This document summarizes a proposed study that aims to investigate the effects of subliminal/supraliminal presentation and shallow/deep levels of processing on explicit memory performance in older adults. The study uses a 2x2 within-subjects design to manipulate presentation type (subliminal vs supraliminal) and level of processing (shallow vs deep). It is hypothesized that deep processing combined with subliminal presentation will yield the highest memory performance scores. Around 50 older adult participants will complete a memory task involving word lists under the different conditions. Their memory will be assessed using a recognition test.
This is the article that was published as a chapter in the book on decision making processes. New ways of investigating memory reconsolidation processes were discussed.
Role of Executive Functioning and Literary Reapproach for Measures of Intelli...inventionjournals
Over the years, Intelligence has been a crucial part in Psychological practices. Basic operational definition behind construct of Intelligence proposed by Wechsler (1944), was to act purposefully (Plan and control behaviors) and thinking rationally (organize and direct behavior). This operational definition was afterwards incorporated in measures for intelligence but as these measures were first aligned with academics, a major part of basic definition got overlooked. Previously Intelligence was divided in two major components that are Crystalized and Fluid Intelligence but resent Literary Reaproach was intended to enlighten the basic purpose of Intelligence measures and to highlight the overlooked components of Intelligence. These components are then further aligned with behavioral interpretations of Executive functions. It is proposed that alliance of Fluid Intelligence with Executive Functioning can bring pronounced change in clinical practices and change the bookish views of Intelligence into a functional approach.
This is the article that was published as a chapter in the book on decision making processes. New ways of investigating memory reconsolidation processes were discussed.
Role of Executive Functioning and Literary Reapproach for Measures of Intelli...inventionjournals
Over the years, Intelligence has been a crucial part in Psychological practices. Basic operational definition behind construct of Intelligence proposed by Wechsler (1944), was to act purposefully (Plan and control behaviors) and thinking rationally (organize and direct behavior). This operational definition was afterwards incorporated in measures for intelligence but as these measures were first aligned with academics, a major part of basic definition got overlooked. Previously Intelligence was divided in two major components that are Crystalized and Fluid Intelligence but resent Literary Reaproach was intended to enlighten the basic purpose of Intelligence measures and to highlight the overlooked components of Intelligence. These components are then further aligned with behavioral interpretations of Executive functions. It is proposed that alliance of Fluid Intelligence with Executive Functioning can bring pronounced change in clinical practices and change the bookish views of Intelligence into a functional approach.
стр. 6 и 11 - О российском pr сообществе - журнал пресс-служба №7, 2013Pavel Melnikov
Есть ли в России PR сообщество? Насколько важно объединить людей со всей страны в единое PR сообщество? Кто и какими методами это должен делать? Комментарии экспертов на эти темы
стр.10 11. Изменение трендов в коммуникациях за 5 лет - журнал пресс-служба №...Pavel Melnikov
Что изменилось за последние 5 лет в российском потребителе? И как это отразилось на PR, то есть что пришлось поменять в коммуникациях? Комментарии экспертов рынка PR
Councils face rising expectations from citizens on service delivery. With the diminishing support from local governments, Councils must improve on service delivery and revenue collection. Harnessing ICT in its operations will enable the Councils rise to the occassions.
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and AssociativeReco.docxtodd701
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and Associative
Recognition Memory
Roger Ratcliff and Hans P. A. Van Dongen
The Ohio State University and Washington State University
Sleep deprivation adversely affects the ability to perform cognitive tasks, but theories range from
predicting an overall decline in cognitive functioning because of reduced stability in attentional networks
to specific deficits in various cognitive domains or processes. We measured the effects of sleep
deprivation on two memory tasks, item recognition (“was this word in the list studied”) and associative
recognition (“were these two words studied in the same pair”). These tasks test memory for information
encoded a few minutes earlier and so do not address effects of sleep deprivation on working memory or
consolidation after sleep. A diffusion model was used to decompose accuracy and response time
distributions to produce parameter estimates of components of cognitive processing. The model assumes
that over time, noisy evidence from the task stimulus is accumulated to one of two decision criteria, and
parameters governing this process are extracted and interpreted in terms of distinct cognitive processes.
