KINIRAY A

1. Philippine Normal University
College of Graduate Studies and Teacher Research
Taft Avenues, Manila
December 2015
The Phonology of Kinaray-a as Spoken in Antique
Submitted to: Professor Alice Karaan
Submitted by: Aimee Limpiada
MA Linguistics

2. I. INTRODUCTION
San Remigio, Antique REGION VI (Western Visayas)
Brief Description
Antique is one of the provinces comprising the island of Panay in Western Visayas. It has a total land
area of approximately 2,522 sq. km. It is bounded on the north and northeast by Aklan, on the east
by Capiz, and on the southwest by Iloilo. On the west is the Cuyo East Pass of the Sulu Sea, part of
the vast China Sea. Eighteen municipalities make up the province: fourteen along the coast, three
inland, and one on six islets. Coastal towns are Anini-y, Tobias Fornier, Hamtic, San Jose de
Buenavista, Belison, Patnongon, Bugasong, Laua-an, Barbaza, Tibiao, Culasi, Sebaste, Pandan, and
Libertad. The inland towns are Sibalom, San Remigio, and Valderrama.
Geography
Profiled like a seahorse, Antique is an oversized serrated hemline on the western border of the three-
cornered scarf-like land mass that is Panay. It lies between the China Sea to the west and a tall
mountain range, 155 kilometers long and 33 kilometers at its widest, to the east, separating it from
the rest of Panay.
Political Subdivision
The province is composed of 18 municipalities, 3 of which are inland, 14 coastal and 1 island
municipality. Antique was classified as a 2nd class province as of January, 2002.
Climate
Antique has a pleasant tropical climate.
Population
Per 2000 NCSO Survey, population is placed at 472,822 of which 50.57% are males and 49.43%
females.
Language / Dialect
Antiqueños speak Hiniray-a with Indo-Malayan origin. English is widely spoken and understood.

3. Major Industries
Major products shipped out of the province are palay, rice, copra, muscovado sugar, legumes, fruits
and vegetables, livestock, fish and fish preparations, and seaweeds. Manufactured items like native
gifts, toys, and housewares have found their way in major cities of the country and abroad. Principal
mined products exported include coal, marble, silica, copper, and gemstone.

5. II. PHONETIC CHART
A. Contoids
p
b
t
d
k
g
?
S h
m n ŋ
L
R
w y
B. Vocoids
C. Diphthongs
ay aw
ɨy uy
III. SUSPICIOUS PAIRS
A. Contoids
[p] and [b] [t] and [d]
[l] and [r] [?] and [h
[k] and [g] [m] and [n] and [ŋ]
B. Vocoids
[i] and [I] [ɨ] and [Ə]
[u] and [u] [Ə] and [a]
i
I
ɨ u
U
Ə
A

6. IV. PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
1. [p] and [b]
[p] and [b] are phonetically similar. They are both bilabial and stops. However, [p] is voiceless while [b]
is voiced.
Evidences:
[bul.bul] – ‘feather’ [ba.ba?] ‘mouth’
[pul.pul]- ‘leafless’ [pa.pa?] ‘to beat’
Conclusion: [p] and [b] contrast in identical environments so they are separate phonemes.
/bu.lbul/ ‘feather /pu.lpul/ ‘leafless’
/ba.ba?/ ‘mouth’ /pa.pa?/ ‘ to beat’
2. [l] and [r]
[l] and [r] are phonetically similar. Both appear to be alveolar and liquids, but they differ in manner of
articulation. [l] is lateral while [r] is retroflex.
Evidences:
[ wa.lah ] ‘left’ [la.pad] ‘wide’
[ wa.ra.? ] ‘none’ [rapi.t] ‘near’
Conclusion; Since [l] and [r] contrast in analogous environments, they are considered to be separate
phonemes.
/wa.lah/ ‘left /wa.ra/ ‘none’
/la.pad/ ‘wide’ /rapi.t/ ‘near’
3. [k] and [g] are phonetically similar, they are both velar stops. However, [k] is voiceless and [g] is
voiced.
Evidences:
[bi.gras] ‘pull the vine suddenly’ [bi.klas] ‘to grab’
[kUku.h] ‘fingernail’ [ga.gU.h] ‘stupid’

