This document provides an overview of stocks and the stock market. It discusses common stock types like common and preferred shares. It also covers company development cycles from private to mature. The mechanics of investing like buying, selling, and margin trading are explained. Key terms like bids, asks, and quotes are defined. Different order types are also outlined.

1. The World of Stocks
“In the business world, the rear view mirror is
always clearer than the windshield”.
Warren Buffett

2. Agenda of the module
1
Stock
2
Types of Stock
3
Company Development Cycles
4
Mechanics of Stock Investing: Buying Stocks
5
Cash and Margin Trading
6
Getting the Low Down on Quotes
7
Types of Orders
8
Getting Started

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Stock
• Another name for the shares, or
partial ownership, of a
corporation
• There are 2 kinds of shares:
common and preferred:
– common shares:
• larger potential rewards and
larger potential losses
• eligible to receive dividends,
companies are not obliged to
distribute a portion of their
profits

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Stock
– preferred shares:
• hybrid between bonds and common stock, the more
like a bond the more the return will reflect the
return of a bond / the more like a stock the more
the return like reflect the return on a stock
• features of preferred may or may not include:
– guaranteed dividends at regular intervals
– limited dividends, does not rise relative to profits
– voting superiority depending on agreement
– possible convertibility into common stock or bonds
– in case of bankruptcy preferreds get paid before
common stock

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Stock
• stock certificate:
– legal document used to transfer ownership
– includes stock’s issuer, shareholder’s name, corporate
seal, number of shares it represents
– each certificate is assigned a number by the
Committee on Uniform Securities Identification
Procedures (CUSIP)
– par value is also found on the certificate: not the
price you paid for the share (market price)
• street name: when the brokerage holds your
certificate for safekeeping

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Stock
• stock certificate:
– legal document used to transfer ownership
– includes stock’s issuer, shareholder’s name, corporate
seal, number of shares it represents
– each certificate is assigned a number by the
Committee on Uniform Securities Identification
Procedures (CUSIP)
– par value is also found on the certificate: not the
price you paid for the share (market price)
• street name: when the brokerage holds your
certificate for safekeeping

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Type of Stock
• No official list divides stocks into
separate categories
• Stocks are unofficially classified by:
– size (primarily dependent on its
market capitalization)
• (multiply the number of
outstanding shares X price)
– sector (technology, industrial
energy or biotechnology)

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Type of Stock
• Using Market cap, stocks can be broken down into
four size categories:
– large-cap: blue chip (more than $ 5
billion) – AAPL, GE, MSFT,PG
• Dow Jones Industrial Average is
comprised of Blue Chip stocks
• name comes from chips in poker with
the highest value
– mid-cap (500 million to 5 billion)- S&P
400 MidCap ($MID)

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Type of Stock
• Market cap:
– small-cap (150 million to 500 million) – Russell 2000
Index ($RUT) & S&P SmallCap 600 ($SML)
• often undervalued because analysts have not began
coverage
• institutional investors often can not buy because
smaller stocks do not meet fiscal requirements that
govern the investments of many money managers and
pension funds
• http://www.smallcapnetwork.com/
– helps investors find undervalued and overlooked small
cap stocks

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Type of Stock
• Market cap:
– micro-cap (less than 150
million) – penny stocks and
stocks under $ 2
– extremely risky, many
companies fail early on
• http://www.otcmarkets.com/ho
me

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Type of Stock
• Another way to classify a stock is by its nature of its
objectives:
– income (conservative)
• solid companies that offer slow but steady growth
• regularly pay dividends
• i.e. Exxon Mobil (XOM), Bank of America (BAC)
– cyclical (conservative)
• fluctuate in relation to the economy , seasons, events
• good gauge of the economy
• i.e. Alcoa (AA)

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Type of Stock
• Nature of its objectives:
– growth stocks (aggressive)
• rarely pay dividends: prefer to
reinvest profits for future
growth
• two kinds: established growth
and emerging growth
• i.e. Apple (APPL), Charles
Schwab (SCH)

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Type of Stock
• Nature of its objectives:
– turnaround (aggressive)
• suffered sever losses and are
due for a turnaround
• offer explosive growth
• no guarantees and high risk
• Warren Buffet favorite stockpicking method
• i.e. Rite Aid Corp. (RAD), Net
Flicks, Bank of America
(BAC) – “lately”

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Type of Stock
• Nature of its objectives:
– green stocks (varies)
• environmentally friendly
and socially conscious
i.e. Ben & Jerry’s (BJICA)
• www.greenmoney.com or www.goodmoney.com
• The advantages and disadvantages of each stock
depend on your investment goals and risk tolerance

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Company Development Cycles
1. Private company: (birth)
– fundamentals not easily
discerned due to private
nature
– stock has limited availability
– risk is generally high due to
requirements: operating
capital and lack or revenue
– examples: Twitter, In n Out
Burgers