Results showed that sleep deprivation reduces drift rate (evidence used in the decision process), with little
effect on the other components of the decision process. These results contrast with the effects of aging,
which show little decline in item recognition but large declines in associative recognition. The results
suggest that sleep deprivation degrades the quality of information stored in memory and that this may
occur through degraded attentional processes.
Keywords: diffusion model, reaction time and accuracy, total sleep deprivation, drift rate,
recognition memory
Sleep deprivation has profound effects on human brain func-
tioning. For example, sleep deprivation is associated with large-
scale changes in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodu-
laters, such as dopamine (Volkow et al., 2009) and adenosine
(Urry & Landolt, 2014). Sleep deprivation leads to significant
shifts in the dominant frequencies in the waking EEG (Torsvall &
Akerstedt, 1987). Furthermore, it changes evoked potentials, in-
dicative of altered stimulus processing (Corsi-Cabrera, Arce, Del
Río-Portilla, Pérez-Garci, & Guevara, 1999). Not surprisingly,
sleep deprivation also has substantial impact on cognitive perfor-
mance (Jackson & Van Dongen, 2011). Yet, the effects of sleep
deprivation on different cognitive tasks are ostensibly widely
different (Lim & Dinges, 2010). Cognitive, pharmacological, neu-
roimaging, and genetic approaches have been put to use in the
search for underlying mechanisms. This search has been ham-
pered, however, by reliance on methods not specifically designed
to test the effects of sleep deprivation and use of global outcome
measures (Whitney & Hinson, 2010).
Recently there has been a focus on experimental and modeling
studies of component processes .
стр. 6 и 11 - О российском pr сообществе - журнал пресс-служба №7, 2013Pavel Melnikov
Есть ли в России PR сообщество? Насколько важно объединить людей со всей страны в единое PR сообщество? Кто и какими методами это должен делать? Комментарии экспертов на эти темы
стр.10 11. Изменение трендов в коммуникациях за 5 лет - журнал пресс-служба №...Pavel Melnikov
Что изменилось за последние 5 лет в российском потребителе? И как это отразилось на PR, то есть что пришлось поменять в коммуникациях? Комментарии экспертов рынка PR
Councils face rising expectations from citizens on service delivery. With the diminishing support from local governments, Councils must improve on service delivery and revenue collection. Harnessing ICT in its operations will enable the Councils rise to the occassions.
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and AssociativeReco.docxtodd701
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Item and Associative
Recognition Memory
Roger Ratcliff and Hans P. A. Van Dongen
The Ohio State University and Washington State University
Sleep deprivation adversely affects the ability to perform cognitive tasks, but theories range from
predicting an overall decline in cognitive functioning because of reduced stability in attentional networks
to specific deficits in various cognitive domains or processes. We measured the effects of sleep
deprivation on two memory tasks, item recognition (“was this word in the list studied”) and associative
recognition (“were these two words studied in the same pair”). These tasks test memory for information
encoded a few minutes earlier and so do not address effects of sleep deprivation on working memory or
consolidation after sleep. A diffusion model was used to decompose accuracy and response time
distributions to produce parameter estimates of components of cognitive processing. The model assumes
that over time, noisy evidence from the task stimulus is accumulated to one of two decision criteria, and
parameters governing this process are extracted and interpreted in terms of distinct cognitive processes.
Results showed that sleep deprivation reduces drift rate (evidence used in the decision process), with little
effect on the other components of the decision process. These results contrast with the effects of aging,
which show little decline in item recognition but large declines in associative recognition. The results
suggest that sleep deprivation degrades the quality of information stored in memory and that this may
occur through degraded attentional processes.
