http://dx.doi.org/10.47829/JJGH.2019.1401 The number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing in the worldwide. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) plays a significant role in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs.
This document summarizes guidelines for diagnosing and treating latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). It notes that most tuberculosis cases in the US result from reactivation of LTBI. It recommends screening high-risk patients, such as those born in countries with high TB rates or those with HIV/AIDS, using interferon gamma release assays or tuberculin skin tests. For patients diagnosed with LTBI, it advocates use of short course rifamycin-based regimens to complete treatment whenever possible due to their effectiveness and safety. The document provides guidance on managing special patient groups and scenarios that can arise in LTBI diagnosis and treatment.
Management of tuberculosis in special situation and MDR TB.NUR PUNAM
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) from TB treatment. It provides statistics on TB prevalence and mortality worldwide. It then outlines various diagnostic tests for TB and risk factors for DILI. The document discusses guidelines for managing DILI and approaches to treating different patient populations like those with HIV, liver disease, pregnancy, etc. It addresses strategies for treating multidrug resistant TB and monitoring patients on second line drugs.
This retrospective study analyzed adverse reactions among 138 patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Egypt from 2006 to 2009. The most common adverse reactions were gastrointestinal manifestations. Most adverse reactions (87%) did not affect daily activities. Adverse reactions were generally mild to moderate in severity. While adverse reactions were common, they did not negatively impact treatment outcomes for patients who adhered to treatment. The study concludes with recommendations to limit drug resistance such as restricting first-line TB drugs to tuberculosis treatment and improving education for medical professionals and the public.
This document summarizes the results of a randomized, prospective, open-label clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of Sulfad tablets for the management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. The trial involved 100 patients taking Sulfad tablets for 3 months. Significant improvements were seen in liver enzymes and lipid profiles after 1, 2, and 3 months of treatment. No major safety issues were reported. The study concluded that Sulfad tablets were well-tolerated and effective for the management of NASH patients.
efficacy and safety of Sulfad tablets in the management of NASH
patients: A randomized ,prospective, open label, multi-center,
controlled, phase III clinical trial.
ATT induced liver injury is very common with anti tubercular drugs as tuberculosis is one of the most common infection in india. Management of att liver injury is very important in medicine and is elaborated here.
Comparitive Study of the Efficacy and Tolerance of Prokinetic Drugs - Metaclo...pharmaindexing
Comparitive Study of the Efficacy and Tolerance of Prokinetic Drugs - Metaclopramide and Cinetapride In the Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia - A Randomised Controlled Trial
This document summarizes guidelines for diagnosing and treating latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). It notes that most tuberculosis cases in the US result from reactivation of LTBI. It recommends screening high-risk patients, such as those born in countries with high TB rates or those with HIV/AIDS, using interferon gamma release assays or tuberculin skin tests. For patients diagnosed with LTBI, it advocates use of short course rifamycin-based regimens to complete treatment whenever possible due to their effectiveness and safety. The document provides guidance on managing special patient groups and scenarios that can arise in LTBI diagnosis and treatment.
Management of tuberculosis in special situation and MDR TB.NUR PUNAM
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) from TB treatment. It provides statistics on TB prevalence and mortality worldwide. It then outlines various diagnostic tests for TB and risk factors for DILI. The document discusses guidelines for managing DILI and approaches to treating different patient populations like those with HIV, liver disease, pregnancy, etc. It addresses strategies for treating multidrug resistant TB and monitoring patients on second line drugs.
This retrospective study analyzed adverse reactions among 138 patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Egypt from 2006 to 2009. The most common adverse reactions were gastrointestinal manifestations. Most adverse reactions (87%) did not affect daily activities. Adverse reactions were generally mild to moderate in severity. While adverse reactions were common, they did not negatively impact treatment outcomes for patients who adhered to treatment. The study concludes with recommendations to limit drug resistance such as restricting first-line TB drugs to tuberculosis treatment and improving education for medical professionals and the public.
This document summarizes the results of a randomized, prospective, open-label clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of Sulfad tablets for the management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. The trial involved 100 patients taking Sulfad tablets for 3 months. Significant improvements were seen in liver enzymes and lipid profiles after 1, 2, and 3 months of treatment. No major safety issues were reported. The study concluded that Sulfad tablets were well-tolerated and effective for the management of NASH patients.
efficacy and safety of Sulfad tablets in the management of NASH
patients: A randomized ,prospective, open label, multi-center,
controlled, phase III clinical trial.
