The term paracrine signaling refers to signaling between cells l.pdf
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The term \"paracrine signaling\" refers to signaling between cells located far from each other. direct cell to cell signaling. stimulation of a cell by substances produced by the cell itself. signaling between cells located close to each other. Solution The term paracrine signalling refers to D ] Signalling between cells located close to each other Explaination= Signals that act localy between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals Paracrine signals move by diffusion through extracellular matrix. Example = Transfer of impulse across synapses between nerve cells. nerve cells transmit signal to other nerve cell or muscle cells Incorrect options A]Signaling between cells located far from each other = called as endocrine signalling B ] Direct cell to cell signaling = called as autocrine signalling C ] Stimulation of a cell by substances produced by cell itself = occurs in direct signalling.
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![The term "paracrine signaling" refers to signaling between cells located far from each other.
direct cell to cell signaling. stimulation of a cell by substances produced by the cell itself.
signaling between cells located close to each other.
Solution
The term paracrine signalling refers to
D ] Signalling between cells located close to each other
Explaination= Signals that act localy between cells that are close together are called paracrine
signals
Paracrine signals move by diffusion through extracellular matrix.
Example = Transfer of impulse across synapses between nerve cells.
nerve cells transmit signal to other nerve cell or muscle cells
Incorrect options
A]Signaling between cells located far from each other = called as endocrine signalling
B ] Direct cell to cell signaling = called as autocrine signalling
C ] Stimulation of a cell by substances produced by cell itself = occurs in direct signalling](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thetermparacrinesignalingreferstosignalingbetweencellsl-230704061140-dafd09c0/85/The-term-paracrine-signaling-refers-to-signaling-between-cells-l-pdf-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
which of the following is true with respect to the 3 classes of chem.pdf
which of the following is true with respect to the 3 classes of chemical messengers in the body.
a) hormones are released from endocrine cells and travel in the plasma to target cells b)
paracrines are proteins that are released from a secretory cell and travel through the plasma to
neighboring cells c) neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, which are released by the nerve
and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell d) both A and C e) all of the above
Solution
Correct answer is : All of the above
There are 3 types of Chemical messengers
1.Paracrines โ
โข Local chemical messengers
โข Exert effect only on neighboring cells in immediate environment of secretion site
2.Neurotransmitters
โข Shortrange chemical messengers
โข Diffuse across narrow space to act locally on adjoining target cell (another neuron, a muscle, or
a gland)
3.Hormones
โข Longrange messengers
โข Secreted into blood by endocrine glands in response to appropriate signal
โข Exert effect on target cells some distance away from release site
We will see each of this one by one
The human body secretes and circulates some 50 different hormones. A wide variety of these
chemical substances are produced by endocrine cells, most of which are in glands. The hormones
then enter the blood system to circulate throughout the body and activate target cells. The
endocrine system, tightly linked to the nervous system, controls a large number of the bodyโs
functions: metabolism, homeostasis, growth, sexual activity, and contraction of the smooth and
cardiac muscles.
When a hormone diffuses outside of a capillary, it can act on a target cell โ a cell with receptors
that correspond to it. There are two types of hormonal activity. A steroid hormone is capable of
crossing through the cell membrane of the target cell. It unites with a receptor protein located
inside the nucleus, which stimulates or blocks the cellโs genetic activity. A protein hormone, on
the other hand, cannot penetrate the target cell. It attaches to the cellโs membrane and activates a
receptor that releases, in turn, a messenger within the cell.
b) paracrines are proteins that are released from a secretory cell and travel through the plasma to
neighboring cells
In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecules released by a cell only affect target cells in close
proximity to it. The conduction of an electric impulse from one nerve cell to another or from a
nerve cell to a muscle cell (inducing or inhibiting muscle contraction) occurs via paracrine
signaling. The role of this type of signaling, mediated by neurotransmitters, in transmitting nerve
impulses.
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to
induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling
molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as
opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the
cir.
Cell Communication.pptx
Cell communication focuses on how a cell gives and receives messages with its environment and with itself.
Cell needs to be able to communicate to other cells and responds to environment changes.
External signals are converted into responses within the cell.
Cells typically communicate using chemical signals. These chemical signals, which are proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell, are often secreted from the cell and released into the extracellular space.
Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction
Cell Signaling: it is about communication between different groups of cells and tissues i.e., how one group of cells informs another group of cells what to do.
