It is a PPT report about Philippine History

1. THE REPUBLICAN
YEARS
CHAPTER 13

2. • 3rd Philippine Republic came into being when US granted it’s independence
on July 4, 1946 with Manuel Roxas as their president and Osmenia as their
vice president.
• Marcos established the 4th Philipine republic during the martial law era on
June 30,1981.
• The 5th Philippine Republic emerged on Febreuary 2,1987 when Filipino
ratified the 1987 Constitution, with Corazon C. Aquino as their first
president.

3. BIRTH OF THE
THIRD REPUBLIC

4. Third Republic was inaugurated at Luneta, Manila on July 4, 1946 witnessed by numerous
Filipinos and Americans including Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison, General
Douglas MacArthur the Supreme Commander of allied forces in Japan and Senator
Millard Tydings
Paul McNutt reads the proclamation of President Harry withdrawing the American
sovereignty and recognition of Philippine Independence
Manuel Roxas and Sergio Osmenia sworn as president and vice-president of the new
republic. Roxas was put in history to be the last president of Commonwealth and the first
president of the Third Philippine Republic,

5. The Third Philippine
Republic

6. ROXAS REGIME
Manuel Roxas first president of the 3rd Philippine Republic. As
the chief executive of a war- ravaged nations, Roxas rehabilitated the
country. With the financial aid extended by the US government, he
improved the economy ,curbed the skyrocketing inflation and
stabilized the peso.
Philippine foreign policy of the country during his regime was
founded on the following principles: commitment too the ideals and
objective of the United Nations; Maintenance of the intimate and
special relation with the United States; and the upholding of friendly
relation with other democratic nations of the world.

7. Through his skillful use of propaganda techniques, Filipinos
persuaded to ratify the controversial party amendment to the 1935
Constitution.

8. QUIRINO’S REGIME
• Elpidio Quarino became the second president of the third Philippine
Republic. He pledged to accomplish two principal objectives namely:
Economic reconstruction of the country
Restoration of people’s trust and confidence in the government

9. To improve the plight of poor families, he created the President's Action
Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) and the Agricultural Credit
Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA) to help the farmers in
marketing their crops. He established rural banks to provide credit facilities in
the barrios to protect the people from usurers.

10. Notable among his accomplishments during his term of
office were the following:
1. The creation of the PACSA or the President's Action
Committee on Social Amelioration;
2. The establishment of rural banks to facilitate credit facilities in
the rural areas throughout the archipelago;
3. The establishment of the ACCFA or Agricultural Credit
Cooperative Financing
Administration to assist farmers in marketing their products; and
4. The adoption of the Total Economic Mobilization Policy to
ensure the development of the country's trade and industries.

11. MAGSAYSAY’S REGIME

12. • Magsaysay's Regime President Ramon Magsaysay, the most popular leader the country ever had,
won the presidency owing to the massive financial support to his campaign by the American
Central Intelligenee Agency and the practical help extended to him in discrediting his political
enemies.
• He was the first President who focused on the developnent of the barrios.
• He institutionalized government services and people participation through barangay consultation.
The partnership between the private and public sector was intensified, which resulted in the
creation of special bodies and agencies, such as the following: the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA); Office of the Presidential Assistant on Community
Development (PAÇD); the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM); and the National
Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL
• It was Magsaysay who intiated the Land Reform Act (RA 1400), which although weak was a
strategic beachhead for agrarian reformers, paving the way for the passage ofa stronger land
reform law, the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963, during the presidency of Diosdado
Macapagal. Magsaysay's efforts were short-lived as he died in a plane crash on March 17, 1957.

13. GARCIA’S REGIME

14. On March 18, 1957, the then Vice President Carlos P. Garcia assumed the Presidency. He went on to win
the November 1957 elections, anchoring his administration on a program of austerity, Filipino First Policy and
cultural revival. His attempts at initiating economic independence through dollar exchange controls gave rise to the
fledgling Filipino industrialist.
As the country's Chief Executive, he urged the people to lead simple lives and do away with luxurious
lifestyles by emphasizing the values of wise spending industry, thrift, trustworthiness, integrity and honesty.
He also popularized economic nationalism through the Filipino First Policy. The aforementioned policy
gave priority to Filipinos over foreigners in the acquisition of land and capital and in the operation of business,
trade and industry
In foreign affairs, the Philippines preserved a firm anti-Communist policy and joined the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization in 1954. There were difficulties with the United States over American military installations in
the islands, and, in spite of formal recognition of full Philippine sovereignty over these bases, tensions increased
until some of the bases were dismantled and the 99-year lease period was reduced. The United States rejected
Philippine financial claims and projected trade revisions. Filipino opposition to García on issues of government
corruption and anti-Americanism paved the way, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties,
led by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded García as president n the 1961
elections.

