report by Ana-Sol Reyes

1. Linguistic Diversity
and English in the
Philippines
by Curtis D. Mc Farland
Reporter: MS. ANA-SOL B. REYES

2. Educational Implication:
Mother Tongue Based
Multilingual Education
(MTB-MLE)

3. International studies:
-Children learn best when, at an early age, they are
being taught using their first language or mother
tongue which they use at home.
It makes learning more comfortable and allows them
to conceptualize and think deeper.
-Pupils who have learned to read and write in their
first language learn to speak, read and write in a
second and third language more quickly than those
who are taught first in a second or third language.

4. DepEd Order 74 s. 2009
-prescribes the use of more than two
languages for literacy and instruction in basic
education
-policy to facilitate better learning among
beginners
-promotes MTB-MLE method of instruction
from Pre-school to, at least, Grade 3

5. The Philippines
possesses
a great wealth
of indigenous
languages, and
while these
languages
are related,
the differences
among them,
are also extensive.

6. Importance of studying
differences:
•Able to reach some tentative
conclusions about the prehistory of
Philippine languages and make
subgrouping of the languages.
•Hinders effective communication

7. Even with the coming of
independence and the spread of Tagalog
as the national language, English
continues to occupy a dominant position
and is additionally a source of massive
borrowing into Tagalog and other
Philippine languages.

8. Linguistic Diversity – over 100
Fourteen (14) Representative Languages
English (translation) I heard something there in the tree.
1. Ivatan Taytu madngey ku du qatngeh naw nu kayuq.
2. Ilokano Qadda nangngeg ku dita qayan ti ka:yu.
3. Isnag Qatan nagiqna ku kitu:ne gayan tu ka:yu kitumi.
4. Pangasinan Walay nangel ku ditad kiew.
5. Kapampangan Qa:tin kung dindam king tanaman.
6. Tagalog May narinig qako diyan sa punungkahoy.
7. Bikol May nadangug aku diyan sa ka:huy.
8. Samar-Leyte May nabatiqan qaku didaq hit ka:huy.
9. Cebuano Du:na kuy nadunggan dihaq sa ka:huy.
10. Hiligaynon May nabatiqan qaku diraq sa may ka:huy.
11. Maranao Qana miyanug qakun sangkanan a kayu.
12. Tausug Qawn kiyarungugan ku ha kahuy.
13. Sama Niaq takaleku man naqan ma poqon kayu.
14. Blaan Sebe nun lingegu deen di kayuq en.

10. Linguistic Diversity
Lexicon - Identical
Major
Language
English salt drink eye ring
(translation)
Tagalog qasin qinom mata singsing
Bikol qasin qinum mata singsing
Hiligaynon qasin qinum mata singsing
Cebuano qasin qinum mata singsing
Kapampangan qasin qinum mata singsing
Pangasinan qasin qinum mata singsing
Ilokano qasin qinum mata singsing

11. Linguistic Diversity
Lexicon – Distinct forms
Major
Language
English sleepy grass sibling ant
(translation)
Tagalog qantok damo kapatid langgam
Bikol pi:rut qa:wut tu:gang ta:nga
Hiligaynon Pi:law hila:mun qu:tud subay
Cebuano Katulgun sagbut qigsu:qun qami:gas
Kapampangan makatukba dikut kapu:tul pa:nas
Pangasinan mantemeg dika qagi gila:ta
Ilokano dungsa ru:qut kabsat kutun

12. Phonology-identical
Vowels
Major Similarities Difference
Language
Tagalog /a/, /i/ , /u/ Acquired /e/
and /o/
/u/ and /o/ represent the same because of
vowel Spanish and
American
influence
Bikol Spelling convention places <o>
Hiligaynon in the final syllable and <u>
elsewhere
Cebuano
/e/ and /o/ found in borrowed
words

13. Phonology
Vowels
Major Vowels
Language
Kapampangan /e/ and /o/ are distinct vowels having
developed historically from /ai/ and /au/
Pangasinan /e/ - back unrounded vowel /but/
Ilokano
-Benguet /e/ - back unrounded vowel
-Ilocos Norte /e/ - mid front vowel /bet/