Signal Transduction: refers to how the presence of an extracellular signal can produce a change in the intracellular state of the cell without the initial signal crossing the membrane.
Communication between cell requires:
Ligand: the signaling molecule
Receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds- may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell
When a signaling molecule binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell.
Signaling molecules are often called ligands, a general term for molecules that bind specifically to other molecules (such as receptors).
The message carried by a ligand is often relayed through a chain of chemical messengers inside the cell.
Ultimately, it leads to a change in the cell, such as alteration in the activity of a gene or even the induction of a whole process, such as cell division.
Thus, the original intercellular (between-cells) signal is converted into an intracellular (within-cell) signal that triggers a response.
Mechanism of Cell Communication
There are five basic mechanisms for cellular communication:
a) Contact-dependent (Direct contact)
b) Paracrine
c) Autocrine
d) Synaptic
e) Endocrine
Contact-dependent (Direct contact)
Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are tiny channels that directly connect neighboring cells.
These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells.
Small molecules, such as calcium ions are able to move between cells, but large molecules like proteins and DNA cannot fit through the channels without special assistance.
In another form of direct signaling, two cells may bind to one another because they carry complementary proteins on their surfaces.
When the proteins bind to one another, this interaction changes the shape of one or both proteins, transmitting a signal.
This kind of signaling is especially important in the immune system, where immune cells use cell-surface markers to recognize โselfโ cells (the body's own cells) and cells infected by pathogens.
Paracrine Communication
Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells).
Intercellular signalling pathways
This document discusses different types of intercellular signaling pathways:
- Contact-dependent signaling occurs when signal molecules remain bound to the producing cell and only influence directly contacting cells. This is important in development and the immune system.
- Paracrine signaling involves diffusion of chemical messengers between nearby cells over short distances.
- Synaptic signaling is a form of paracrine signaling where nerve cells transmit signals at synapses.
- Endocrine signaling involves hormones released by endocrine glands that travel through the body and act on distant target cells, causing slow but long-lasting responses.
- Autocrine signaling occurs when cells respond to substances they secrete themselves, which is common in tumor cell growth and embryonic
ll. Comparecontrast the following types of signals by identifying th.pdf
ll. Compare/contrast the following types of signals by identifying three similarities and four
differences een them. In addition, be able to list one specific example of each. armol
AUTOCRINE vs. ENDOCRINE vs. ROCRINE vs. NE NEU Ill. Put the following steps of
signal transduction in the correct order, 1-8. amplifier enzyme is modulated calcium ions are
released cell responds to ligand G protein is activated ligand binds to membrane receptor second
messenger molecules are activated signal is carried through the cell membrane target proteins are
activated
Solution
Similarities of Signalling systems:
1. They all involves communication by extracellular signals. It involves six common steps :
Synthesis, Release of signals along molecule by the signalling cell, Transport of signal to target
cell, Detection of signal by specific receptor protein, A change in cellular metabolism, triggered
by receptor-signal complex, Removal of the signal.
2. The receptor proteins exhibit ligand-binding and effector specificity.
3. The basic purpose of cell signalling in eukaryotes is to turn on a gene.
Differentiate between Autocrine, Paracrine,Endocrine and neurocrine signalsAutocrine
SignalingParacrine SignalingEndocrine SignalingNeurocrine SignalingIt is produced by
siganling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released.It is cell siganling in which the
taarget cell is nearby. It is produced by signaling cells that originate from endocrine cells.In
neurocrine signaling, the neurotransmitter relased form neuronal terminal travels to synaptic
cleft and from their to other cells.Autocrine means that the chemical signals acts on the same
cellsParacrine means that the chemical signals acts on the adjacent cells.Endocrine means
chemical signals acts at different sites (after travelling through blood vessesl)It is similar to
paracrine but involves neurons.No diffusion is present. The cell signal moves by itself.Paracrine
signals move by diffusion through extracellular matrix.No diffusion occurs. It is relatively slow
process.It occurs the same way as paracrine sigals but with nerve cells.Example: Cytokine
interleukin-1 in monocytes.Example: Growth factors and clotting factors are paracrine signaling
agents.For example: The hormones like testosterone etc.Example: Transfer of signals across
synapse in nerve cells..
Biology 35.2
The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. It responds to internal and external stimuli. Neurons carry messages throughout the nervous system. An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated, causing a reversal of charges across its cell membrane, known as an action potential. Neurons transmit impulses across synapses to other cells using neurotransmitters.