15. MACAPAGAL’S
REGIME

16. Macapagal initiated socio-economic program to improve the lot of the poor,
launching his version of agrarian reform and partially relinquishing exchange controls
to stabilize the currency and promote free enterprise. In as much as he believed that
the task of the nation is to fight mass poverty, he launched an emergency employment
program, a stop-gap measure to provide relief employment, and a five-year socio-
economic program for a permanent solution to the unemployment and
underemployment problems.
He then proceeded in laying down the fundamentals for progress by working
for the abolition of tenancy with Republic Act 3844, popularly known as the
Agricultural Land Reform code, which was signed on August 8, 1963. He initiated the
establishment of the Land Bank of the Philippines to support the country's agrarian
reform program.

17. Although Macapagal was unpopular to the masses, credited to his regime were
the following accomplishments:
1. The enactment of the Agricultural Land Reform Code, which was signed into
law on August 8, 1963;
2. The propagation of the Filipino language;
3. Change in the date of observance of Independence Day from July 4th to June
12h;
4. The official fling of the Philippine claim over Sabah on June 22, 1962; and
5. The formation of MAPHILINDO, a confederation of Malaysia, Philippines, and
Indonesia on August 5, 1967.

18. THE FOURTH
PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC

19. MARCOS’ REGIME

20. Marcos was first elected into office in November 1965 declaring that the Philippines can be
great again. At the beginning of his term, the government was beset by very serious financial
problems, as the national treasury was almost empty due to the extravagance of the Macapagal
administration. Notable among his achievements during his first term of office were the following
(Zaide & Zaide, 1987):
1. Stabilization of government finance by means of more effective collection of taxes, improving
new tax laws, and getting loans from foreign banks and governments;
2. Greater production of rice by promoting the cultivation of miracle rice and other fast growing
seeds, the construction of irrigation systems, and giving financial and technical assistance to the
farmers;
3. Building of more roads and bridges, school houses, and other public works; and
4. Intensive drive against smuggling, crime syndicates and the communist National People's Army
(NPA).

21. Marcos began his second term at the time the world was experiencing economic recession.
To aggravate the situation, (the (country was confronted with the following problems: the
prevalence of dirty politics: Widespread graft and corruption in government: widening gap
between the rich and the poor; and the rising tide of communism, subversion and crime.
To perpetuate himself into power and to address the alleged crises in Philippine society,
Marcos placed the country under martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation
No. 1081.{Using his martial law powers, Marcos established a façade democracy in the country.
Acting on the clamor of student activists, on the need to change the 1935 Constitution, he
orchestrated the adoption of the 1973 Constitution.
Under the aforementioned constitution, the country was supposed to be governed through
a modified, parliamentary system of government. In reality, the government during martial law
era in the country was constitutional authoritarianism, with Marcos exercising both the
executive and legislative powers of the government.

22. Marcos was, therefore, a virtual constitutional dictator.i This was evidenced by the numerous amendrments
to the 1973 charter. Notable among these were Amendments 5 and 6. Amendment 5 provided that the
incumbent president would continue to exercise legislative powers until martial law shall have been lifted. On the
other hand, Amendment 6 stated that whenever in the judgment of the President, there exists a grave emergency
or threat or imminence thereof, or whenever the Interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly
fails or is unable to act or adequately act on any matter for any reason that in hís judgmernt requires, immediate
action, he may, in order to meet the exígency, issue the necessary decrees, orders, or letters of instruction, which
shall form part of the law of the land.
The country was then ruled by a conjugal dictatorship. Major political parties disappeared from the political
scene, with the administration party, the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) in the forefront.
The frst formal elections since 1969 for an interim Batasang Parmbansa (National Assembly) were held in
1978. In order to settle the conflict with the Catholic Church before the visit of Pope John Paul II, Marcos
officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981.