ATT induced liver injury is very common with anti tubercular drugs as tuberculosis is one of the most common infection in india. Management of att liver injury is very important in medicine and is elaborated here.
Comparitive Study of the Efficacy and Tolerance of Prokinetic Drugs - Metaclo...pharmaindexing
Comparitive Study of the Efficacy and Tolerance of Prokinetic Drugs - Metaclopramide and Cinetapride In the Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia - A Randomised Controlled Trial
This study compared the effectiveness and safety of silodosin versus tamsulosin in treating 57 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) over 12 weeks. Both drugs significantly reduced International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) from baseline, though silodosin showed slightly greater reduction than tamsulosin initially. Silodosin had a greater impact on sexual function due to retrograde ejaculation. Adverse effects were seen in around 35% of silodosin patients and 27% of tamsulosin patients, with dyspepsia and retrograde ejaculation more common for silodosin and headaches and hypotension for tamsulosin. The study concluded that silodosin is comparable
Silodosin versus tamsulosin in symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia-Our e...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document discusses the management of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). It covers grading and classification of NETs, biomarkers used to diagnose and monitor disease, and various treatment options including somatostatin analogues, targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and locoregional approaches. Key clinical trials evaluating therapies for symptom control and antitumor effects in gastrointestinal and pancreatic NETs are summarized.
IMURAN (azathioprine) is an immunosuppressive drug used to prevent rejection in kidney transplants and manage rheumatoid arthritis. It works by suppressing the immune system. The drug carries a risk of causing cancer, especially lymphoma, and physicians should inform patients of this risk. It is also important that patients avoid excessive sunlight exposure to reduce skin cancer risk. Azathioprine is metabolized in the body and its active metabolites can incorporate into DNA, which contributes to its anti-cancer effects. Certain genes influence how patients metabolize and deactivate the drug, affecting toxicity risks.
This document provides product information for Imuran (azathioprine) 50mg tablets. It warns that chronic immunosuppression with Imuran increases the risk of malignancy in humans. It describes Imuran as an immunosuppressive antimetabolite that is well absorbed orally and metabolized in the liver and erythrocytes. The main metabolites are 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine nucleotides, which can incorporate into DNA.
EVALUATION OF GLYCEMIC RESPONSE OF ADDITION OF PIOGLITAZONE TO GLIBENCLAMIDE...Nani Karnam Vinayakam
Retrospective study of Antidiabetic drugs in Diabetes Mellitus patients. It help in for Pharmacy graduates, Pharm D Students, M Pharm -pharmacy practice students , hospital pharmacists & Clinical Pharmacists around the globe.
The document discusses focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), a benign hepatic tumor. It describes the histopathology of classic and nonclassic FNH and notes that nonclassic FNH lacks one or more key elements of classic FNH, which includes abnormal nodular architecture, cholangiolar proliferation, and malformed vessels. Imaging features of FNH are also provided, noting FNH typically appears as a well-circumscribed lesion with isointense or slightly hyperintense signal on T1-weighted MRI and markedly hyperintense signal on T2-weighted MRI.
This document discusses hepatotoxicity caused by antitubercular drugs (ATDs). It notes that isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide, which form the core of TB treatment, can all cause liver damage. Risk factors for ATD-induced hepatotoxicity include age over 35, childhood, male sex, cavitary/extra-pulmonary TB, malnutrition, alcohol use, hepatitis B/C infection, HIV coinfection, and genetic factors. The document explores the metabolic pathways and risks associated with each of the three main ATDs. It provides guidelines for managing hepatotoxicity from the ATS, RNTCP, Kabra-Seth, and BTS.
Lab Results Interpretation for Pharmacist A.NouriAhmed Nouri
PHARMACISTS dealing with LAB RESULTS reading, each pharmacist needs to have the basic knowledge regarding lab results and how to deal with it . Ahmed Nouri, PharmD
Pharmacogenomic of TPMT which affected to plasma level of thiopurine drugsNat Nafz
This document outlines a presentation on thiopurine drugs including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine. It discusses their metabolism, mechanisms of action, adverse drug reactions, and importance of testing for thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms. TPMT activity affects levels of active drug metabolites and risk of toxicity. Genotype correlates with but does not perfectly predict phenotype. The presentation emphasizes dose adjustment based on TPMT levels and close monitoring to improve outcomes with thiopurine treatment.