Keywords: diffusion model, reaction time and accuracy, total sleep deprivation, drift rate,
recognition memory
Sleep deprivation has profound effects on human brain func-
tioning. For example, sleep deprivation is associated with large-
scale changes in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodu-
laters, such as dopamine (Volkow et al., 2009) and adenosine
(Urry & Landolt, 2014). Sleep deprivation leads to significant
shifts in the dominant frequencies in the waking EEG (Torsvall &
Akerstedt, 1987). Furthermore, it changes evoked potentials, in-
dicative of altered stimulus processing (Corsi-Cabrera, Arce, Del
Río-Portilla, Pérez-Garci, & Guevara, 1999). Not surprisingly,
sleep deprivation also has substantial impact on cognitive perfor-
mance (Jackson & Van Dongen, 2011). Yet, the effects of sleep
deprivation on different cognitive tasks are ostensibly widely
different (Lim & Dinges, 2010). Cognitive, pharmacological, neu-
roimaging, and genetic approaches have been put to use in the
search for underlying mechanisms. This search has been ham-
pered, however, by reliance on methods not specifically designed
to test the effects of sleep deprivation and use of global outcome
measures (Whitney & Hinson, 2010).
Recently there has been a focus on experimental and modeling
studies of component processes .
Investigating the Functional Utility of the Left Parietal ERP Old/New Effect:...Stuart Fairbairns
A success story within neuroimaging has been the discovery of distinct neural correlates of episodic retrieval, providing insight into the processes that support memory for past life events. Here we focus on one commonly reported neural correlate, the left parietal old/new effect, a positive going modulation seen in event-related potential (ERP) data that is widely considered to index episodic recollection. Substantial evidence links changes in the size of the left parietal effect to changes in remembering, but the precise functional utility of the effect remains unclear. Here, using forced choice recognition of verbal stimuli, we present a novel population level test of the hypothesis that the magnitude of the left parietal effect correlates with memory performance. We recorded ERPs during old/new recognition, source accuracy and Remember/Know/Guess tasks in two large samples of healthy young adults, and successfully replicated existing within participant modulations of the magnitude of the left parietal effect with recollection. Critically, however, both datasets also show that across participants the magnitude of the left parietal effect does not correlate with behavioral measures of memory – including both subjective and objective estimates of recollection. We conclude that in these tasks, and across this healthy young adult population, the generators of the left parietal ERP effect do not index performance as expected. Taken together, these novel findings provide important constraints on the functional interpretation of the left parietal effect, suggesting that between group differences in the magnitude of old/new effects cannot always safely be used to infer differences in recollection.
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
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HOW GENDER AFFECT SHORT-TERM MEMORY
2 The paper will discuss how short term memory affect gender. It will discuss the
difference amongst the two. The study reports how gender affects the short-term memory among
in different situations.
Four studies using a computerized paradigm investigated whether children’s imitation performance is content-specific and to what extent dependent on other cognitive processes such as trial-and-error learning, recall and observational learning. Experiment 1 showed that 3-year olds’ could successfully imitate what we refer to as novel cognitive rules (e.g., First→Second→Third) which involved responding to three different pictures whose spatial configuration varied randomly from trial to trial. However, these same children failed to imitate what we refer to as novel motor-spatial rules (e.g., Up→Down→Right) which involved responding to three identical pictures that remained in a fixed spatial configuration from trial to trial. Experiment 2 showed that this dissociation was not due to a general difficulty encoding motor-spatial content as children successfully recalled, following a 30s delay, a new motor-spatial sequence that had been learned by trial and error. Experiment 3 replicated these results and further demonstrated that 3-year olds can infer a novel motor-spatial sequence following the observation of a partially correct and partially incorrect response; a dissociation between imitation and observational learning (or goal emulation). Finally, Experiment 4 presented 3-year olds with ‘familiar’ motor-spatial sequences (e.g., Left→Middle→Right) as well as ‘novel’ motor-spatial sequences (e.g., Right→Up→Down) used in Experiments 1-3. Three-year olds had no difficulty imitating familiar motor-spatial sequences. But, again, failed to imitate novel motor-spatial sequences. These results suggest that there may be multiple, dissociable imitation learning mechanisms that are content-specific. More importantly, the development of these imitation systems appear to be independent of the operations of other cognitive systems including trial and error learning, recall and observational learning.