23. The assassination of Ninoy Aquino on August 21, 1983 led to protest rallies and clamor to restore
democracy in the country.( The assassination precipitated a loss of confidence in the business community Capital
began to leave the country at the rate of USS12 million a day. By October 1983, the Centraf Bank of the
Philippines was forced to notify its creditors that it could not meet its obligations on its debt of US$24.6 billion.
The default caled in the International Monetary Fund to disclose the true state of the nation's finances. The
countryY was bankrupt. The Peso suffered a 21% devaluation. In 1984 the economy contracted by 6.8% and
again by 3.8% in 1985. This coalesced populạr dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events,
inciuding pressure from the US that ended in a snap presidential election in February 1986. Marcos succumbed
to the pressure by calling the snap presidential election of 1986. The opposition united under Aquino's widow,
Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel, head of the United Nationalists Democratic Organization (UNIDO).
Marcos rigged the election results to his favor.

24. The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), declared Marcos the winner.
According to COMELEC's final tally, Marcos won with 10,807,1 97 votes to Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. By contrast,
the final tally of NAMFREL, an accredited poll watcher, said Marcos won with 7,835,070 votes to' Aquino's
7,053,068. The allegedly fraudulent result was not accepted by Corazon Aquino and her supporters. International
observers, including a U.S. delegation led by Sen. Richard G. Lugar denounced the official results. Gen. Fidel Ramos
and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile declared that they no longer supported Marcos.
After the February 7, 1986 presidential election, both Marcos and his opponent, Corazon Aquino, declared
themselves the winner. Charges of massive fraud and violence were leveled against the Marcos faction. This led to
the People's Power Revolution headed by Enrile and Ramos, which toppled down Marcos' dictatorship on February
25, 1986. Marcos' domestic and international support battered. He fled the country and finally obtained refuge in the
United States. Thus, a peaceful civilian-military uprising forced Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as
president on February 25, 1986.

25. FIFTH PHILIPINR
REPUBLIC

26. AQUINO’S REGME

27. Aquino's Regime The Fifth Philippine Republic Corazon C. Aquino became the first woman and 7th
president of the Republic of the Philippines. As the chief executive, she inherited from her predecessor
a shattered economy, a graft-ridden bureaucracy, a fractious military establishment and mounting
insurgency. Her own husband, former Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., predicted that whoever succeeds
Marcos would have a dificult time maintaining himself into power. The euphoric EDSA 1 gave rise to
the people's high level of expectation from the new regime. Although lacking in political experience,
President Aquino finished her six-year term, surviving 7 coup attempts and natural calamities. Her most
important legacy, however, was the restoration of democratic processes and institutions. Aquino rejected
the Marcos constitution. She convened a Constitutional Commission that drafted the Philippine
constitution, which was ratified by the Filipino people on February 2, 1987.

28. A number of landmark legislations were enacted during the Aquino administration. Notable among
these legislations were the following: Local Government code (RA 7160); Cooperative Code (RA 6938; Family
Code; Foreign Investment Act; Code for the Handicapped; and Bases Conversion Development Authority. It
was also during her time that non-government organizations (NGOS) and peopłes organizations (Pos) started
to flourish and become active participants in national development. These were institutionalized through the
Kabisig People's Movement launched in 1990.
The economy recovered during Aquinơs administration, with exports growing at 12% annually from
1986 to 1989.
It was during her term as President that the Philippine Senate discarded a treaty that would have allowed
a 10-year extension of the U.S. military bases in the country. The United States turned over Clark Air Base in
Pampanga to the government in November, and Subic Bay Naval Base in Zambales in December 1992,
ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines.

29. RAMOS REGIME

30. Fidel V. Ramos was elected in May 1992, with the support Mrs. Corazon Aquino. To win the
future, Ramos embarked on an ambitious agenda of reform under the banner Philippines 2000. An
economic strategy known as the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) covering the
years 1993 to 1998 was developed to achieve the twin goals of global competitiveness and people
empowerment. The over-all approach of this plan summed up in five D's: deregulation;
democratization; decentralization; devolution; and development that is sustainable.
President Ramos launched a Social Reform Agenda to win the war against poverty. The
Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8425) was enacted towards the end of his
administration to institutionalize the aforementioned program.