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Company Development Cycles
2. Initial public offering: (childhood)
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stock performance not available (no technical analysis)
IPO is subject to acceptance by investing community
profitability may be years in coming
long established companies, privately held, name
recognition
Example:
Groupon, IPO of $700 million
Facebook, IPO of $ 16 billion

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Company Development Cycles
3. Early-stage growth: (adolescence)
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rarely (if ever) pay dividends
stocks in thus stage are considered aggressive
critical stage of “make it or break it”
example: Facebook (460 million shares/$ 16 billion/cap 125
billion-September 30, 2013), Skype
4. Successful growth: (adulthood)
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can start paying a percentage of their profits as dividends
still needs to reinvest most of its profits back into company
paid its dues to create a successful infrastructure
examples: Google, Microsoft, Intel, Amazon

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Company Development Cycles
5. Mature company: (old age)
– larger percentage of its profit is consistently paid out
– needs to fight just as hard to stay in game
– examples: GE, Proctor and Gamble

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The Mechanics of Stock Investing
• Buying stocks: buying or going long is to make
money in a rising bull market

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The Mechanics of Stock Investing
• Buying stocks:
– two ways to buy stocks: cash and margin
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cash is a straight debit from your account
margin: brokerage lends you part of the purchase price
maximum risk: price of the stock as it approaches zero
maximum profit: unlimited
– in volatile markets, traders hedge their positions
with options or bonds

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The Mechanics of Stock Investing
• Short Selling Stocks:
– strategy used by George Soros in 1992: Black Wednesday
• made $1 billion dollars from a $10 billion short position on the
sterling
• he was dubbed the man who broke the bank of England
– can be used to take advantage of a drop in prices
– you can borrow shares from your brokerage and sell them at
a higher price and later buy them at a lower price to
replenish them
– cover the short: to buy shares of stock to replenish those
borrowed from your brokerage to place a short sale

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The Mechanics of Stock Investing
• Short Selling Stocks:
• example of the mathematics of shorting:
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EMC is currently trading @ 85 ½ per share
you want to short 100 shares
you will receive 8,550 in your account for shorting
to place the trade, most brokerages will require
you to post a margin deposit of $150% or $12,825
($8,850 x 1.5)
• price drops to $75
• you profit $1,050 = $8,550 – 7,500 ($75 x 100
shares to close position)

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The Mechanics of Stock Investing
• Short Selling Stocks:
– holding a short position in the stock for over a year
does not constitute a long term capital gain
– capital gain shelters are for long term stockholders not
short sellers
– examples of short selling: Bank of England, Goldman
Sacks
– maximum risk: unlimited to the upside
– maximum profit: limited to the full price of the stock
shares as they fall to zero

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The Mechanics of Stock Investing
• Short selling stocks:
– differences between buying and short
selling stock comes in the form of risk:
short selling means unlimited risk and
buying stock means limited risk
– a good strategy if you are going to short
sale is to use a combination of stocks and
options to create a non-directional trade
that make money regardless of whether
the stock goes up or down

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Cash and Margin Trading
• Cash trades
– require that you put 100% of the money in cash
– EMC goes from $85 ½ to $90 ½, so if you bought 100
shares you made a profit of $500, or a 5.8% return on
investment (ROI)
• ROI – the reward on a trade divided by the trade’s risk

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Cash and Margin Trading
• Margin trades
– allows you to put a percentage of the
total cost of the trade amount in cash
and the rest in “on account”
– the term margin refers to the
amount of money an investor must
pay to enter a trade with the
remainder of the cash being
borrowed from the brokerage firm:
the shares you have bought secure
the trade

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Cash and Margin Trading
• Margin trades
– margin account is usually
required for short positions and
options trading
– brokerages are usually willing to
let you borrow 50% of a trade’s
cost but require a certain
amount of money be left
untouched in your account to
secure the loan – this money is
referred to as a margin
requirement

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Cash and Margin Trading
• Margin trades
– if the stock you bought goes down, you
receive a margin call
– based on SEC rules and clearing firms,
margin equals 50% of the amount of
the trade – at this rate margin accounts
give traders 2 to 1 buying leverage
– if the price of the stock falls below 75%
of the total value of the total initial
investment, the trader receives a
margin call from the broker

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Cash and Margin Trading
• Margin trades
– brokers may set their own margin requirements, but they
are never less than 75% - the amount required by the Fed
– margin interest is cheaper than most loans , as it is a
secure loan
– margin on short selling is extremely expensive, cost of
stock plus 50%