Easily perceived, easily remembered? Perceptual interference
produces a double dissociation between metamemory
and memory performance
Miri Besken & Neil W. Mulligan
Published online: 5 March 2013
# Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2013
Abstract A recent candidate for explaining metamemory
judgments is the perceptual fluency hypothesis, which pro-
poses that easily perceived items are predicted to be remem-
bered better, regardless of actual memory performance
(Rhodes & Castel Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General 137:615–625, 2008). In two experiments, we used
the perceptual interference manipulation to test this hypoth-
esis. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with
intact and backward-masked words during encoding,
followed by a metamemory prediction (a list-wide judgment
of learning, JOL) and then a free recall test. Participants
predicted that intact words would be better recalled, despite
better actual memory for words in the perceptual interfer-
ence condition, yielding a crossed double dissociation be-
tween predicted and actual memory performance. In
Experiment 2, JOLs were made after each study word.
Item-by-item JOLs were likewise higher for intact than for
backward-masked words, despite similar actual memory
performance for both types of words. The results are con-
sistent with the perceptual fluency hypothesis of
metamemory and are discussed in terms of experience-
based and theory-based metamemory judgments.
Keywords Perceptual interference . Metamemory .
Perceptual fluency
Metamemory refers to beliefs and judgments about how
memory operates. These beliefs and judgments are impor-
tant because they guide choices about how we deploy cog-
nitive resources. For example, if a student believes that
some facts are likely to be remembered for a test but others
are not, he or she may allocate more study time to the latter.
If an instructor perceives some material to be harder to learn,
more class time may be spent on that material, as compared
with material thought to be easier. If metamemory does not
accurately predict memory performance, however, the allo-
cation of cognitive resources may be far from optimal. One
potentially misleading heuristic for metamemory is based on
perceptual fluency. The present study shows that a manipu-
lation of perceptual fluency, the perceptual interference ma-
nipulation, produces a crossed double dissociation between
metamemory and actual memory performance: Perceptual
interference reduces judgments of learning (JOLs) while
enhancing recall, as compared with a perceptually intact
control condition.
Research on metamemory has attempted to delineate the
heuristics and cues that guide metamemory predictions and
has sometimes found that these heuristics are not aligned
with actual memory performance (e.g., Koriat, 1997; Koriat
& Bjork, 2005; Kornell, Rhodes, Castel, & Tauber, 2011). A
recent candidate is perceptual fluency, the ease with which a
stimulus can be perceived during memory encodin ...
Influences of Emotion on Context Memory while Viewing Fil.docxaryan532920
Influences of Emotion on Context Memory while Viewing Film Clips
Author(s): Lisa Anderson and Arthur P. Shimamura
Source: The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 118, No. 3 (Fall, 2005), pp. 323-337
Published by: University of Illinois Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30039069
Accessed: 20-09-2017 15:55 UTC
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Influences of emotion on context
memory while viewing film clips
LISA ANDERSON AND ARTHUR P. SHIMAMURA
University of California at Berkeley
Participants listened to words while viewing film clips (audio off). Film clips
were classified as neutral, positively valenced, negatively valenced, and arousing.
Memory was assessed in three ways: recall of film content, recall of words, and
context recognition. In the context recognition test, participants were presented
a word and determined which film clip was showing when the word was origi-
nally presented. In two experiments, context memory performance was disrupted
when words were presented during negatively valenced film clips, whereas it was
enhanced when words were presented during arousing film clips. Free recall of
words presented during the negatively valenced films was also disrupted. These
findings suggest multiple influences of emotion on memory performance.