14. Phonology
Vowels
Major
Language
Tagalog /ә/ merged with /i/
Bikol /ә/ merged with /u/ in a final syllable and /a/
elsewhere
Hiligaynon /ә/ merged with /u/
Cebuano
Kapampangan /ә/ merged with /a/
Pangasinan /e/ represents regular developments from a vowel
Ilokano assumed to exist in Proto-Austronesian, the schwa
/ә/

15. Phonology
Vowels
Major
Language
English rice hear tooth deep
Tagalog bigas dinig ngi:pin mala:lim
Bikol bagas dangug ngi:pun hara:rum
Hiligaynon bugas dungug ngi:pun hala:lum
Cebuano bugas dungug ngi:pun la:lum
Kapampangan qabyas damdam qi:pan mala:lam
Pangasinan belas dengel ngi:pen qaralem
Ilokano bagas dengngeg ngi:pen qada:lem

16. Consonants – generally the same set for the
7 languages
Major
Language
Tagalog /7/ Proto-Austronesian - Proto-Austronesian – merged with /g/
Bikol
Hiligaynon
Cebuano
Kapampangan /y/
final /ay/ became /e/
/au/ became /o/
/uy/ became /iq/ (mabsiq/
Pangasinan /l/
Ilokano /r/

17. Consonants – generally the same set for the 7
languages
Major
Language
English medicine new root/vein sated
Tagalog gamot ba:go qugat busog
Bikol gamut Bagqu qugat basug
Hiligaynon gamut Bagqu qugat busug
Cebuano gamut Bagqu qugat busug
Kapampangan yamut ba:yu quyat mabsiq
Pangasinan lamut ba:lu qulat naksel
Ilokano ramut baru qurat nabsug

18. Syntax-differences in pronouns, verb
inflections etc.
1. Deictic Pronouns
Major
Language
Deictic Pronouns
English This That (near) That (far) Here There There
(near) (far)
Tagalog qito qiyan qiyon di:to diyan doon
Bikol qi:ni qiyan qitu digdi diyan duman
Hiligaynon qi:ni qinaq qamu diri di:ra didtu
Cebuano kiri/kini kanaq kadtu diri/dinhi dihaq didtu
Kapampangan qi:ni/qi:ti qiyan qita ke:ni ken karin/ke:ta
Pangasinan sa:ya sa:tan sa:man diya ditan diman
Ilokano daytuy dayta daydiay di:tuy dita qidiay

19. 2. Case-marking Articles
Major Case Marking Articles
Language
Tagalog ang, ng,sa mga
Bikol an,su,nin,kan,sa mga
Hiligaynon ang,sing,sang,sa mga
Cebuano ang,sa,ug (instead of ng) mga
Kapampangan (ya)ing,(la)ing,ning,da+ding ding, haring
Pangasinan su,say,saray,na,na saray ed, ed saray
Ilokano Virtually non-existent Iti, kadagiti
dagiti, ti

20. 3. Negation
Major Negation
Language
Tagalog hindi ayaw wala huwag
Bikol dai,bako habo mayo dai
Hiligaynon indi,wala indi wala dili
Cebuano dili,wala dili wala ayaw
Kapampangan e,ali e ala e
Pangasinan ag,aliwa,andi ag anngapa ag
Ilokano di,saan di, saan awan di, saan

21. I. Ivatan Languages
II. Northern Philippine
Languages
A. Cordillera languages
1. Dumagat languages
2. Northern
Cordilleran
languages (IBANAG-15)
3. ILOKANO (3)
4. Central Cordillera
languages
5. Southern
Cordilleran
languages
(PANGASINAN – 6)
B. ILONGOT
C. Sambalic languages
KAPAMPANGAN (7)

22. III. Meso-Philippine Languages
A. North Mangyan languages
B. South Mangyan languages
C. Palawan languages
1. North Palawan languages
2. South Palawan languages
D. Central Philippine languages
1. TAGALOG (2)
2. BIKOL LANGUAGES (5)

23. 3. North Bisayan/Visayan languages
a. West Bisayan/Visayan
languages
AKLANON (13)
KINARAY-A (11)
b. Central Bisayan languages
HILIGAYNON
MASBATE-NO (14)
SAMAR-LEYTE (6)
4. South Bisayan languages
CEBUANO (1)
TAUSUG (12)

