.24–0.28) mm. Caudal ramus longer than wide (86 ×
68 μm), armed with 3 long and 3 short setae.
Exopod Endopod
Leg 1 1-0; III, I, 3 (vestigial)
Leg 2 I–1; I–1; I, II, 5 0–1; 0–2; 6
Leg 3 I–0; 1–1; 7 0–1; 6
Leg 4 I–0; I, III (missing)
Male. Unknown from Iraq (this study) and Taiwan (Ho and
Lin 2003), but reported from Japan (Shiino 1952), India
(Pillai 1985), and Malaysia (Leong 1984).
Remarks. The diagnostic feature of C. epinepheli is the ab-
sence of three plumose setae, which are commonly found on
the posterior margin of the terminal segment of the exopod of
leg 1. Although over 250 species of Caligus are reported
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3. Three Parasitic Copepods from Iraq 141
Fig.1. Caligus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1936, female. A – habitus, dorsal; Hermilius longicornis Bassett-Smith, 1898, female. B – habitus,
dorsal; C – abdomen, ventral; D – caudal ramus, ventral; E – leg 5. Scale bars: A = 200 μm, B = 400 μm; C, D, E = 50 μm
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4. B. A. Venmathi Maran et al.142
(Dojiri and Ho 2013), this character is shared by 8 of its con-
geners, i.e., C. affinis Heller, 1866; C. ariicolus Wilson, 1928;
C. (Subcaligus) bocki Heegaard, 1943; C. enormis Wilson,
1913; C. lagocephali Pillai, 1961; C. mauritanicus Brian,
1924; C. mirabilis Leigh-Sharpe, 1934; and C. productus
Dana, 1852 (Dojiri and Ho 2013). Some of these species can
be easily distinguished from C. epinepheli (cf. Ho and Lin
2003; Dojiri and Ho 2013).
Distribution. It is widely distributed (Boxshall and El-
Rashidy 2009), but predominantly occurs in Asian countries
such as Japan (Yamaguti 1936, 1963), India (Pillai 1963;
Rangnekar and Murti 1963), Sri Lanka (Kirtisinghe 1964),
Malaysia (Leong 1984), Kuwait (Ho and Sey 1996), and Tai-
wan (Ho and Lin 2003). It has also been recorded from Aus-
tralia (Kabata 1965) and the Caribbean Sea (Cressey 1991).
Genus Hermilius Heller, 1865
Hermilius longicornis Bassett-Smith, 1898
(Figs. 1B-4)
Hermilius longicornis Bassett-Smith, 1898: 80; Rangekar
1963: 80; Pillai 1963: 183; Yamaguti 1963: 83; Kirtisinghe
1964: 76; Pillai 1985: 416; Ho and Kim 2000: 86. H. pyriven-
tris Pillai, 1961: 123.
Material Examined. 4♀♀ (NIBRIV0000276264) and 1♂
(NIBRIV0000276265) from gills of giant catfish, Netuma
Fig. 2. Hermilius longicornis Bassett-Smith, 1898, female. A – antennule; B – antenna; C – postantennary process; D – mandible;
E – maxillule; F – maxilla; G – maxilliped; H – tip of maxilliped; I – sternal furca. Scale bars: A, C–E, H = 50 μm; B, F, G, I = 100 μm
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5. Three Parasitic Copepods from Iraq 143
thalassina (Rüppell), Fishing Port, Al-Faw City, Basrah
Province, Iraq, 25 October 2011.
Adult Female. Body (Fig. 1B) 3.41 (3.26–3.55, n = 4) mm
long excluding setae on caudal rami. Cephalothorax 1.27 ×
1.83, wider than long with deep notches anteromedially and
folded ventrally; Genital complex large (1.75 × 0.96), longer
than wide and longer than cephalothorax, broadened distally
with flat sides, bearing pair of spermatophores (Fig. 1C). Ab-
domen (Fig. 1C) short (260 × 217 μm), unisegmented, slightly
longer than wide. Caudal ramus (Fig. 1D) about 1.5 times (96
× 64 μm) longer than wide armed with 3 long and 3 short
plumose setae.