31. The Ramos administration created the Legislative-Executive Development and Advisory Council
(LEDAC) thru the enactment of RA 7640 in December 1992. Thru the LEDAC a number of laws were
passed, notable among which were the following:
• Restructuring the Value-Added Tax;
• Magna Carta for Exporters;
• Strengthening the Implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP);
• Further Liberalizing Foreign Investments;
• Creation of the Department of Energy;
• Amendment of the Omnibus Election Code;
• Imposition of Death Penalty for Certain Heinous Crimes;
• Repeal of the Anti-Subversion Act;
• Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act;
• Creation of the National Youth Commission;
• Creation of the Commission of Higher Education;
• and Anti-Child Labor Law.

32. The GNP growth averaged five percent from 1993 to 1997. Inflation averaged 79 percent
during the period compared to an 11.8 percent average for the previous three decades. The
country's foreign currency reserves increased from 2.0 billion to 10.0 billion US dollars by the end of
1997. National unemployment rate was reduced to 8.4 percent as of end of 1997.
Early in his administration, Ramos declared "national reconciliation" his highest priority. He
legalized the Communist Party and created tie National Unification Commission (NUC) to lay the
groundwork for talks with communist insurgents, Muslim separatists, and military rebels. In June
1994, Ramos signed into law a general conditional amnesty covering all rebel groups, and
Philippine military and police personnel charged of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents.
In October 1995, the government signed an agreement bringing the military insurgency to an end.
A peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front, a major separatist group fighting for
an independent homeland in Mindanao, was signed in 1996, ending the 24-year old struggle.

33. ESTRADA'S REGIME
Estrada was elected president on the strength of his
"ERAP Para sa Mahirap" campaign. However, his anti-
poverty programs, notwithstanding the Social Reform
and Poverty Alleviation Act, which took effect on June
30, 1998, were mainly based on dole-outs and
patronage.
The situation was also adversely affected by the downturn in global
economies and the continuing negative effect of the Asian currency crisis.
The Philippine poverty incidence increased from 36.8 percent in 1997 to 40
percent in 2000.

34. In October 2000, Estrada was charged of receiving millions of dollars in illegal
gambling payoffs. He was impeached by the House of Representatives, but his
impeachment trial in the Senate broke down when the senate voted to block
examination of the president's bank records. In response, masses of people
protested and demanded Estradas resignation (EDSA 2). Estrada's cabinet resigned
en masse and the military and police with drew their support. On January 20, 2001,
the Supreme Court declared the presidency vacant and swore in Vice President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the country's fourteenth President. President Estrada
was tried and convicted for plunder, and offense punishable by death. Nonetheless,
he was, subsequently free after more than six years of detention, after being granted
pardon by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

35. ARROYO'S REGIME
Arroyo assumed the presidency on January 20, 2001,
facing formidable challenges. Poverty incidence stood
at 40 percent, with 4 million Filipinos unemployed. Her
administration inherited a budget deficit exceeding 140
billion pesos. Business was at a standstill.

36. In her first State of the Nation Address, Arroyo declared that the challenge
before her is clear: SUGPUIN ANG KAHIRAPAN. In line with the foregoing,
she identified four components of her vision of winning the war against
poverty within a decade:
 An economic philosophy of economic enterprise appropriate to the 21"
century with a social conscience;
 Modernized agricultural sector founded on social equity;
 Social bias toward the disadvantaged to balance economic development
 Raising moral standards of government and society.

37. Numerous sectors had become disgruntled with the present regime due to its
anti-poor orientation, like the passage of the Expanded VAT Law, which she pressured
Congress into enacting, the Gloria Gate Scandal, the Calibrated Pre-emptive Response
to suppress the opposition and other groups seeking her ouster and other scandals
allegedly involved n by the members of her family, like the Jose Pidal Case,
involverment in jueteng by Congressman Arroyo, fertilizer scam, and the ZTE Broadband
Deal, among others.
It was also during her presidency when the Maguindanao Massacre happened.
Almost 60 people, inchuding 30 journalists were massacred at a checkpoint Barangay
Salman in Maguindanao on November 23, 2009. This event coincided with the filing of
candidacy for governorship by the then Vice-Mayor Datu Ismael Mangudadatu for the
May 10, 2010 elections

38. Credited to her administration was the holding of first automated count of the
presidential and local elections. While, there were numerous criticisms against
automated count of 2010 polls, former Associate Justice Jose Melo countered all
criticisms on the implementation of automated election. His brilliant defense of the
automated elections in the country led Arroyo to appoint him as COMELEC chairman to
restore the credibility of the aforementioned constitutional commission.
After 9 years in power, she was succeeded by Benigno S. Aquino III who won his bid for
presidency in the May 10, 2010 synchronized presidential and national elections.