The role of emotion in human memory has been approached from both
psychological and biological perspectives (for reviews see Dolan, 2002;
Hamann, 2001; McGaugh, 2003; Reisberg & Heuer, 2004). Seminal investi-
gations by Cahill and colleagues (Cahill, Prins, Weber, & McGaugh, 1994;
Guy & Cahill, 1999) demonstrated enhanced memory for information
presented in a (negatively) emotional context. This enhancement was me-
diated by noradrenaline, and the effect was eliminated when participants
were administered an adrenergic antagonist (propranolol hydrochloride)
during study (Cahill et al., 1994). Such findings point to an emotional
arousal system that facilitates memory storage during learning. Based on
abundant animal and a growing body of hum ...
Sean FergusonPSY101 Lab Section #Spring 2013Blair, R. J. R.docxkenjordan97598
Sean Ferguson
PSY101 Lab Section #
Spring 2013
Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G. V., Richell, R. A., Kelly, S., Leonard, A. & Newman, C. (2002). Turning a deaf ear to fear: Impaired recognition of vocal affect in psychopathic individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 682-686. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.682.
Introduction
Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder marked by a distinct pattern of antisocial behavior and emotional characteristics. These include “callousness, a diminished capacity for remorse, and superficial charm as well as impulsivity and poor behavioral controls” (Blair, Mitchell, Richell, Kelly, Leonard, & Newman, 2002, p. 682). Perhaps most importantly, psychopaths seem to lack an intrinsic sense of morality. As a result, many are capable of horrific crimes for which they feel no guilt. Although psychopathic individuals have been extensively studied, they are still not well understood.
Recent studies have attempted to explain why psychopaths exhibit such extreme emotional dysfunction. Currently, there are two popular perspectives used to address this question. One explanation, the low-fear model, suggests that much of a psychopath’s aberrant behavior can be attributed to an impaired ability to experience fear (Blair et al., 2002). Basically, psychopaths never learn to avoid dangerous situations because they fail to feel fear in dangerous situations. They tend to put themselves in threatening positions (by starting a fight, for example) because they do not fear the consequences for themselves or others. In support of this explanation, previous studies have suggested that psychopathic individuals lack appropriate fear and startle reflexes in comparison with normal individuals. The second explanation, the violence inhibition mechanism (VIM) model, posits that the ability to read expressions of fear or sadness on other people’s faces is what allows people to develop morality. Normal people learn to avoid behaviors that tend to cause other people to feel and appear sad or afraid. The VIM model argues that psychopaths have an impaired ability to identify sad and fearful expressions, and so they do not learn to avoid immoral behaviors that cause others to feel negative emotions (Blair et al., 2002).
Many previous studies have looked into psychopaths’ ability to identify facial expressions. However, none have investigated the ability of psychopathic individuals to identify the emotional intonation of spoken words. The purpose of this study was “to explore the ability of psychopathic individuals to recognize emotional vocal intonalities” (Blair et al., 2002, p. 683).
Methods
The study took place in a London prison. Potential participants were screened using the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised, a measure of psychopathic tendencies. Nineteen men were identified as psychopaths. Twenty other men who did not meet the criteria for psychopathy also took part in the study (Blair et al., 2002).
Each partic.
I am fine with the actual analysis of the data on SPSS, however I am.pdfAMITPANCHAL154
I am fine with the actual analysis of the data on SPSS, however I am struggling to decide which
test to use on each of my research questions.
The study I am looking at is looking at the consequences of different patterns of brain damage
on different cognitive processes. Patients are divided into three groups: patients with unilateral
left hemisphere (LH) lesions, patients with unilateral right hemisphere (RH) lesions and patients
with bilateral lesions. There is also a control group. Each group has fifteen participants.
As soon as possible after the injury occurred, or at the beginning of the study for control
participants, all participants completed three cognitive tasks. The stimuli were faces, words or
objects. For each task the participants were shown twenty stimuli. For faces they had to say if it
was a famous face or not. For words they had to say whether it was a word or a non-word. For
objects, they had to say whether it was a man made or a naturally occurring object. Performance
was measured as percentage correct (high scores = accurate). The tests were repeated six months
later. I have three main areas that I want to look into:
For performance at time point one, does accuracy for processing different types of stimuli differ
across the four participant groups?