Antennule (Fig. 2A) 2-segmented; proximal segment with
27 setae on anterodistal surface; distal segment with 1 sub-
terminal seta on posterior margin and 11 setae plus 2 aes-
Fig. 3. Hermilius longicornis Bassett-Smith, 1898, female. A – leg 1; B – leg 2; C – leg 3; D – leg 4. Scales bars: A–D = 50 μm
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6. B. A. Venmathi Maran et al.144
thetascs distally. Antenna (Fig. 2B) 3-segmented; proximal
segment smallest; middle segment swollen, with a small dis-
tal seta; distal segment a long recurved, sharply pointed,
strong claw, sharp auxiliary process in terminal region with
1 subterminal seta. Postantennal process (Fig. 2C) repre-
sented by large fleshy lobe. Mandible (Fig. 2D) as typical
in Hermilius comprised with 12 teeth distally. Maxillule
(Fig. 2E) comprising papilla bearing 3 setae, long dentiform
process. Maxilla (Fig. 2F) 2-segmented; proximal segment
large and unarmed; distal segment slender with subterminal
hyaline membrane on outer edge and 2 unequal elements ter-
minally, terminal calamus small armed with spinules on both
sides. Maxilliped (Fig. 2G) more than slender, indistinctly
3-segmented; proximal segment largest but unarmed; middle
segment small; terminal segment long with sharp claw
terminally bearing basal seta and small subterminal tine
(Fig. 2H). Sternal furca (Fig. 2I) broad, tines with broad spat-
ulated membranes.
Armature on rami of legs 1–4 as follows (Roman numer-
als indicating spines and Arabic numerals indicating setae):
Exopod Endopod
Leg 1 1–0;III,I,3 (vestigial)
Leg 2 I–1;I–1;I,II,5 0–1; 0–2; 6
Leg 3 I–0;I–1;7 0–1; 6
Leg 4 I–0;III (missing)
Leg 1 (Fig. 3A) protopod with large, plumose outer seta and an-
other small, inner seta in addition to spinules on ventral surface;
vestigial endopod as knob covered with setules; proximal seg-
Fig. 4. Hermilius longicornis Bassett-Smith, 1898, male. A – habitus, dorsal; B – abdomen, ventral; C – antenna; D – maxilliped; E – leg 5;
F – leg 6. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B. 100 μm; C = 50 μm; E, F = 25 μm
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7. Three Parasitic Copepods from Iraq 145
Fig. 5. Lernanthropinus temminckii (von Nordmann, 1864), female. A – habitus, dorsal; B – habitus, lateral; C – head, ventral; D – abdomen,
ventral; E – caudal rami, ventral. Scale bars: A, B = 500 μm; C, E = 50 μm; D = 100 μm..
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8. B. A. Venmathi Maran et al.146
ment of exopod with row of setules on inner margin and short
spiniform seta at outer distal corner; outer terminal element on
last segment of exopod longer than inner 2 elements; pecten at
base of all 3 outer terminal elements. Leg 2 (Fig. 3B) coxa small
with large plumose inner seta posteriorly; basis with small outer
simple seta, small marginal inner setules in addition to inner mar-
ginal membrane; with strong outer spines on proximal and mid-
dle segments of exopod. Leg 3 (Fig. 3C) protopod with small
outer and large inner plumose seta, membrane on outer edge and
patch of spinules in outer portion of ventral surface; outer flange
on spine and swelling of first segment of exopod with stronger
outer spine on middle segment of exopod. Leg 4 (Fig. 3D) pro-
topod large with plumose outer seta; pectens on both exopodal
segments at insertion of each of 4 outer shorter spines. Leg 5
(Fig. 1E) represented by papilla bearing 2 small setae located at
posterolateral corner of genital complex anterior to genital pore.