39. NOYNOY AQUINO'S REGIME
The 15th President of the Republic of the Philippines, Benigno
Simeon Aquino III, has come to stand for Filipinos' reinvigorated
passion to build a nation of justice, peace, and inclusive progress.
Aquino--the only son of democracy icons Senator Benigno "Ninoy"
Aquino and President Corazon Aquino has in different junctures
throughout his life responded to the challenge of acting with and
serving the Filipino people.
In 1983 after the assassination of his father, he returned from exile to the country to help
show the way for the EDSA People Power Revolution-the nonviolent and prayerful
revolution by ordinary people that toppied a dictatorship and restored Philippine
democracy.

40. The most despondent days perhaps in Aquinos life took place in 2009 when
his mother passed away from cancer after suffering for nearly a year. Her
demise prompted mourning from all over the country. And yet it also
awakened a remembrance of the values she stood for. People began to call
on Aquino, urging him to run for presidency in the 2010 elections to continue
his parents' work.
Moreover, candidates for president such as Senator Manuel Mar" Roxas I,
Pampanga Governor Eddie Panlilio, Graceand Isabela Governor Padaca gave
up their presidential aspirations to support Aquino.

41. On June 9, 2010, the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Aquino as the President
Elect of the Philippines. In his inaugural address on June 30, 2010, he told the Filipino
people:"We are here to serve and not to lord over you. The mandate given to me was
one of change. I accept your marching orders to transform our government from one that
is self-serving to one that works for the welfare of the nation" Kung walang corrupt,
walang mahirap.
Aquino responded to the call to make the people's passion for change the driving force
behind a new government. On September 9, 2009, the 40th day after former president
Cory Aquino's passing, he officially announced his candidacy for president at the Club
Filipino in Greenhills, San Juan-where his mother took oath on the final day of the EDSA
People Power Revolution.

42.  Hope that the hardened poverty of more than 25% of the fast growing population
would finally be reduced - following his campaign slogan: "no corruption, no poverty
any more": and
 Hope that he would be able to bring peace to the country which was suffering for
more than 40 years from fighting with the Mindanao based Muslim Rebellion and
the armed campaign of Maoist in many rural provinces all over the country.
He won his bid for presidency owing to the huge hope people had on him to effect change in
our country. These hopes centered on the following (Koeppinger, 2013):
 Hope that he would bring back honesty as guiding principle into the actions and
decisions of this ofice - as it had been the case during the presidency of his revered
mother Cory Aquino 1986 - 1992;
 Hope that the lawlessness, high levels of violence, corruption, human rights
violations and impunity would finally find an end;

43. Some ofhis notable achievements include the following:
 Popularization of the no wang-wang policy;
 Initiation of the K-12 education in the country;
 Renaming the Office of the Press Secretary into Presidential Communications
Operations Office;
 Signing with the MILF a Draft Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro" (FAB)
in October 2012 - the creation of an autonomous Muslim Region in Mindanao,
replacing the existing Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM);
 Enactment of Cyber Crime Law
 Restructuring of governmental systems to the right path ("Tuwid na Daan");
 Improvement of the country's fiscal resources matched by continued strength of its
foreign exchange position;

44.  Improvement of the country's investment and credit rating, which enhanced
positive perceptions about our economic prospects;
 Prudent spending cuts resulting into the increase in the allocation of the under-
financed social sectors such as education, public health and assistance to the
poor;
 Fight against corruption to improve accountability in public office, which resulted
into the incarceration of former President Gloria Arroyo, who was charged with
plunder, the impeachment of Chief Justice Renato Corona, the filing of plunder
charges against Senators Bong Revilla Jr., Juan Ponce Enrile and Jinggoy
Estrada; and
 The passage of the RH (Responsible Parenthood) Law, which empowered the
government to assist poor parents to plan the family.

45. Despite the accomplishments he had in the administration of our government
and its affairs, it cannot be denied that Noynoy's Regime has a number of
weaknesses and liabilities.
1. Selectiveness of Public Campaign Against Corruption.
2. Lack of Progress in the Fields of Rule of Law, Protection of
Human Rights and Orientation on Good Governance.
3. Unsustainable and Not Inclusive Economic Growth.
4. Failure to End Armed Insurgences.
5. Increased Presence and Grip of Polytical Dynasties.

46. THANK YOU
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