Match the type of cell to cell signaling with its description- Contact.docx
Contact-dependent signaling (C) describes signaling between two cells that must touch for the ligand on one cell to bind to the receptor on the other. Paracrine signaling (B) involves one cell releasing a ligand that travels to and binds receptors on neighboring cells. Autocrine signaling (D) occurs when a cell releases a ligand that binds receptors on the same cell. Endocrine signaling (E) is long-distance signaling where a hormone is released into the bloodstream and carried to distant target cells where it binds receptors. Neurotransmitters are released at synapses and act as ligands in synaptic signaling (A), analogous to hormones acting as ligands in endocrine signaling.
Introduction to cell signaling (article) _ Khan Academy.pdf
Cells communicate with one another through different types of short- and long-range signaling. Short-range signaling includes paracrine signaling between neighboring cells, as well as autocrine signaling when a cell signals to itself. Long-range signaling is carried out through the endocrine system, with hormones released into the bloodstream carrying messages between distant cells and tissues. Cells can also signal through direct contact using gap junctions between animal cells and plasmodesmata between plant cells. Understanding these various forms of cell signaling is crucial for learning how cells coordinate their activities both locally and throughout the entire body.
Presentation science (nervous_system)[1]
This document discusses the structure and function of neurons in the nervous system. It describes the main parts of a neuron including the cell body, axon, myelin sheath, dendrites and nerve endings. It explains that there are different types of neurons, such as sensory neurons, motor neurons, and relay neurons. The document also describes how neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. When an electrical signal reaches the end of an axon, it is transmitted to another neuron across a synapse using neurotransmitters like acetylcholine.
Recommended
which of the following is true with respect to the 3 classes of chem.pdf
which of the following is true with respect to the 3 classes of chemical messengers in the body.
a) hormones are released from endocrine cells and travel in the plasma to target cells b)
paracrines are proteins that are released from a secretory cell and travel through the plasma to
neighboring cells c) neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, which are released by the nerve
and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell d) both A and C e) all of the above
Solution
Correct answer is : All of the above
There are 3 types of Chemical messengers
1.Paracrines โ
โข Local chemical messengers
โข Exert effect only on neighboring cells in immediate environment of secretion site
2.Neurotransmitters
โข Shortrange chemical messengers
โข Diffuse across narrow space to act locally on adjoining target cell (another neuron, a muscle, or
a gland)
3.Hormones
โข Longrange messengers
โข Secreted into blood by endocrine glands in response to appropriate signal
โข Exert effect on target cells some distance away from release site
We will see each of this one by one
The human body secretes and circulates some 50 different hormones. A wide variety of these
chemical substances are produced by endocrine cells, most of which are in glands. The hormones
then enter the blood system to circulate throughout the body and activate target cells. The
endocrine system, tightly linked to the nervous system, controls a large number of the bodyโs
functions: metabolism, homeostasis, growth, sexual activity, and contraction of the smooth and
cardiac muscles.
When a hormone diffuses outside of a capillary, it can act on a target cell โ a cell with receptors
that correspond to it. There are two types of hormonal activity. A steroid hormone is capable of
crossing through the cell membrane of the target cell. It unites with a receptor protein located
inside the nucleus, which stimulates or blocks the cellโs genetic activity. A protein hormone, on
the other hand, cannot penetrate the target cell. It attaches to the cellโs membrane and activates a
receptor that releases, in turn, a messenger within the cell.
b) paracrines are proteins that are released from a secretory cell and travel through the plasma to
neighboring cells
In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecules released by a cell only affect target cells in close
proximity to it. The conduction of an electric impulse from one nerve cell to another or from a
nerve cell to a muscle cell (inducing or inhibiting muscle contraction) occurs via paracrine
signaling. The role of this type of signaling, mediated by neurotransmitters, in transmitting nerve
impulses.
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to
induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling
molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as
opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the
cir.
Cell Communication.pptx
Cell communication focuses on how a cell gives and receives messages with its environment and with itself.
Cell needs to be able to communicate to other cells and responds to environment changes.
External signals are converted into responses within the cell.
Cells typically communicate using chemical signals. These chemical signals, which are proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell, are often secreted from the cell and released into the extracellular space.
Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction
Cell Signaling: it is about communication between different groups of cells and tissues i.e., how one group of cells informs another group of cells what to do.