Fig. 6. Lernanthropinus temminckii (von Nordmann, 1864), female. A – antennule; B – antenna; C – maxillule; D – mandible; E – maxilla;
F – maxilliped. Scales bars: A–F = 50 μm
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9. Three Parasitic Copepods from Iraq 147
Adult Male. Body (Fig. 4A) 1.61 (n = 1) mm long excluding
setae on caudal rami. Cephalothorax 0.79 × 0.84 mm, wider
than long with deep notches and folding. Fourth pediger, con-
vex-shaped, wider than long. Genital complex (Fig. 4B) 0.35
× 0.29 mm, longer than wide and swollen midlaterally, nar-
rowed anteriorly, broadened posteriorly. Abdomen (Fig. 4B)
short (0.21 × 0.13 μm), 1-segmented, slightly longer than wide.
Caudal ramus (Fig. 4B) (83 × 56 μm) longer than wide armed
with 3 long and 3 short plumose setae. Antennule as in female.
Antenna (Fig. 4C) 3-segmented; proximal segment trans-
versed; middle segment slender, projected with corrugated
pads; distal segment strongly falcated with sharp claw; sharp
auxiliary process in terminal region with spine-like seta at base
of auxiliary process and small seta inwardly near process.
Postantennal process, Mandible, Maxillule and Maxilla as in
female. Maxilliped (Fig. 4D) large, indistinctly 3-segmented;
proximal segment largest but unarmed; middle segment small;
terminal segment long with sharp claw bearing long basal seta
and small subterminal seta. Sternal furca as in female.
Legs 1–4 as in female. Leg 5 (Fig. 4E) represented by
papilla bearing 2 setae located at midlateral portion of genital
somite and leg 6 (Fig. 4F) tipped with 2 setae posteriorly.
Remarks. The structure and armature on the exopod of leg
4 are characteristic to the species of the genus Hermilius. The
diagnostic features of female H. longicornis are: 1) 1-seg-
mented abdomen; 2) 3-segmented antenna; 3) 1-segmented
exopod of leg 4, spine III is longer; 4) presence of 6 plumose
Fig. 7. Lernanthropinus temminckii (von Nordmann, 1864), female. A – leg 1; B – leg 2; C – leg 3; D – leg 4; E – leg 5. Scales bars: A–E=50 μm
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10. B. A. Venmathi Maran et al.148
setae on the caudal ramus. It closely resembles H. alatus
Hameed, 1981; H. ariodi Prabha et Pillai, 1986 and H. youngi
Kabata, 1964. It differs mainly in the exopod spines of leg 4,
in which, the terminal spine is shorter than middle spine (vs.
terminal spine is longer in other 3 species). Male is compara-
tively smaller than female, possess some prominent diagnostic
features: 1) antenna is provided with falcated claw in the dis-
tal segment, corrugated pads in the middle segment and sharp
auxiliary process in the middle region; 2) maxilliped is larger
than female, provided with sharp claw terminally. It differs
with the male of H. ariodi and H. pyriventris Heller, 1865, in
the following features: 1) sterna furca is broad, tines with spat-
ulated membranes and without lateral sclerotized processes (vs.
very broad flanges, with lateral sclerotized processes above
sterna furca in H. ariodi; apically acute and diverged tines with-
out processes in H. pyriventris); 2) terminal segment of max-
illiped is having sharp claw long basal seta and small
subterminal seta (vs. absence of subterminal seta in H. ariodi
and H. pyriventris); 3) terminal region of antenna is with spine-
like seta at the base of auxiliary process, in addition a small
seta is located inwardly near process (vs. absence of small seta
inwardly near process in H. ariodi and H. pyriventris).