This presentation talks about Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors specifically a review article published by certain authors (scientists) for further studies.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. It defines autoimmune hepatitis as unresolving liver inflammation of unknown cause that results from a complex interaction of triggers, autoantigens, genetics, and the immune system. The diagnosis requires the presence of interface hepatitis and portal plasma cell infiltration on histological examination, along with hypergammaglobulinemia and autoantibodies. Treatment involves the use of steroids such as prednisolone, either alone or in combination with azathioprine, to improve clinical outcomes and survival in severe cases of autoimmune hepatitis.
Ondansetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. In clinical trials:
- Ondansetron 0.15 mg/kg administered intravenously was more effective than lower or higher doses in preventing nausea and vomiting from cancer chemotherapy.
- Ondansetron was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing nausea and vomiting induced by cisplatin-based chemotherapy in a study of 28 patients. Fewer patients who received ondansetron experienced vomiting or had early onset of vomiting compared to placebo.
- Pediatric cancer patients younger than 18 generally had higher drug clearance
Currently efficacy of therapy of patients with
MDR ТВ does not exceed 48.7% worldwide and in Russian
Federation. One of the reason is a frequent development of
adverse drug reactions during the use of combination of
antituberculosis drugs. Since 2013 after registration of
tioureidoiminomethylpyridinium perchlorate (Pecrhlozon®) in
Russian Federation, opportunities appeared for further study
of its efficacy and safety in treatment of tuberculosis with
multiple drug resistance (MDR). In the present study we
applied monitoring of adverse drug reactions during complex
therapy by Perchlozon in combination with five other drugs
with the use of international 5-grade scale. We used Common
Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0). In the
study only mild (grade 1) and moderate (grade 2) adverse drug
reactions were observed except single case when severe (grade
3) adverse drug reaction happened. Mild adverse reactions that
during receiving Perchlozon therapy in complex with other
drugs for MDR-TB did not require its cessation.
This document provides an overview of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) including epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points:
- The prevalence of AIH is highest in Alaska Natives at around 117 per 100,000 people.
- AIH most often presents as either acute hepatitis with jaundice or chronic hepatitis with elevated liver enzymes. Liver biopsy is necessary to confirm diagnosis.
- Diagnosis is based on elevated autoantibodies and elevated IgG along with supportive biopsy findings. The most common types are type 1 and type 2 defined by specific autoantibodies.
- Treatment involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids and azathioprine to induce
Presented at the American Society for Clinical Oncology Gastroenterology in January 2017 in San Francisco by Eric Raymond
Background: Sunitinib was approved by the FDA in 2011 for treatment of progressive, well-differentiated, advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) based on a pivotal phase III study (NCT00428597) that showed a significant increase in progression-free survival (PFS) over placebo following early study termination. Subsequently, the FDA requested a post-approval study to support these findings.
Methods: In this open-label, phase IV clinical trial (NCT01525550), patients with progressive, well-differentiated, unresectable advanced/metastatic pNETs received continuous sunitinib 37.5 mg once daily. Eligibility criteria were similar to the phase III study. Primary endpoint was investigator-assessed PFS per RECIST 1.0. This study is ongoing.
Results: Sixty one treatment-naïve and 45 previously treated patients with progressive pNETs were treated with sunitinib: mean age, 54.6 years; males, 59.4%; white, 63.2%; ECOG PS 0, 65.1% or PS 1, 34.0%; and prior somatostatin analog, 48.1% (treatment-naïve, 39.3%; previously treated, 60.0%). At the data cutoff date, 82 (77%) patients discontinued treatment, mainly due to disease progression (46%). Median duration of treatment was ~11.9 months. Investigator-assessed median PFS (mPFS) was 13.2 months (95% CI, 10.9–16.7) in the overall population, with comparable mPFS in treatment-naïve and previously treated patients (13.2 vs 13.0 months). mPFS per independent radiologic review was 11.1 months (95% CI, 7.4–16.6). Objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST was 24.5%: 21.3% in treatment-naïve and 28.9% in previously treated patients. Median overall survival, although not yet mature, was 37.8 months. Treatment-emergent, all-causality adverse events (AEs) reported by ≥20% of all patients included neutropenia, diarrhea, leukopenia, fatigue, hand–foot syndrome, hypertension, abdominal pain, dysgeusia, and nausea. Most common grade 3/4 AEs were neutropenia (22%) and diarrhea (9%).
Conclusions: The mPFS of 13.2 months and ORR of 24.5% observed in this study support the outcomes of the pivotal phase III study of sunitinib in pNETs and confirm its activity in this setting. AEs were consistent with known safety profile of sunitinib.