Signal Transduction: refers to how the presence of an extracellular signal can produce a change in the intracellular state of the cell without the initial signal crossing the membrane.
Communication between cell requires:
Ligand: the signaling molecule
Receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds- may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell
When a signaling molecule binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell.
Signaling molecules are often called ligands, a general term for molecules that bind specifically to other molecules (such as receptors).
The message carried by a ligand is often relayed through a chain of chemical messengers inside the cell.
Ultimately, it leads to a change in the cell, such as alteration in the activity of a gene or even the induction of a whole process, such as cell division.
Thus, the original intercellular (between-cells) signal is converted into an intracellular (within-cell) signal that triggers a response.
Mechanism of Cell Communication
There are five basic mechanisms for cellular communication:
a) Contact-dependent (Direct contact)
b) Paracrine
c) Autocrine
d) Synaptic
e) Endocrine
Contact-dependent (Direct contact)
Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are tiny channels that directly connect neighboring cells.
These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells.
Small molecules, such as calcium ions are able to move between cells, but large molecules like proteins and DNA cannot fit through the channels without special assistance.
In another form of direct signaling, two cells may bind to one another because they carry complementary proteins on their surfaces.
When the proteins bind to one another, this interaction changes the shape of one or both proteins, transmitting a signal.
This kind of signaling is especially important in the immune system, where immune cells use cell-surface markers to recognize โselfโ cells (the body's own cells) and cells infected by pathogens.
Paracrine Communication
Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells).
Intercellular signalling pathways
This document discusses different types of intercellular signaling pathways:
- Contact-dependent signaling occurs when signal molecules remain bound to the producing cell and only influence directly contacting cells. This is important in development and the immune system.
- Paracrine signaling involves diffusion of chemical messengers between nearby cells over short distances.
- Synaptic signaling is a form of paracrine signaling where nerve cells transmit signals at synapses.
- Endocrine signaling involves hormones released by endocrine glands that travel through the body and act on distant target cells, causing slow but long-lasting responses.
- Autocrine signaling occurs when cells respond to substances they secrete themselves, which is common in tumor cell growth and embryonic
ll. Comparecontrast the following types of signals by identifying th.pdf
ll. Compare/contrast the following types of signals by identifying three similarities and four
differences een them. In addition, be able to list one specific example of each. armol
AUTOCRINE vs. ENDOCRINE vs. ROCRINE vs. NE NEU Ill. Put the following steps of
signal transduction in the correct order, 1-8. amplifier enzyme is modulated calcium ions are
released cell responds to ligand G protein is activated ligand binds to membrane receptor second
messenger molecules are activated signal is carried through the cell membrane target proteins are
activated
Solution
Similarities of Signalling systems:
1. They all involves communication by extracellular signals. It involves six common steps :
Synthesis, Release of signals along molecule by the signalling cell, Transport of signal to target
cell, Detection of signal by specific receptor protein, A change in cellular metabolism, triggered
by receptor-signal complex, Removal of the signal.
2. The receptor proteins exhibit ligand-binding and effector specificity.
3. The basic purpose of cell signalling in eukaryotes is to turn on a gene.
Differentiate between Autocrine, Paracrine,Endocrine and neurocrine signalsAutocrine
SignalingParacrine SignalingEndocrine SignalingNeurocrine SignalingIt is produced by
siganling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released.It is cell siganling in which the
taarget cell is nearby. It is produced by signaling cells that originate from endocrine cells.In
neurocrine signaling, the neurotransmitter relased form neuronal terminal travels to synaptic
cleft and from their to other cells.Autocrine means that the chemical signals acts on the same
cellsParacrine means that the chemical signals acts on the adjacent cells.Endocrine means
chemical signals acts at different sites (after travelling through blood vessesl)It is similar to
paracrine but involves neurons.No diffusion is present. The cell signal moves by itself.Paracrine
signals move by diffusion through extracellular matrix.No diffusion occurs. It is relatively slow
process.It occurs the same way as paracrine sigals but with nerve cells.Example: Cytokine
interleukin-1 in monocytes.Example: Growth factors and clotting factors are paracrine signaling
agents.For example: The hormones like testosterone etc.Example: Transfer of signals across
synapse in nerve cells..
Biology 35.2
The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. It responds to internal and external stimuli. Neurons carry messages throughout the nervous system. An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated, causing a reversal of charges across its cell membrane, known as an action potential. Neurons transmit impulses across synapses to other cells using neurotransmitters.