H. longicornis was described by various authors (Bassett-
Simth 1898; Pillai 1961, 1963, 1985; Rangnekar 1963; Leong
1985; Ho and Kim 2000). Although, the complete redescrip-
tion of female was provided by Ho and Kim (2000), we have
illustrated all features on female to show its conspecific char-
acters to male and also to compare its features with its con-
geners. We also found few minor differences on the habitus
provided by Ho and Kim (2000). The outer cephalothorax is
broad in our study, but, not broader in Ho and Kim (2000) and
outer layers might be folded. The maxilliped is shown with
minute setae in our study (see: Fig. 2G, H), which are over-
looked in Ho and Kim (2000). The complete description of
male is also provided in this study. This is only the third
species of the genus with a male description after H. ariodi
and H. pyriventris. Hermilius is host specific to marine
catfishes (Ariidae). All 8 species such as, H. alatus, H. ariodi,
H. longicaudus Ho et Kim, 2000, H. longicornis, H. pseudari
Hameed, 1987, H. pyriventris, H. tachysuri Pillai et Natarajan,
1980 and H. youngi have been reported from cat fishes around
the world (Ho and Kim 2000). This is the first report on this
genus from Iraq. However, Ho and Kim (2000) reported three
species H. pyriventris, H. longicaudus, and H. longicornis
from the giant marine catfish, Arius thalassinus Rüppel, from
Kuwait, a neighboring country of Iraq.
Distribution. It is so far reported from India (Pillai 1963),
Kuwait (Ho and Kim 2000), Malaysia (Leong 1985) and Sri
Lanka (Bassett-Smith 1898; Kirtisinghe 1964).
Family Lernanthropidae Kabata, 1979
Lernanthropinus Do in Ho et Do, 1985
Lernanthropinus temminckii (von Nordmann, 1864)
(Figs. 5–7)
Lernanthropus temminckii von Nordmann, 1864: 501, Cressey
and Cressey 1979: 20.
Lernanthropus gibbosus Pillai, 1964: 46; Pillai 1985: 536.
Lernanthropinus sauridae Do in Ho and Do, 1985: 55.
Material examined. 1♀ (NIBRIV0000276266) from gill fil-
aments of greater lizard fish Saurida tumbil (Bloch), Fishing
Port, Al-Faw City, Basrah Province, Iraq, 03 November 2011.
Other material examined. Lernanthropus gibbosus Pillai,
1964: Holotype ♀ (Reg. No. C4447/1, Trivandrum, India) from
collections of Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta; Lernan-
thropinus sauridae Do in Ho and Do, 1985. Syntypes: 1♀ and
1♂ (Reg. No. 190646. Kojima Bay, Japan) from collections of
Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA; Lernanthro-
pus temminckii von Nordmann, 1864 (= L. temmenckii): Syn-
types: 8♀♀ specimens (Reg. No. 180570, Trivandrum, India),
1♂ (Reg. No. 180567, Thailand); 1♀ (Reg. No. 180568, Un-
known locality), 1♀ (Reg. No. 180569, off Somalia); 1♀ (Reg.
No. 180571, the Philippines), all from collections of Smithson-
ian Institution, Washington D.C., USA.
Adult female. Body (Fig. 5A, B) 6.64 mm long, typical ap-
pearance of lernanthropid. Head 1.64 × 1.48 mm, bearing
large fleshy fold on either side anterior to oral region (see
Fig. 5A, C) and at posterior margin, formed as bulged ridge
(see Fig. 5B). Trunk protruded laterally at anterior end. All
pedigerous somites fused (Fig. 5C) and not demarcated
except leg 3. Urosome well exposed to both dorsal (Fig. 5A)
and ventral sides. Genital complex narrowed posteriorly, pair
of spermatophores seen attached (Fig. 5D). Abdomen (Fig.
5D) 0.75 × 0.41 mm, wider than long. Caudal ramus (Fig. 5E)
0. 27 × 07 mm longer than wide, armed anteriorly with 2 slen-
der setae and posteriorly with 4 small spiniform setae.