7. Conclusion: [k] and [g] contrast in identical environments so they are separate phonemes.
/bi.gras/ ‘pull the vine suddenly’ /bi.klas/ ‘to grab’
/kUku.h/ ‘fingernail’ /ga.gU.h/ ‘stupid’
4. [t] and [d] are phonetically similar, they are both alveolar stops. However, [t] is voiceless and [d] is
voiced.
Evidences:
[kala.d] ‘ rope’ [ka.dat] ‘unripe’
[sIpu.t] ‘narrow’ [Ɂupʊ.d] ‘cigarrete butt’
Conclusion: [t] and [d] contrast in identical environments so they are separate phonemes.
/kala.d/ ‘ rope’ /ka.dat/ ‘unripe’
/sIpu.t/ ‘narrow’ /Ɂupʊ.d/ ‘cigarrete butt’
5. [h] and [Ɂ] are phonetically similar, they both glottal. However, [h] is a fricative and [Ɂ] is a stop.
Evidences:
[wa.lah] ‘left’ [wa.raɁ] ‘none’
[mara.h] ‘dry’ [rayɨ.Ɂ] ‘ far’
[ləsa.Ɂ] ‘louse’ [ma.tah] ‘eye’
Conclusion: [h] and [Ɂ] contrast in identical environments so they are separate phonemes.
/wa.lah/ ‘left’ /wa.raɁ/ ‘none’
/mara.h/‘dry’ /rayɨ.Ɂ/ ‘ far’
/ləsa.Ɂ/ ‘louse’ /ma.tah/ ‘eye’
6. [m], [n] and [ŋ] are phonetically similar, they are all nasals. However, [m] is bilabial and [n] is alveolar
and [ŋ] is velar. Evidences:
[ta.dləŋ] ‘straight’ [di.ləm] ‘dark’ [tu.lɁan] ‘bone’
Conclusion: [m. [n] and [ŋ] contrast in identical environments so they are separate phonemes.

8. /ta.dləŋ/ ‘straight’ /di.ləm/ ‘dark’ /tu.lɁan/ ‘bone’
V. Vocoids
1. [i] and [ɪ] are phonetically similar. [i] is stressed while [I] is unstressed.
unstressed (not followed by
“.”)
stressed (followed by “.”)
[i]
[padi.t] ‘bad’
[hi.gkəɁ] ‘dirty’
[rapi.t] ‘near’
[Ɂi.sdaɁ] ‘fish’
[di.laɁ] ‘tongue’
[I]
[pa.nɪt] ‘skin’
[ka.rnɪh] ‘meat’
[hɪlamu.n] ‘grass’
[tu.bɪg] ‘water
[la.ŋɪt] ‘sky’
Conclusion: [i] appears where [I] does not appear and vice versa, ergo they are complementary. [i] and
[ɪ] are allophones/variance of the same phoneme since they are in complementary
distribution/mutually exclusive in their environments.
/i/ ~ /ɪ/
/padi.t/ ‘bad’ /pa.nit/ ‘skin’
/hi.gkəɁ/ ‘dirty’ /ka.rnih/ ‘meat’
/ra.pi.t/ ‘near’ /hilamu.n/ ‘grass’
/Ɂi.sdaɁ/ ‘fish’ /tu.big/ ‘water
/di.laɁ/ ‘tongue’ /la.ŋit/ ‘sky’
2. [ɨ] and [ə] are phonetically similar. [ɨ] is stressed while [ə] is unstressed.
unstressed (not followed by
“.”
stressed (followed by “.’