I was thinking a mixed anova could be used to analyse this question, although someone did
suggest a t-test.
Looking only at accuracy for processing faces, do any of the participant groups show a
significant change from time point one to time point two?
I was thinking of using a repeated measures anova to analyse this research question
For patients with left hemisphere lesions only, does the change in accuracy from time point one
to time point two differ across the different types of stimuli?
I was thinking of using a repeated measure anova for this research question.
I would really appreciate any help on identifying the type of test to use as I can not find any one
else to help.
Solution
Despite predictions following from cognitive theories of anxiety, evidence for
memory biases in social anxiety has been mixed. This study extends previous research by using
stimuli relevant to participants’ concerns and allowing time for post-event processing.
Participants high (n = 42) or low (n = 39) in social anxiety symptoms gave speeches and received
standardized feedback on their and a confederate’s performance. Participants then took
recognition and recall tests for the feedback immediately after it was given and after a two-day
delay. Results showed no recall biases. However, the hypothesized recognition biases were
found: the high social anxiety group remembered the confederate’s feedback more positively
than their own, remembered their negative feedback as worse than the low group, and diminished
positive feedback over time. Moreover, post-event processing mediated the relationship between
social anxiety and memory for negative feedback. Results suggest that biased recognition of
soci.
Divided Attention Can Enhance Memory Encoding The Attentional.docxjacksnathalie
Divided Attention Can Enhance Memory Encoding: The Attentional Boost
Effect in Implicit Memory
Pietro Spataro
Sapienza University of Rome
Neil W. Mulligan
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Clelia Rossi-Arnaud
Sapienza University of Rome
Distraction during encoding has long been known to disrupt later memory performance. Contrary to this
long-standing result, we show that detecting an infrequent target in a dual-task paradigm actually
improves memory encoding for a concurrently presented word, above and beyond the performance
reached in the full-attention condition. This absolute facilitation was obtained in 2 perceptual implicit
tasks (lexical decision and word fragment completion) but not in a conceptual implicit task (semantic
classification). In the case of recognition memory, the facilitation was relative, bringing accuracy in the
divided attention condition up to the level of accuracy in the full attention condition. The findings follow
from the hypothesis that the attentional boost effect reflects enhanced visual encoding of the study
stimulus consequent to the transient orienting response to the dual-task target.
Keywords: implicit memory, divided attention, attention and memory, repetition priming
The deleterious effects of distraction on memory encoding have
been amply documented from the earliest days of psychological
research (see Mulligan, 2008, for review). A common experimen-
tal technique uses the dual-task paradigm, in which memory en-
coding is carried out under full-attention (FA) or divided-attention
(DA) conditions (i.e., while simultaneously carrying out a second
task designed to compete for attentional resources). The results of
numberless studies make it abundantly clear that DA during en-
coding degrades later memory on tests such as recognition, free
recall, and cued recall (e.g., Craik et al., 1996; Mulligan, 1998,
2008).
Recently, Swallow and Jiang (2010) reported a surprising twist
on the usual adverse effects of DA. In these experiments, partic-
ipants studied a sequence of pictures, each with a small square
superimposed at the center. In the DA condition, participants were
instructed to remember all of the images and to monitor the color
of the square, pressing the space bar whenever they detected an
infrequent white square (targets) among frequent black squares
(distractors). In the FA condition, participants were told to ignore
the squares and to focus only on encoding the pictures. When
memory for the pictures was later tested in a four-choice recogni-
tion task, Swallow and Jiang (2010) found that in the DA condi-
tion, the images encoded together with the target squares (i.e.,
corresponding to the press response) were recognized significantly
better than were those encoded with the distractor squares (the
attentional boost effect). In the FA condition, in which the partic-
ipants made no response to the squares, no attentional boost effect
was found. What is importantly for present purposes ...
Divided Attention Can Enhance Memory Encoding The Attentional.docx
Thesis Proposal
1.
2. Ten testers will go through the entire experiment to ensure that the experimental conditions measure the variables they are supposed to measure.