Antennule (Fig. 6A) indistinctly 6-segmented; armed with
setal formula of 1, 2, 3, 1, 1 and 12+2 aesthetascs. Antenna
(Fig. 6B) indistinctly 3-segmented; proximal segment stout
and small; middle segment stout and larger than other 2 seg-
ments, having small spiniform seta posterolaterally; distal seg-
ment forming as curved claw bearing spiniform seta mid
laterally. Maxillule (Fig. 6C) bilobed, outer lobe bearing
1 larger seta and 2 spiniform setae; inner lobe longer bearing
3 setae terminally. Mandible (Fig. 6D) moderately long, bear-
ing 8 teeth distally. Maxilla (Fig. 6E) 2-segmented; with lac-
ertus, larger and brachium bearing subterminally 1 seta on
medial surface; terminal claw armed with rows of denticles
on medial surface in addition to 1 basal seta. Maxilliped (Fig.
6F) indistinctly 3-segmented; corpus robust bearing small
papilla on myxal surface; subchela with seta-bearing papilla
on medial surface of shaft; terminally striated claw bearing
1 spiniform basal seta.
Leg 1 (Fig. 7A) with inconspicuous protopod having
1 slender outer seta and 1 spiniform inner element with rows
of denticles; exopod 1-segmented and bearing 5 robust spines
articulated with spinules, medial surface having rows of den-
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12. B. A. Venmathi Maran et al.150
ticles; endopod small tipped with 1 seta, lateral region having
row of denticles. Leg 2 (Fig. 7B) slightly reduced than leg 1;
exopod armed with 5 spines smaller than leg 1; endopod bear-
ing 1 seta as like leg 1. Leg 3 (Fig. 7C), not fused, modified
as 2 fleshy lamellae for exopod and endopod, both unarmed.
Leg 4 (Fig. 7D) represented by pair of bilobate process, long,
fleshy, having identical blunt tips. Leg 5 (Fig. 7E) represented
by 2 papillae having 1 plumose seta midlaterally and 1 spini-
form seta posteriorly.
Male. Unknown from Iraq (present study), but reported from
Trivandrum, India (Pillai 1964, 1985), the Andaman Sea, Gulf
of Thailand (Cressey and Cressey 1979) and Kojima Bay,
Japan (Ho and Do 1985).
Remarks. The diagnostic features of the genus Lernan-
thropinus are: 1) the presence of posterolateral plate-like struc-
tures on the trunk, 2) the absence of dorsal and ventral plates
on the trunk, and 3) both leg 4 and the urosome are visible in
dorsal and ventral views (see Ho and Do 1985). According
to Walter (2013), Lernanthropinus contains the following
eight species: L. decapteri (Pillai, 1964); L. forficatus (Redkar,
Rangnekar et Murti, 1949); L. gibbosus (Pillai, 1964);
L. nematistii Deets et Benz, 1988; L. sauridae Do in Ho and
Do, 1985; L. sphyraenae (Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959);
L. temminckii (von Nordmann, 1864) and L. trachuri (Brian,
1903). The female and male are known for all species, except
L. decapteri and, until now, L. temminckii as well.
Among the eight species of Lernanthropinus, L. gibbosus,
L. sauridae and L. temminckii have been reported exclusively
from lizardfishes (Synodontidae). Von Nordmann (1864) de-
scribed L. temminckii based on a female collected from the
Atlantic lizardfish Synodus saurus (Linnaeus) from the East
Indies (Table 1). Cressey and Cressey (1979) later incom-
pletely redescribed the female of the same species based on
specimens collected from the Greater lizardfish Saurida tum-
bil (Bloch) off India and in the Bay of Bengal and from the
brushtooth lizardfish Saurida undosquamis (Richardson) from
off Somalia. The descriptions of L. gibbosus provided by Pil-
lai (1964, 1985) were based on specimens of both sexes col-
lected from the gills of S. tumbil from India. The description
of L. sauridae provided by Do in Ho and Do (1985) was based
on females and males collected from the gills of the slender
lizardfish Saurida elongata (Temminck and Schlegel) from
Kojima Bay, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.
Lernanthropinus gibbosus, L. sauridae and L. temminckii
share many features in common. The only apparent differ-
ences between these three species are the maxillule, the max-
illiped and the setation pattern of legs 1 and 2 in the female.