Match the type of cell to cell signaling with its description- Contact.docx
Contact-dependent signaling (C) describes signaling between two cells that must touch for the ligand on one cell to bind to the receptor on the other. Paracrine signaling (B) involves one cell releasing a ligand that travels to and binds receptors on neighboring cells. Autocrine signaling (D) occurs when a cell releases a ligand that binds receptors on the same cell. Endocrine signaling (E) is long-distance signaling where a hormone is released into the bloodstream and carried to distant target cells where it binds receptors. Neurotransmitters are released at synapses and act as ligands in synaptic signaling (A), analogous to hormones acting as ligands in endocrine signaling.
Introduction to cell signaling (article) _ Khan Academy.pdf
Cells communicate with one another through different types of short- and long-range signaling. Short-range signaling includes paracrine signaling between neighboring cells, as well as autocrine signaling when a cell signals to itself. Long-range signaling is carried out through the endocrine system, with hormones released into the bloodstream carrying messages between distant cells and tissues. Cells can also signal through direct contact using gap junctions between animal cells and plasmodesmata between plant cells. Understanding these various forms of cell signaling is crucial for learning how cells coordinate their activities both locally and throughout the entire body.
Presentation science (nervous_system)[1]
This document discusses the structure and function of neurons in the nervous system. It describes the main parts of a neuron including the cell body, axon, myelin sheath, dendrites and nerve endings. It explains that there are different types of neurons, such as sensory neurons, motor neurons, and relay neurons. The document also describes how neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. When an electrical signal reaches the end of an axon, it is transmitted to another neuron across a synapse using neurotransmitters like acetylcholine.
On April 18, 1906, an earthquake killed over 3,000 people when it hi.pdf
On April 18, 1906, an earthquake killed over 3,000 people when it hit San Francisco, with a
magnitude of 8.3 on the Richter Scale. On March 11, 2011 the โTohokuโ earthquake hit central
Japan with a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter Scale, and killed 15, 894 people. How much greater
was the 2011 earthquake than the 1906 earthquake?
Solution
The formula of magnitude of earthquake is
M=log(I/S)
I is the intensity of the earthquake And S is the intensity of the standard earthquake
8.3 = log(I1/S) and 9= log(I2/S)
9-8.3= log(I2/S) -log(I1/S)
.7= log(I2/I1)
I2/I1=10.7
I2=5 I1
Therefore the earhquake occurs in 2011 is 5 times more intense as compared to earthquake
occurs in 1906.
On the planet of Caracas, in the Stellar Solorais Ka Chunk Galaxy, th.pdf
On the planet of Caracas, in the Stellar Solorais Ka Chunk Galaxy, there is a population of
Nugget Arians. Two phenotypes of interest are: Peanuts; and Carmelaoid. Each is a single gene
trait, and for each gene there are two alleles. A cross between a female with Peanuts and a male
with Carmelaoid (each of which is homozygous for the wild-type (non-trait) allele at the other
gene) produces the following F1 counts: The mode of inheritance for each phenotype is: Peanuts
= Autosomal Recessive. Carmelaoid = Autosomal Dominant. Peanuts = Autosomal Recessive.
Carmelaoid = Autosomal Recessive. Peanuts = Autosomal Recessive. Carmelaoid = X-linked
Recessive. Peanuts = Autosomal Dominant. Carmelaoid = Autosomal Recessive. Peanuts =
Autosomal Dominant. Carmelaoid = Autosomal Dominant.
Solution
The answer is C. Peanuts=Autosomal Recessive
Carmeloid=X-linked recessive.
As
Autosomal characters of male are not carried to progeny so autosomal inheritance is othrwise
called maternal inheritance. As carmelaoid phenotype from male is expressed in F1 so it has to
be in cromosome and from the probability of expression it is evident that it is present in X
cromosome. The male counterpart like sperm carry very little of cytoplasmic material but half of
chromosomal meterial. In human type sex determination i.e.XY male and XX female X linked
recessive genes only express in homozygous i.e. XX condition..