3. These testers will determine whether the written test produces the hypothesized results.
4. The experiment will involve a 3 minute presentation of 40 words and a 15-20 minute written test after the computerized trials.
5. If interested in pilot testing, please contact Felicia Oropeza at 916-616-9672Or email her at feoropeza@gmail.comI will compensate the participants for their time with a $5.00 giftcard from Starbucks. Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672Pilot Testing (916) 616-9672<br />Figure 6. Graph of Hypothesized Interaction of Thematic Relation with Presentation Condition<br />BlueSubliminal PresentationRedSupraliminal Presentation<br />Performance<br />High<br />Low<br />ThematicNon-thematic<br />Thematic Relatedness Condition<br />Figure 7.Drafted Preliminary Letters for Recruitment<br />Email to Nancy Anzelmo M Sc.G.- December 19th 2009<br />Hello,<br />I was a recent student in your care management gero 103 class at CSUS. I am doing a research study (my graduate thesis) on aging memory in the psychology department. I would like to set up an appointment with you to discuss different options as to where I can recruit participants for my experiment, how I would best approach different agencies to put up flyers, and whether you may know of any contacts in the local area that I can be referred to for assistance with recruiting a subject pool. I need to recruit 84 older adults ages 65+. I have approximately 20 from family and friends. Would you be able to meet with me after the holidays and if so, when would be a good time to meet? I will be unavailable from December 30th to January 7th but I can meet anytime after that. <br />Email to Linda- December 25th 2009<br />Hello,<br />I am a computer tutor at Ethel Hart Senior Center working with Anne bimonthly. I am doing a research study (my graduate thesis) on aging memory in the psychology department. I would like to set up an appointment with you to discuss different options as to where I can recruit participants for my experiment, how I would best approach different agencies to put up flyers, and whether you may know of any contacts in the local area that I can be referred to for assistance with recruiting a subject pool. I need to recruit 84 older adults ages 65+. I have approximately 20 from family and friends. Would you be able to meet with me after the holidays and if so, when would be a good time to meet? I will be out of town from December 30th to January 7th but I can meet anytime after that. <br />Email to Bob Pierre-December 25th 2009<br />Hello,<br />I am a close friend of Louisa Vessell. I attend Medical History Museum seminars pretty regularly. I am doing a Masters thesis on aging memory in the psychology department at CSUS. I would like to set up an appointment with you to discuss recruitment of subjects and see whether you may know of any people who may be interested in participating in such a study. I will be attending the next Medical History Museum meeting in January but I would like to meet with you earlier in January if possible. I am going to be out of town until the 7th of January so please email me times you are available. <br />Email to Darryl Morrison – December 25th 2009<br />Hello, <br />I am conducting a graduate thesis study on aging memory for graduation fall 2010. I would like to discuss with you recruitment options such as the best approach for distributing flyers within the club or within the California book club network and whether you know of any contacts in the local area that I can be referred to for assistance with recruiting a large aging subject pool. I need to recruit 84 older adults ages 65+. I have approximately 20 subjects so far from family and friends. Would you be able to meet with me early during the January meeting to discuss recruitment possibilities? I would be able to meet at 6pm. Thank you very much. <br />Figure 8. Brief Description of Project to Senior Service Organizations<br />I am a graduate student in Psychology at California State University, Sacramento. For my Master’s thesis, I am conducting research on memory in older adults. During the summer of 2010, I want to recruit fifty participants who are age 55 or older without any unusual memory impairment to participate in my research.<br /> <br /> The participants will first be given a ten minute telephone interview assessing their cognitive status. The interview questions are not personal and present few risks. The participants will later be asked to sit in front of a monitor and will be presented with a series of forty words flashed for either .2 seconds or 2 seconds on the computer screen. The time lapse between each word will be 1 second. At the end of the experiment, participants will be given a 40 question memory test where they will check “Yes” or “No” to indicate whether they remember a word as being from the series of flashed words. I would be glad to demonstrate the computer task to you if you wish to see it.