The document discusses the difference between topic and theme. Topic refers to the subject matter of a story and can be summarized in one or two words, such as love or death. Theme refers to the overall message or life lesson the author aims to convey and requires a full sentence to articulate, for example "love can overcome any obstacle." To identify a work's theme, one should consider what the characters say, how they change, any recurring symbols, and whether the author directly states the theme.