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Drug Repurposing: Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Therapeutics fo...JohnJulie1
Cancer is a prime public health burden that accounts for approximately 9.9 million deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in treatment regimen and huge capital investment in the pharmaceutical sector, there has been little success in improving the chances of survival of cancer patients.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...JohnJulie1
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
This study compared the effectiveness and safety of silodosin versus tamsulosin in treating 57 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) over 12 weeks. Both drugs significantly reduced International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) from baseline, though silodosin showed slightly greater reduction than tamsulosin initially. Silodosin had a greater impact on sexual function due to retrograde ejaculation. Adverse effects were seen in around 35% of silodosin patients and 27% of tamsulosin patients, with dyspepsia and retrograde ejaculation more common for silodosin and headaches and hypotension for tamsulosin. The study concluded that silodosin is comparable
Silodosin versus tamsulosin in symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia-Our e...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document discusses the management of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). It covers grading and classification of NETs, biomarkers used to diagnose and monitor disease, and various treatment options including somatostatin analogues, targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and locoregional approaches. Key clinical trials evaluating therapies for symptom control and antitumor effects in gastrointestinal and pancreatic NETs are summarized.
IMURAN (azathioprine) is an immunosuppressive drug used to prevent rejection in kidney transplants and manage rheumatoid arthritis. It works by suppressing the immune system. The drug carries a risk of causing cancer, especially lymphoma, and physicians should inform patients of this risk. It is also important that patients avoid excessive sunlight exposure to reduce skin cancer risk. Azathioprine is metabolized in the body and its active metabolites can incorporate into DNA, which contributes to its anti-cancer effects. Certain genes influence how patients metabolize and deactivate the drug, affecting toxicity risks.
This document provides product information for Imuran (azathioprine) 50mg tablets. It warns that chronic immunosuppression with Imuran increases the risk of malignancy in humans. It describes Imuran as an immunosuppressive antimetabolite that is well absorbed orally and metabolized in the liver and erythrocytes. The main metabolites are 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine nucleotides, which can incorporate into DNA.
EVALUATION OF GLYCEMIC RESPONSE OF ADDITION OF PIOGLITAZONE TO GLIBENCLAMIDE...Nani Karnam Vinayakam
Retrospective study of Antidiabetic drugs in Diabetes Mellitus patients. It help in for Pharmacy graduates, Pharm D Students, M Pharm -pharmacy practice students , hospital pharmacists & Clinical Pharmacists around the globe.
The document discusses focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), a benign hepatic tumor. It describes the histopathology of classic and nonclassic FNH and notes that nonclassic FNH lacks one or more key elements of classic FNH, which includes abnormal nodular architecture, cholangiolar proliferation, and malformed vessels. Imaging features of FNH are also provided, noting FNH typically appears as a well-circumscribed lesion with isointense or slightly hyperintense signal on T1-weighted MRI and markedly hyperintense signal on T2-weighted MRI.
This document discusses hepatotoxicity caused by antitubercular drugs (ATDs). It notes that isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide, which form the core of TB treatment, can all cause liver damage. Risk factors for ATD-induced hepatotoxicity include age over 35, childhood, male sex, cavitary/extra-pulmonary TB, malnutrition, alcohol use, hepatitis B/C infection, HIV coinfection, and genetic factors. The document explores the metabolic pathways and risks associated with each of the three main ATDs. It provides guidelines for managing hepatotoxicity from the ATS, RNTCP, Kabra-Seth, and BTS.
Lab Results Interpretation for Pharmacist A.NouriAhmed Nouri
PHARMACISTS dealing with LAB RESULTS reading, each pharmacist needs to have the basic knowledge regarding lab results and how to deal with it . Ahmed Nouri, PharmD
Pharmacogenomic of TPMT which affected to plasma level of thiopurine drugsNat Nafz
This document outlines a presentation on thiopurine drugs including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine. It discusses their metabolism, mechanisms of action, adverse drug reactions, and importance of testing for thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms. TPMT activity affects levels of active drug metabolites and risk of toxicity. Genotype correlates with but does not perfectly predict phenotype. The presentation emphasizes dose adjustment based on TPMT levels and close monitoring to improve outcomes with thiopurine treatment.
This presentation talks about Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors specifically a review article published by certain authors (scientists) for further studies.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. It defines autoimmune hepatitis as unresolving liver inflammation of unknown cause that results from a complex interaction of triggers, autoantigens, genetics, and the immune system. The diagnosis requires the presence of interface hepatitis and portal plasma cell infiltration on histological examination, along with hypergammaglobulinemia and autoantibodies. Treatment involves the use of steroids such as prednisolone, either alone or in combination with azathioprine, to improve clinical outcomes and survival in severe cases of autoimmune hepatitis.
Ondansetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. In clinical trials:
- Ondansetron 0.15 mg/kg administered intravenously was more effective than lower or higher doses in preventing nausea and vomiting from cancer chemotherapy.
- Ondansetron was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing nausea and vomiting induced by cisplatin-based chemotherapy in a study of 28 patients. Fewer patients who received ondansetron experienced vomiting or had early onset of vomiting compared to placebo.
- Pediatric cancer patients younger than 18 generally had higher drug clearance
Currently efficacy of therapy of patients with
MDR ТВ does not exceed 48.7% worldwide and in Russian
Federation. One of the reason is a frequent development of
adverse drug reactions during the use of combination of
antituberculosis drugs. Since 2013 after registration of
tioureidoiminomethylpyridinium perchlorate (Pecrhlozon®) in
Russian Federation, opportunities appeared for further study
of its efficacy and safety in treatment of tuberculosis with
multiple drug resistance (MDR). In the present study we
applied monitoring of adverse drug reactions during complex
therapy by Perchlozon in combination with five other drugs
with the use of international 5-grade scale. We used Common
Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0). In the
study only mild (grade 1) and moderate (grade 2) adverse drug
reactions were observed except single case when severe (grade
3) adverse drug reaction happened. Mild adverse reactions that
during receiving Perchlozon therapy in complex with other
drugs for MDR-TB did not require its cessation.
This document provides an overview of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) including epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points:
- The prevalence of AIH is highest in Alaska Natives at around 117 per 100,000 people.
- AIH most often presents as either acute hepatitis with jaundice or chronic hepatitis with elevated liver enzymes. Liver biopsy is necessary to confirm diagnosis.
- Diagnosis is based on elevated autoantibodies and elevated IgG along with supportive biopsy findings. The most common types are type 1 and type 2 defined by specific autoantibodies.
- Treatment involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids and azathioprine to induce
Presented at the American Society for Clinical Oncology Gastroenterology in January 2017 in San Francisco by Eric Raymond
Background: Sunitinib was approved by the FDA in 2011 for treatment of progressive, well-differentiated, advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) based on a pivotal phase III study (NCT00428597) that showed a significant increase in progression-free survival (PFS) over placebo following early study termination. Subsequently, the FDA requested a post-approval study to support these findings.
Methods: In this open-label, phase IV clinical trial (NCT01525550), patients with progressive, well-differentiated, unresectable advanced/metastatic pNETs received continuous sunitinib 37.5 mg once daily. Eligibility criteria were similar to the phase III study. Primary endpoint was investigator-assessed PFS per RECIST 1.0. This study is ongoing.
Results: Sixty one treatment-naïve and 45 previously treated patients with progressive pNETs were treated with sunitinib: mean age, 54.6 years; males, 59.4%; white, 63.2%; ECOG PS 0, 65.1% or PS 1, 34.0%; and prior somatostatin analog, 48.1% (treatment-naïve, 39.3%; previously treated, 60.0%). At the data cutoff date, 82 (77%) patients discontinued treatment, mainly due to disease progression (46%). Median duration of treatment was ~11.9 months. Investigator-assessed median PFS (mPFS) was 13.2 months (95% CI, 10.9–16.7) in the overall population, with comparable mPFS in treatment-naïve and previously treated patients (13.2 vs 13.0 months). mPFS per independent radiologic review was 11.1 months (95% CI, 7.4–16.6). Objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST was 24.5%: 21.3% in treatment-naïve and 28.9% in previously treated patients. Median overall survival, although not yet mature, was 37.8 months. Treatment-emergent, all-causality adverse events (AEs) reported by ≥20% of all patients included neutropenia, diarrhea, leukopenia, fatigue, hand–foot syndrome, hypertension, abdominal pain, dysgeusia, and nausea. Most common grade 3/4 AEs were neutropenia (22%) and diarrhea (9%).
Conclusions: The mPFS of 13.2 months and ORR of 24.5% observed in this study support the outcomes of the pivotal phase III study of sunitinib in pNETs and confirm its activity in this setting. AEs were consistent with known safety profile of sunitinib.