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Getting the Low Down on Quotes
– there are hundreds of websites that provide quote, some
real time (eSignal – www.dbc.com) while more are delayed
(15 to 20 minutes)
– example: www.optionetics.com - Qualcomm (QCOM)
– bid: the highest price a prospective buyer is prepared to pay
(floor trader) – off floor trader buys at the ask price
– ask: the lowest price acceptable to a prospective seller
(floor trader) – off floor trader sells at the bid price
– the quote price gives you a general feel for the stock, but if
you want to know the stock you must look deeper than that
– off floor trader buys at the ask price and sells at the bid
price

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Getting the Low Down on Quotes
– snapshot quote is just the beginning of the process,
but it will combine the basic elements of the three
basic analytical approaches: fundamental, technical
and sentiment

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Getting the Low Down on Quotes
– Quote terms Definitions
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Last – last price that the option/stock traded at
Open – price of the first transaction of the current day
Change – amount last sale differs from previous closing
% Change – percentage price change from previous day
High – highest price for current trading day
Low – lowest price for current trading day
Bid – highest price a prospective buyer (floor trader) is
prepared to pay
• Ask – lowest price acceptable to a prospective seller
(floor trader)

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Getting the Low Down on Quotes
– Quote terms Definitions
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52-Week High – the highest stock price in the past 52 weeks
52 Week Low – the lowest stock price in the past 52 weeks
Earnings per Share – net pre-tax profit divided by the shares
Volume – total number of shares traded that day
Share Outstanding – total number of shares the Co. issued
Market Cap – shares outstanding multiplied by the price
P/E Ratio – stock price divided by the earnings per share
Exchange – indicates where a company lists its shares

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Getting the Low Down on Quotes
– fundamental analysis:
• trading approach that uses economic
and production data to determine
company’s fair value
• forecast future stock price movements
based on the balance sheet and income
statements, past records of earnings, sales,
assets, management, products and services
(example: US vs. Europe when it comes to emphasis on
questions from VC’s)

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Getting the Low Down on Quotes
– technical analysis:
• based on the theory that market prices display
repetitive patterns that can be traced and
used to forecast future stock price movement
• analyze chart patterns and statistics generated
by market activities , such as, past prices,
volume, momentum and stochastic

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Getting the Low Down on Quotes
– sentiment analysis:
• attempt to gauge investor sentiment by analyzing the
subconscious of the market place through the use of
specific psychological market criteria
• the interpretation is not
cut and dried, hence the
utilization of psychological
market indicators
• depends on a trader’s
unique interpretation of the
facts

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Types of Order
• As a trader you have to find the right trade and use
the right order technique that will enhance the trade’s
success
• The two most popular ones are the market order and
the limit order
– at-even order: wait until the market gets to the right price
for your trade to be placed
– at-the opening order: executed at the opening of the
market or be cancelled
– day order: remain good only for the duration of the day

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Types of Order
– good til cancelled: remain in effect until executed or
explicitly cancelled
– immediate or cancel order: must be executed in whole or
part as soon as entered, any part not executed is
automatically cancelled
– fill or kill orders: must be executed immediately or by a
specific date as a whole order, if not order is cancelled
– limit order: specify a maximum buying or a minimum selling
price
– limit-buy-order: must be executed below current price

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Types of Order
– limit-sell-order: must be executed above current price
– market-on-order: must be executed during the opening of
trading
– market-on-close-orders: must be executed during the
closing of trading
– market-orders: the most common type at the price given at
the time the order reaches the market / only order that
guarantees execution
– market-if-touched-orders: combined market and limit
orders, where the order becomes market order when the
options or stocks reach a specified price

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Types of Order
– market-if-touched-buy-orders: become buy market orders
when the options or stock fall below the current price
– market-if-touched-sell-orders: become sell orders when the
options or stocks rise above the current price
– stop-orders: used to limit risk, they become market orders
when the options or stocks reach a certain price
– buy-stop-orders: become market buy orders upon trade at or
above the specified price

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Types of Order
– sell-stop-orders: become market sell orders upon trade at or
below the specified price
– stop-limit-orders: an extension of stop orders, where the
activated order becomes a limit order instead of a market
order

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Getting Started
• Time should be considered
along with risk
• The trick is to invest
according to your personal
time frame, so that you are
not creating a market risk
• When markets go up, it is
called a bull-market, because
bulls buck up with their horns

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Getting Started
• When markets go down, it is called a bear market,
because bears paw swat down with their paws
• Create a portfolio of stocks that best suits your
particular needs, time horizon and risk tolerance –
known as your “investment profile”

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Getting Started
• Categories of stock:
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income: utility stocks
growth and income: blue chip stocks with a dividend
growth: mid sized to large cap stocks
aggressive growth: small to mid-cap stocks
speculative: start-ups, turnaround situations
• great potential lies in identifying growth companies with
mid to large capitalization
• future prospects of high tech stocks

46. THANK YOU VERY MUCH