9. ɨ
[bahɨ.l] ‘big’
[sɨ.psəp] ‘suck’
[banɨ.g] ‘swell
[səlɨ.ŋ] ‘see’
[bəkɨ.n] ‘not’
ə
[ra.kəɁ] ‘many’
[nɨs.nəs] ‘rub’
[ta.bləg] ‘throw’
[hi.gkəɁ] ‘dirty’
[Ɂɪtəm] ‘black’
Conclusion: [ɨ] appears where [ə] does not appear and vice versa, ergo they are complementary. [ɨ] and
[ə] are allophones/variance of the same phoneme since they are in complementary
distribution/mutually exclusive in their environments.
/ə/ ~ /ɨ/
/bahə.l/ ‘big’ /ra.kəɁ/ ‘many’
/səp.psəp/ ‘suck’ /nəs.nəs/ ‘rub’
/banə.g/ ‘swell /ta.bləg/ ‘throw’
/sələ.ŋ/ ‘see’ /hi.gkəɁ/ ‘dirty’
/bəkə.n/ ‘not’ /Ɂɪtəm/ ‘black’
3. [u] and [ʊ] are phonetically similar. [u] is stressed while [ʊ] is unstressed.
unstressed (not followed by
”.”)
stressed (followed by “.”)
[u]
[du.raɁ] ‘to lose’
[ɁInu.m] ‘drink’
[su.kaɁ] ‘vomit’
[pru.tas] ‘fruit’
[bu.lak] ‘flower’
[ʊ]
[sʊba.Ɂ] ‘river’
[li.sʊh] ‘seed’
[ka.hʊy] ‘tree’
[ta.lʊn] ‘forest’
[su.nʊg] ‘burn’
Conclusion: [u] appears where [ʊ] does not appear and vice versa, ergo they are complementary. [u]
and [ʊ] are allophones/variance of the same phoneme since they are in complementary
distribution/mutually exclusive in their environments.
/u/ ~ /ʊ/

10. /du.raɁ/ ‘to lose’ /suba.Ɂ/ ‘river’
/ɁInu.m/ ‘drink’ /li.suh/ ‘seed’
/su.kaɁ/ ‘vomit’ /ka.huy/ ‘tree’
/pru.tas/ ‘fruit’ /ta.lun/ ‘forest’
/bu.lak/ ‘flower’ /su.nug/ ‘burn’
VI.
Kinaray-a Consonants
bilabial inter-
dental
Alveolar palatal velar glottal
stop p b t d k g Ɂ
nasal m n ŋ
fricatives s h
lateral l
retroflex r
glides w j
Kinaray-a Vowels
Front Central Back
High i~I u~ʊ
Low E ə~ɨ
Mid a

11. References: Department of Tourism
Phonetic Data: from Prof Karaan
Informant; Professor Alice Karaan
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Alice M. Karaan
Retired Head Department of English. College of Languages, Linguistics,
and Literature Philippine Normal University
Academic Rank:
Full Professor III (Applied Linguistics)
Languages Spoken: Kinaray-a (Antique), Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Tagalog, and English;
Cebuano (receptive only)
Present Position:
o English Language Consultant
o Holy Rosary Academy of Las Piñas City
o Part-time Faculty Member in Linguistics and English Language Teaching
o College of Graduate Studies and Teacher Education Research Philippine Normal University

12. Education:
Degrees Earned: Bachelor of Science in Education (Magna cum Laude)
Major: Elementary Education
West Visayas State College (now West Visayas State University), 1964
Graduate Certificate
Specialization: Language Teaching
Philippine Normal University, 1970
(Obtained under the Bureau of Public Schools-Philippine Normal College
(BPS-PNC) TESL Scholarship Program
Master of Arts in Education
Specialization: Language Teaching
Philippine Normal University, 1970
(Obtained under the Bureau of Public Schools-Philippine Normal College
(BPS-PNC) TESL Scholarship Program
Academic Units: Completed academic requirements
Master of Arts in Education
Specialization: Child Study and Development
West Visayas State College, 1968
Earned academic units in Ph. D. in Linguistics, Philippine Normal University 1993
Other Training: Specialized Advanced Certificate in Instructional
Materials for Language Learning in Southeast Asia with Particular Focus on Textbook
Writing, Language Laboratory Software and Materials for Self-Instruction,
SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, Singapore, 1978
Teaching English Overseas, University of Manchester, England, 1982
(Through the Hornby Trust Scheme c/o the British Council)
Special Assignments/Designations
o Member, Technical Committee in English, CHED for two terms starting Year 2008
o Faculty Regent, Philippine Normal University, SY 2006-2007
o University and Board of Regents Secretary. Philippine Normal University, May 2002-May 2003
o Special Asst. to the University President (in charge of communications), October 1999-April 2002
o Project Training Officer, English Training Programs for Korean students and Elementary School
Teachers