Similar to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Thiopurine Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (18)
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Drug Repurposing: Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Therapeutics fo...JohnJulie1
Cancer is a prime public health burden that accounts for approximately 9.9 million deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in treatment regimen and huge capital investment in the pharmaceutical sector, there has been little success in improving the chances of survival of cancer patients.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...JohnJulie1
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Raised Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Heli...JohnJulie1
Helicobacter Pylori (HP) infection is prevalent among patients with dyspepsia in developing countries with low socioeconomic status. The gold standard investigation is invasive method gastric biopsy through upper GI endoscopy, however non-invasive methods (stool for HP antigen) are not reliable up to the mark also need to wait for two weeks without symptomatic treatment. It is important to have a reliable, cost effective and easily accessible non-invasive marker to diagnose patients with H. pylori infection. Several non-invasive laboratory have been predicted in having the role in diagnosis of H.pylori infection. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in predicting H.Pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia.
IRF5 Promotes the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and is Regulated by...JohnJulie1
The IRF family of proteins involves in the tumor progression. However, but the functions of IRF5 in the tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here, IRF5 was found to be up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Interfering with IRF5 inhibited the growth and tumorigenic ability of HCC cells.
•
Fibrous
•
Fibro glandular
•
Adipose (Fatty)
What is Tomosynthesis?
•
Is a 3 dimensional projection
•
Reduces overlapping tissue seen with 2D only
•
15 projections are taken with each combo exposure (7.5) (-7.5)
•
With an average breast (18*24) 3D dose is 1.34, combo is 2.56 Milligrey. (3 Milligrey FDA) (2D is 1.2
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to CarcinomaJohnJulie1
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers.
Prognosis of Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Breast Analyzed by Usin...JohnJulie1
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare type of breast cancer with high frequency of regional lymph node metastasis. However, the prognosis of IMPC has remained controversial for decades. We aimed to compare the differences of prognosis between IMPC and Invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC) of the breast by utilizing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.
Uretero-Enteric Anastomosis Stricture after Urinary Diversion; Detailed Analy...JohnJulie1
To report the lessons we have learned in the management of uretero-enteric anastomosis stricture (UEAS) in a tertiary urology center over a decade of experience.
Clinic Correlation and Prognostic Value of P4HB and GRP78 Expression in Gastr...JohnJulie1
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) and Glucose‑regulated protein 78 (GRP78) represent for poor prognosis of various cancers, while rare research investigate correlation of them. This study aimed to explore correlation and prognostic value of them in gastric cancer (GC).
Combined Analysis of Micro RNA and Proteomic Profiles and Interactions in Pat...JohnJulie1
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
The Liquid Mass System(LMS) includes an Easy nLC1000 (Thermo Fisher) coupled ultra-high resolution mass spectrometer Orbitrap Fusion Lumos (Thermo Fisher) with a Thermo Fisher electrospray source. Each injection is sent to a preset column (Acclaim PepMap C18, 100 μm x 2 cm, Thermo Scientific) for adsorption at a flow rate of 3 L/min. The sample is then sent to the analyzer column (Acclaim PepMap C18, 75 μm x 15 cm, Thermo Scientific) for separation.
Skeletal muscle channelopathy are rare heterogeneous episodic disorders with marked genotypic and phenotypic variability resulting in periodic paralysis, and falls in young people which often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed due to its rarity, often the symptoms are miscommunicated to the treating phycision due to its episodic nature and not uncommonly physical examination by the time patient attend the clinic or hospital will be unremarkable apart from periodic muscle paralysis where patient will presented to ED with flaccid weakness,
The Use of the Infrared Laser Therapy of 890-910 NM for the Treatment Breast ...JohnJulie1
The document summarizes experimental and clinical research on using infrared laser therapy between 890-910 nm to treat breast cancer. Experimental studies showed that lower doses of laser therapy (0.46 J/cm2) inhibited tumor growth more than higher doses. Laser therapy combined with chemotherapy was also effective, particularly with vincristin. Clinical studies on 136 breast cancer patients found that laser therapy before or after surgery, or alone, reduced complications, improved immune function and quality of life, and increased survival time. Histological analysis found over 50% tumor tissue disappeared after effective laser treatment.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...JohnJulie1
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in women in the Lekoumou and Niari departments of Congo Brazzaville. The researchers collected samples from 100 women aged 16-73 and tested them for HPV. They found an overall HPV prevalence of 29%. Certain demographic factors like age, education level, marital status, age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners and parity did not show statistically significant associations with HPV infection status. The study provides baseline data on HPV prevalence in the region that can inform future cervical cancer prevention efforts.
Upper Rectal Cancer: Benefit After Preoperative Chemoradiation Versus Upfront...JohnJulie1
Upper rectal cancer management is controversial. The present series reports the outcomes of treatment comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCRT) versus upfront surgery.