<br /> This individual testing should take about 15 minutes to complete. To protect the privacy of participants, I will use codes rather than names to identify each participant, and only group results will be reported. The research might lead to a better understanding of memory in older adults. Research sessions will be scheduled at a place and time that is convenient for participants. I will compensate each participant for their time with a $5.00 gift card to Walmart.<br />I would like to hand out or post flyers to recruit participants from your organization, consistent with any policies you have. This would begin after I receive approval from the human subjects committee in the Psychology department. An approximate starting date is mid-June of 2010. Please call me if you have any questions or need more information. If I have your permission to recruit participants from your organization, please print this letter on your company’s letterhead, add the name of your organization and your signature in the space below, and return the letter to me, preferably by May 10th 2010.<br />Thank you for your time and consideration,<br />Felicia Oropeza<br />(916)616-9672<br />feoropeza@gmail.com<br />I give my permission for Felicia Oropeza to recruit participants for her research from (insert name of organization) ______________________________.<br />Signed: ______________________________<br />Date: ________________<br />Comment Page<br />To make my experiment more manageable, I have limited the number of independent variables in my experiment. Notably, I will not include the independent variable, visualization ability, in my research study because it shows to be a potentially confusing variable for the analysis of memory processes. Additionally, I will expand the age group from individuals 65 years and older to individuals 55 years and older. Also, I changed the methodology used to analyze deep vs. shallow levels of processing where instead of using antonyms/synonyms, vs. rhyming/non-rhyming words, I am using thematic and non-thematically related words. By doing this, I removed many confounding variables of prior exposure to the presented word lists which could have had undesirable influences on the explicit memory test results. I changed the recognition test to a paper and pencil test to accommodate the needs of the aging population. I also shortened the word lists used during the testing conditions to not overload the older participants’ memory capacity. Finally, I have reduced the number of participants from 84 to 50 because there are less variables and no between-subject variables.<br />Further, I will ask the participants to rate the thematically relatedness of the words presented in the deep levels of processing condition on a 1 to 5 scale. I will also ask the participants to rate the non-relatedness of the words presented in the shallow levels of processing condition on a 1 to 5 scale. The score of 1 will indicate an unsuccessful pairing and 5 will indicate a successful pairing. I will give them more words than I intend to use assuming that they will give some words low scores. Additionally, once the programming for the computerized trials is completed, I will pretest my entire project using 10-20 individuals outside of the target age group. Their performance will help me assess whether the programmed experimental trials are successful, and whether the timing for subliminal/supraliminal presentation does indeed produce a reliable difference in test scores. <br />The literature on subliminal advertising and aging memory showed no clearly defined subliminal/supraliminal threshold for word stimuli presentation. However, research agrees upon a common measuring rubric of 1 millisecond for subliminal perception. Due to software constraints, I was unable to replicate 1 millisecond with my tachistoscope. I made a judgment call after examining how the computer handles subliminally presented stimuli and finally decided .5 seconds for subliminal presentation and 5 seconds for supraliminal presentation. Additionally, literature on working memory capacity and aging reveals that older adults can process 15 visually presented words without pause in one sitting. Aware of the aging working memory storage capacity limitations and the need to make my experiment somewhat challenging for the participants, I decided to create twenty item word lists for both thematic and non thematic relatedness conditions. I also decided to create a 1 second time lapse between each word presentation. <br />I added the inter-rater questionnaire for the thematic relatedness word conditions to the proposal. I also included the 40 word recognition test in the proposal and a graph of the proposed interaction. I added the word lists for the non-thematic and thematic relatedness conditions. I amended the flyers for both the pilot study and the recruitment of participants. Finally, I included the description letter that I will be faxing/emailing and sending via mail to the various organizations that have given their tentative approval. <br />I had a little trouble making the DVD. I managed to download two viruses while searching for freeware tachitoscopes and screen captures. However, I successfully prevailed by finding the Windows Live Movie Maker add-on for Windows 7 Home Premium. That program allowed me to create a tachitoscope and create a video which I burned to the DVD using Windows DVD Maker. <br />