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1. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Describe Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)
What is wrong
with Jasmin?

3. Functions of the Skeletal System
● Support and protection
● Body movement
● Blood cell formation =
hematopoiesis (occurs in bone marrow)
● Storage of inorganic materials
(salt, calcium, potassium)

4. ORGANIZATION
About 206 bones
with 2 Main Divisions
It is composed of around 270
bones at birth – this total
decreases to around 206
bones by adulthood after some
bones get fused together

5. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
●Head ( including bones in the
ear)
●neck, trunk or torso
●Skull
●Hyoid Bone
●Vertebral Column
●Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
●Sternum

6. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
Pectoral Girdle (scapula, clavicle, arms)
Pelvic Girdle (coxal bones, legs)

7. Fibrodysplasia ossificans
progressiva causes soft tissue
(muscles, tendons, ligaments) to
turn to bone.
Bone growth “flare-ups” often
result from minor trauma to the
tissue.
Do you think this condition will
result in death? Why or why not?

9. Four Categories
of bones based
on their shape
●Long bone
●Short bone
●Flat bone
●Irregular

10. Bones that are longer than they are
wide are called long bones.
• They consist of a long shaft with two bulky
ends or extremities.
• They are primarily compact bone but may
have a large amount of spongy bone at the
ends or extremities.
• Long bones include bones of the thigh, leg,
arm, and forearm

12. BONE STRUCTURE
Long Bone
1. Epiphysis (end)
2. Diaphysis (shaft)
3. Articular Cartilage
(hyaline cartilage, padding)
4. Periosteum
(membrane that covers entire bone)
5. Medulla (contains marrow)

13. The epiphyses are named
according to their location.
The epiphysis closest to the
body’s center is the
PROXIMAL epiphysis.
The one that is farthest away
is the DISTAL epiphysis.
Proximal Epiphysis
Distal Epiphysis

14. Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity – hollow, filled
with yellow bone marrow
Endosteum
– lines of the medullary cavity
Red Marrow - produces blood
Yellow Marrow - fat storage

15. Short Bone
●Short bones are shaped roughly as a cube
and contain mostly spongy bone. The outside
surface is comprised of a thin layer of compact
bone.
●Short bones include the carpal bones of the
hands that allow movement of the wrist,
and the tarsal bones of the feet that allow
movement of the ankle.

16. The CARPALS in the wrist (scaphoid, lunate,
triquetral, hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid,
and trapezium)
The tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus, talus,
navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform,
intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform)
EXAMPLES OF SHORT BONES.

18. Flat Bones
●The next type is flat bones.
●The flat bones get their name for being thin and
broad, and they are found where protection of
organs is necessary.
●Flat bones are located in areas where protecting
vital organs is required such as the skull and
chest/thorax.
●Therefore, you can broadly remember flat bones
are found in the rib cage and part of the cranium or
skull.

20. Sesamoid Bones
●There are 2 tricks to remember sesamoid bones.
●The first trick is to use the beginning of the word
“sesamoid” to remember “sesame seeds”, or use
the “S” to remember “Sesame Seed Shaped”.
●This will help you remember the seed-shaped
pisiform and patella bones.
●The other trick is to think of sesamoid bones as
being pea-shaped.
●Ironically the pisiform and patella both start with
the letter “P” (Pea).

22. Irregular Bones
●Irregular bones are bones with
complex shapes.
●These bones may have short, flat,
notched, or ridged surfaces.
●Examples of irregular bones are the
vertebrae, hip bones, and several skull
bones.

24. Types of Bones
Types of Bones Function Examples
Flat Bones Protection sternum, ribs, skull
bones
Long Bones Support weight;
movement
femur, tibia, fibula
humerus, radius, ulna
Short Bones Stability, movement carpals, tarsals
Irregular Bones Protects organs vertebrae, pelvis
Sesamoid
Bones
Reinforce tendons patella (kneecap)

25. Types of Bone Tissue
Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow

26. Epiphyseal Line
(growth plate)

27. The Rest of the Bones

29. How to learn the carpals?
So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb

30. two large COXAL BONES
Pelvic Girdle

31. Bones of the Leg
Upper Leg - FEMUR
Lower Leg -
TIBIA & FIBULA
Kneecap - PATELLA

32. Bones of the Ankle
Ankle and Upper foot - 7
bones called Tarsals
Large heel bone is the
calcaneus
Foot = metatarsals
Toes = phalanges

33. Assignment – Foot Coloring

34. Assignment –
Skeleton Labeling

36. The baculum (also penis bone or penile
bone) is a bone found in the penis of
many placental mammals. It is absent
in the human penis, but present in the
penises of other primates, such as the
gorilla and chimpanzee.
Raccoon baculum
FUN FACT!

37. The mummified
baculum comes
from a species of
walrus
extinguished
12,000 years ago