Follow-Up Strategies in Focal Liver Lesions And Treatment MethodsJohnJulie1
Today, advances in cross-sectional imaging have led to the detection and early recognition of incidental/focal liver lesions (FCL). In approximately 17,000 cases of chest CT, incidental liver lesions were found in 6% [1]. In general, FCL consists of hepatocytes, biliary epithelium, mesenchymal tissue, connective tissue, or metastasized cells from distant sites. Most incidental lesions are benign, some may require careful management and treatment.
Contextual Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Ad...JohnJulie1
The purpose of this study was to examine contextual factors associated with physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older adult cancer survivors.
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma with Isolated Venous Involvement: Is Neoadjuvant Tr...JohnJulie1
Neoadjuvant Treatment (NAT) is indicated in locally advanced tumors and improves the results of subsequent surgery. In borderline tumors, the place of this preoperative treatment is more controversial, probably because borderline tumors are a heterogeneous group. We focused on the tumors with venous involvement without any arterial involvement and studied the results of neoadjuvant treatment in this particular group.
Predictive Value of Biomarkers Fibrinogen Like Protein-2 and A-Fetoprotein fo...JohnJulie1
Data concerning the utility of biomarkers for accurate early HCC detection in cirrhotic patients are lacking. 1.2. Methods: We evaluated 112 consecutive Caucasian cirrhotic patients with (n=28) or without (n=84) concomitant HCC at baseline for serum AFP and plasma fibrinogen like protein-2 (FGL-2) levels. Patients without confirmed HCC at baseline were further followed up every six months with ultrasound and serum AFP levels, according to HCC surveillance program. Imaging as well as histological confirmation of HCC was established in patients with new lesions.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
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Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
2. Citation: Zalizko P, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Thiopurine Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Japanese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019; 1(4):1-4. 2
3. Introduction
The spread of IBD patients in the world tends to increase. The
treatment of these patients is an important healthcare problem
nowadays, and it has been shown that effective personalized
treatment reduces the risk of disability, complications and
side effects. Analysing and evaluating drug metabolism plays a
crucial role in predicting the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy
and in preventing adverse reactions [1]. The Thiopurine drugs
(azathioprine, mercaptopurine and thioguanine) are mainly used
in a treatment of autoimmune diseases [2]. TPMT is one of
the enzymes essential for the metabolism of thiopurines. Low
TPMT enzyme activity is associated with abnormal metabolism
of thiopurine drug substances, overproduction of cytotoxic
metabolites, and reason of myelosuppression [3,4]. TPMT
enzyme activity is regulated by genetic polymorphism. It has
been found that about 0,3% of individuals are homozygous for
TPMT mutation, while 11% have a heterozygous allele variant
indicating low enzyme activity [1]. Therefore, the British National
Formulary strongly recommends that the TPMT enzyme should
be identified prior to starting thiopurine therapy [3].
4. Materials and Methods
All patient’s blood tests were collected in the 5-7 mL vacutainer
tubes.Thesampleswerecentrifugedfor30minutesaftercollection
for 15 minutes at 1000 rpm at 4 °C. Samples were stored frozen
at -80°
C, avoiding re-freezing. After collecting blood samples,
a survey was completed. It includes patient of IBD diagnosis –
ulcerative colitis (UC) or Cronh’s disease (CD), demographic data
on age, gender; as well as the duration of the disease, the history
of the disease, the use of medication, intolerance and allergies,
routine blood laboratory tests to assess what could affect TPMT
expression. TPMT expression was determined by the ELISA
using the MyBioSurce reagent kit Human TPMT ELISA Kit
(catalogue number MBS938845).
5. Results
All 20 respondents included in the study had histological
diagnosis of IBD (UC in 70%, n=14; CD in 30%, n=6).Patients
had moderate to severe disease activity according Mayo score
in UC patients and Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) in
Crohn’s disease patients. 50% of respondents (n=10) were
diagnosed with particular IBD for more than 10 years ago. UC
was diagnosed in 8 men and 6 women; CD was more diagnosed
in 5 women and only 1 men.
Summarizing information on the usage of medications, 45% of
respondents (n=9) used per oral form of mesalazine; 40% (n=8)
a combination of mesalazine per oral and suppositories. 75% of
respondents (n=15) have never used azathioprine before, 15%
(n=3) have used it, but have stopped taking due to side effects,
while 10% (n=2) used azathioprine during the study. Patients
who discontinued due to adverse reactions reported side effects
such as gastrointestinal symptoms and acute pancreatitis. Patient’s
TPMT expression ranged from 1.4 to 50 U/mL. All respondents
were divided into TPMT enzyme activity: 10% (n=2) patients
had low (<5.5 U/mL) TPMT activity, 5% (n=1) patient had
intermediate (5.6-15.5 U/mL) activity, 70% (n=14) patients
normal (15.6-44.0 U/mL) and 15% (n=3) patients high (>44.0
U/mL) TPMT activity.