13. o Consultant on Materials Development, Strong Republic Schools-Project Ease and Module
Development, Bridging Program for First Year High School, Department of Education, Bureau of
Secondary Education, 2004-2005
o Curriculum Developer for English, Technical Panel on Teacher Education, CHED 2004
o Consultant, Language Curriculum Development (1993-94), then on Textbook Development (1994-
99), seconded to UNICEF Phnom Penh with attachment to the Research Institute, Ministry of
Education, Youth and Sports, Kingdom of Cambodia. Provided technical assistance in the
definition of student competencies in Khmer Language for Cambodian primary (grades 1-6) and
secondary (grades 7-12) schools. Extended this assistance to the Department of Basic Education,
Myanmar by conducting training to curriculum designers/specialists in Myanmar language,
Mathematics and Social Studies on how to define student competencies in the three subject
areas
o Chair, Department of Language Teaching, Graduate School, Philippine Normal College/University,
1989-1993. Spearheaded the development of two master’s programs with specialization in (1)
English Language Teaching and (2) Linguistics in 1992-1993. Both curricula are still being used
currently. Aside from administering the Language Teaching program, coordinated consortia
programs with the Translators, Association of the Philippines and also with the International
Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC), an extramural program based at the Philippine Refugee
Processing Center in Morong, Bataan.
o Writer/Writer-Chairman, LSC-EDPITAF (Language Study Center, PNC-Educational Development
Projects Implementing Task Force) Project, 1975-1981. Also participated in the design of the
learning continuum for English (grades 1-6), which became the basis for the development of
Elementary English textbooks for use in the Philippine public schools. The PNC Language Study
Center functioned then as the Curriculum Development Center for Communication Arts (Filipino
and English) for the Ministry of Education and Culture.
o Coordinator and Writer-Editor, Source Books in English Language and Literature for use in the
national training programs for regional trainers in English (public and private schools) under the
Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP), DECS-Bureau of Secondary Education (BSE),
and Fund for Assistance to Private Education (FAPE), respectively.
o Project Training Officer, Short-term national training programs in English for regional teacher-
trainers, which were conducted by DECS-BSE and FAPE, 1989-1992
o Director, preparation of teaching-learning packages/self-learning modules in the teaching of
English for distribution to divisional leader schools all over the country, (a project of DECS-BSE)
o Evaluator, for the Textbook Board, DECS (textbooks in English for adoption in Philippine
elementary schools)
o Author, Elementary English textbooks for National Bookstore, Inc.
o Coordinator-Principal Author in the development of elementary textbooks and their
accompanying teacher manuals for the Vibal Publishing House, Inc.,1984 - 1990
o Item-writing consultant/test constructor for the National Educational Testing Center, Center for
Educational Measurement, and the Civil Service Commission
o Researcher/field investigator/evaluator for the following projects:

14.  Evaluation of the Teacher Education Program Development and validation of
instruments for Evaluating Language Program Effectiveness, a project of UNESCO and
Regional Language Centre, Singapore
 A Research-Based Functional Model for Pre-service Language Training Programs,
Philippine Society for Curriculum Development
 Teacher Preparation Package for Bilingual Education Project: Non-Traditional Roles for
Teachers, SEAMEO-INNOTECH
 SLATE (Secondary Language Teachers of English) Instrument Development Project,
Language Study Center, Philippine Normal University
 Bilingual Education Evaluation Project, DECS-Linguistic Society of the Philippines
 IBM Kidsmart Early Learning Program (IKELP), IBM Philippines
 Teacher Education Program Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Republic of Laos
Scholarships/Grants/Awards
o Undergraduate Academic Scholarship, West Visayas State College, 1960-64
o BPS-PNC TESL Scholarship, Philippine Normal College, 1969-1970
o SEAMEO Regional Language Center Scholarship, Singapore, 1978
o Hornby Trust Scheme Scholarship c/o the British Council,
University of Manchester England, 1982
o Magna Cum Laude and Certificate of Merit in Scholarship,
West Visayas State College, 1964
o Distinguished Alumna, Philippine Normal University Alumni Association, PNU Chapter
o Outstanding Educator, Municipality of San Remigio, Antique
o Bro. Andrew Gonzalez Scholarship on Austronesian Languages, De
La Salle University, Manila, 2007-2009