Nevertheless, Pillai (1985) considered the possibility that
L. gibbosus is synonymous with L. temminckii. In order to
clarify this issue, we compared our specimens from Iraq with
the holotype (Reg. No. C4447/1) of L. gibbosus deposited at
the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India, a syntype of
L. sauridae (Reg. No. 190646) and L. temminckii (Reg. Nos.
180567, 180568, 180569, 180570, 180571) accessioned at the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA. We found
that all three species have similar morphologies of the body,
mouthparts and legs 1–4. More importantly, the maxillule, the
maxilliped and the setation pattern of legs 1 and 2 are similar
between all the female specimens examined. In the light of
this, we formally relegate L. gibbosus and L. sauridae as jun-
ior synonyms of L. temminckii.
Ho et al. (2008) recognized two groups in the genus
Lernanthropinus based on whether or not the endopods of
leg 3 are fused along their medial margin to form a “false
ventral plate.” Lernanthropinus temminckii, along with
L. forficatus and L. nematistii, are in the group with unfused
leg 3 endopods.
The congener L. forficatus was first reported from large-
head hairtail Trichurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 (= T.
haumela) from Mumbai, India (Redkar et al. 1949) with in-
complete descriptions (Pillai 1985). But, later it was re-
described by Pillai (1985) from Trichurus savala Cuvier,
1829 along the west coast of India. Hence, we compare with
Pillai’s (1985) redescription. Lernanthropinus temminckii
differs from its congener L. forficatus in the following fea-
tures: 1) head is formed as a bulged ridge posteriorly (vs. ab-
sence of bulged ridge in L. forficatus); 2) antennule is
6-segmented (vs. 7-segmented in L. forficatus); 3) maxillule
possesses 2 spiniform setae in the outer lobe (vs. absent in
L. forficatus); 4) endopod of legs 1 and 2 is armed with
1 seta (vs. absent in L. forficatus); 5) exopod of leg 2 is
armed with 5 small spines (vs. 4 small spines in L. forfica-
tus) (see: Pillai 1967, 1985).
Another congener L. nematistti was parasitic on rooster
fish Nematistius pectoralis Gill, 1862, reported from Mexico
by Deetz and Benz (1988) (Table 1). Lernanthropinus tem-
minckii differs from L. nematistii in the following features: 1)
antennule is 6-segmented (vs. 7-segmented in L. nematistii);
2) maxilla is having a subterminal seta in the brachium
(vs. bifid process in the branchium of maxilla of L. nematis-
tii); 3) mandible with 8 teeth (vs. 6 teeth in L. nematistii); 4)
simple seta in the endopod of leg 1 (vs. denticulated seta in
the endopod of leg 1 of L. nematistii); 5) leg 5 is having 2 setae
(vs. 1 seta in the leg 5 of L. nematistii).
The zoogeography of lernanthropids showed that majority
of them occurs in the tropical waters of Taiwan, India, Japan
and UK. India has been recorded with most number of lernan-
thropids. It has 6 genera including 44 species (Pillai 1985).
However, Taiwan contains 7 genera including 20 species (Ho et
al. 2008), Japan with 5 genera including 9 species (Ho and Do
1985; Ho et al. 2008) and the UK with 5 genera including
5 species (Kabata 1979; Boxshall and Halsey 2004).
Distribution. Occurs on Indo-West Pacific lizardfishes (see:
Table 1).
Acknowledgements. We thank Drs. K. Venkatraman and Dev Roy,
Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata, Drs. Rafel Lemaitre and
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13. Three Parasitic Copepods from Iraq 151
Chad Walter, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA for
providing loan of type material for our study. We thank two anony-
mous reviewers and Dr. Danny Tang, USA for their constructive
comments on our manuscript. BAVM and JGM acknowledges
KIOST projects (PO 01110, PG 40820). TKA grateful to College of
Agriculture, University of Basrah for providing study leave and fa-
cilities for research.
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