6. Discussion
IBD continues to spread rapidly; it is a global health care and
society problem. Patients with IBD should have early diagnostics
methods and personalised treatment from the early steps of
disease. As well is important therapeutic drug monitoring drug
treatment, as it can decrease risks of complications and side
effects and improve quality of life. All respondents in our study
had an age range from 22 to 79 years, with an average age of
42 years. Both Northern Europe and USA, Canada have the
highest prevalence of IBD compared to other countries. In these
countries, the disease is most commonly diagnosed in patients
aged 15 to 35 and the average age is 31 years [5]. In contrast, in
other countries (both in Europe and Asia), the disease is most
commonly diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 45 and the
highest prevalence is found in young people around 20 years of
age, but only 10-15% of all patients are aged 60 or over [6].
According to the respondent’s data on the usage of azathioprine,
most or 75% of patients have not used it, so it would be useful
to find out the TPMT expression of each individual. This would
make it possible to find out if the chosen therapy with one of the
thiopurines will be effective and there will not be side effects. In
countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the
level of this enzyme is already established prior to initiation of
therapy [2, 7].
One of the most commonly used methods is the enzymatic assay,
or phenotyping, of TPMT enzyme to measure the activity of
the enzyme in the blood [8]. The results of the TPMT enzyme
activity test may be influenced by several factors. One of them
is a recent blood transfusion that can produce false results.
Medications used before may also reduce the level of this enzyme
in the blood, for example if the patient has taken sulfasalazine,
mesalazine, thiazide, allopurinol, salicylic acid 48 hours before
the test. This is why this test is recommended to be repeated
during azathioprine treatment [9].
2019, 1(4): 1-4
3. 3
The second approach to determining the amount of TPMT
in a subject is genotyping, which determines polymorphisms
in DNA. The TPMT genotypes are usually determined using
the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Continuing our
research in the future, it would be interesting to carry out TPMT
genotyping in patients with reduced TPMT enzyme activity.
Unlike phenotyping, the genotype test is not affected by external
factors responsible for TPMT coding and does not need to be
repeated during therapy. The sensitivity of the genotype test
dependsonthenumberof polymorphismsrequiredtobedetected
[10]. Several mutation variants associated with thiopurine toxicity
have been identified. The most commonly found non-functional
alleles are TPMT * 3A, TPMT * 3C and TPMT * 2 [4]. It has
been shown that a patient carrying any of these TPMT alleles
can accumulate large amounts of 6-TGN in the body, which may
exacerbate the side effects [6].
Most patients with IBD have normal TPMT activity with two
functional alleles, however, all patients receiving azathioprine
therapy should be monitored and identified for TPMT
enzyme activity [11]. Following the Clinical Pharmacogenetics
Implementation Consortium (CPIC) for genotype and thiopurine
dosing ~ 1 in 178 to 1 in 3,736 patients has a homozygous
genotype with two non-functional TPMT alleles, which means
that these patients have low / inadequate TPMT enzyme activity
and have severe risk of myelosuppression during therapy. ~
3-14% of the populations are heterozygous, with moderate risk
of toxicity at 30-60% of therapy, therefore, caution and lower
doses of medication are needed during therapy. In turn, 86-97%
are wild-type with two functional TPMT alleles and high levels of
enzyme activity [12].
According the increased risk of toxicity and high treatment costs,
Food and Drug Administration recommends TPMT genotyping
or phenotyping prior to initiation of thiopurine therapy. This
allows patients to identify an effective starting dose of thiopurine
and, if necessary, to choose other alternative medications [3,13].
CPIC has published recommendations for TPMT genotyping
results based on the usage of azathioprine, underlining the need
to consider medication substitution or a reduction in the dosage
of azathioprine in patients with low or inadequate TPMT activity
[2,14].
Determination of TPMT enzyme activity in IBD patients would
be necessary prior to thiopurine therapy in order to prevent
adverse reactions and to evaluate the risk of therapy.
References
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pharmacogenetics of thiopurines. European journal of clinical
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13. Blumenstein I, Herrmann E, Filmann N. Female patients suffering
from inflammatory bowel diseases are treated less frequently with
immunosuppressive medication and have a higher disease activity.
Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2011;5(3): 203-210.
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inflammatory bowel disease in adults.
2019, 1(4): 1-4