24. 5. East Mindanao languages
IV. Southern Philippine languages
A. Subanon languages
B. Danao languages
1. MARANAO (9)
2. MAGINDANAO (10)
3. Manobo languages
V. Sama languages
VI. South Mindanao languages
VII. SANGIL

25. • Tagalog and Cebuano (25% each)
• Spanish (2 %)
• English became the language of the
Philippines, dominating education, media,
government, and business
•English was taught taught by no more than 2
% Americans

27. Taglish and Philippine English
• There is no single variety of Philippine English
or Standard Philippine English; depends on
speaker’s L1 (Tagalog English, Cebuano English
or Ilocano English)

29. Taglish and Philippine English
• Mixing of English and Tagalog (bilingual
speakers)
• Results depend on speakers competence in
the 2 languages
• Setting: all Filipino or mixed
• Pure Tagalog/English is seldom heard
• Taglish-usual order of the day
• English insertions will be in Philippine English
with Filipino features.

30. Borrowing from English
• Study of 50 Tagalog mini-novels (corpus:1 M words)
– 1,500 words and phrases of English origin which
occurred 3x in Tagalog contexts (McFarland, 1998)
• 2 Kinds of borrowing:
1. Cultural borrowing-involves the adoption of words
from another culture , along w/ the corresponding
items of culture such as products and ideas;occurs in
any situation of intercultural contacts (usually
commercial or economic)
Ex: hamburger,sushi,computer,taxi

31. Borrowing from English
2 Kinds of borrowing:
2. Intimate borrowing-involves the adoption of
words which replace with words already in use
in the borrowing language; occurs in a
situation in which one society/linguistic group
is dominated by another
Ex: gusto instead of “ibig/nais”
Mister instead of “Ginoo”

32. Borrowings
1. English origin bag,boss,daddy,gate,hello,hi,
ma’am, sir,sorry
2. Changed spelling isyu,komiks,peke,kontak,pisikal
3. Both Changed drayber/driver,plastik/plastic,sopa/sofa,w
spelling and original eyter/waiter
are used
4. Shift in meaning; bilib ‘impressed’ (fr. believe)
w/ or w/o change in mister ‘husband’
spelling istambay ‘idler’ (fr. standby)
5. Hard to understand ispelingin ‘figure out/understand’ (fr.
spelling w/ suffix -in)

33. Borrowings
6.Has acquired new Tutal, feel ko naman na talagang mahal
syntactic features to
niya ako.
adapt to Tagalog Parang enjoy na enjoy ang dalawa sa
grammar kanilang ginagawa.
7. From a range of break ‘end of relationship’
meanings-one or few order ‘food order’
are used chicks ‘girls’
8. Abbreviations aircon, OA, CR, NPA
9. Singular and plural sapatos s/p fr. Spanish zapato
classmate/classmates
10. Hisapanization of abnormal,
words w/ English bakasyon,destinasyon,komfortable
origin

34. Tagalog affixation in borrowings
Mag- mag-apply,mag-resign,mag-shower
-um, -um- umorder,kumontak
Ma- ma-develop,ma-late,ma-shock,ma-traffic
Maka(pag)- makapokus,maka-graduate,maka-score,makapag-
relax,makapagbakasyon
Naka- naka-assign,naka-schedule,naka-t-shirt
Maki(pag)- makipag-deal, makipag-break
i- i-order
-in inorder
-an sermunan
ka- ka-vibes

35. Borrowed Phrases
As a single beerhouse,classroom,softdrinks
unit
Two words boarding house,second floor,study table
Combined mag-cutting classes,naka-walking shorts,
with Tagalog ma-high blood
affixes
Using first first aid, first love, first year, in the first place
(never the
Tagalog
counterpart)
Using room class room, ladies’ room, operating room, waiting
(instead of room
silid)

36. Borrowed Phrases
Words and phrases that actually, at least, of course, well, so,
fit loosely into Tagalog anyway
words
Short greetings Dear, good afternoon, happy birthday,
hi
Words attached as titles Attorney, Reverend, Sergeant
attached to names of Avenue, Plaza, College
people and places and
not as ordinary words