Muv is homozygous You have a C. elegans worm with the following geno.pdf
Muv is homozygous You have a C. elegans worm with the following genotype: + dpy/lov +;
muv Where, dpy, lov and muv are alleles for these recessive phenotypes: Dpy = dumpy (short
and fat) Lov= mating behavior defective Muv = multivulva After taking a minute to feel sorry
for this poor worm, answer the following questions: What gene(s) is this animal heterozygous
for? What gene(s) is this animal homozygous for? What genes(s) are located on the same
chromosome? What is the phenotype of this animal? Assuming lov and dpy loci are 20cM
apart, what are the phenotypes, genotypes and expected frequencies of this hermaphrodite\'s self-
progeny? Percentage Phenotype
Solution
5.1: The animal is heterozygous for dpy and lov genes.
5.2: The animal is homozygous for muv gene.
5.3: The dpy and muv genes are located on the same chromosome.
5.4: Phenotype of animal= long and thin; mating behaviour, multivulva..
Material Science (Solidification)What is the solute atoms concent.pdf
Material Science: (Solidification)
What is the solute atoms concentration with position for a directional solidification of alloy?
Please don\'t answer if you don\'t know the right answer. Thanks.
Solution
During directional solidification, the solute atom concentration increases with increase in
distance from the outside surface. For example during solidification of a spherical casting, the
solute concentration will be maximum at the core and minimum on the surface..
Let P[x] denote the vector space of all polynomials. Let E be the set.pdf
Let P[x] denote the vector space of all polynomials. Let E be the set of polynomials which only
contain terms of even degree of even degree. Is E a subspace of P[x]? Explain.
Solution
Let E be the set as given in the problem
E = { f(x)| f(x) contains only terms of even degree}
= { g(x2)| g any polynomial in F[x]}
If g and h are any polynomials in F[x], clearly g+h and cg are polynomials in F[x] and
(g+h)(x2) and cg(x2) belong to E (for any scalar c in F).
So E is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. So E is a subspace of F.
Investment in Note ReceivableSuppliesPrepaid RentBuildingsAc.pdf
Investment in Note Receivable
Supplies
Prepaid Rent
Buildings
Accumulated DepreciationโBuildings
Unearned Service RevenueDebitCredit
Investment in Note Receivable$24,000
Supplies23,500
Prepaid Rent3,200
Buildings280,000
Accumulated DepreciationโBuildings$140,000
Unearned Service Revenue11,900
Solution
1) Interest receivble (24000*12%/12) 240 Interest income 240 2) Supplies expense
(23500-15200) 8300 Supplies 8300 3) Rent expense (3200/4) 800 Prepaid rent 800
4) Salaries and wages expense 2700 Salaries and wages payable 2700 5) Depreciation
expense-Buildings (6720/12) 560 Accumualated depreciation-Buildings 560 6)
Unearned service revenue 4800 Service revenue 4800 7) Repairs and maintenane
expense 2300 Accounts payable 2300.
In a tube containing 1 ml of a 15 dilution of A, and 4 ml of a 110.pdf
In a tube containing 1 ml of a 1:5 dilution of A, and 4 ml of a 1:100 dilution of B:
What is the final dilution of substance A?
What is the final dilution of substance B?
Solution
What is the final dilution of substance A?
When 1mL substance A is mixed with 4 mL of Substance B, four dilution of substance A
happens.
original=1/5
Further =1/4
Final = 1/5 x1/4 = 1/20 fold dilution
What is the final dilution of substance B?
When 4mL substance B is mixed with 1 mL of Substance A, = times
original=1/100
Further =4/5
Final = 1/100 x 4/5 = 4/500 fold dilution.
Implement a function called getElements() that takes in two lists. T.pdf
Implement a function called getElements() that takes in two lists. The first list L consists of any
type of items and the second list P consists of a list of integers. The implemented function will
return a list consisting of the element in L that are in positions indicated by P. For example, if
P=1, 7, 3, then the element in position 1, 7 and 3 in the list L must be returned. The function
must be implemented using the C++ list SLT API. Hint: The implementation for this function
will require some thought. Here are some hints for one approach to solve the problem. Use a for-
loop to walk through list P in a similar way as done in the printList() function. Consider creating
an index variable to track the item number in list L. Also, set the value of the iterator equal to a
variable in this loop. For example: int index = 0; // Track the position int position = (*itr) ; // Get
the item in P Create a second loop embedded within the first loop to walk through the elements
in list L. If the index equals position-1 then you know you have found the element. Thus, call the
push_back() function on the resultList to add the element. At the end of this loop increment the
index variable by 1. Note that your iterator variable for the second loop must be named
differently than the first loop. For example you can all it itr2. Output: The output from the
program once the function is implement will be:
/**
* List.cpp - This program implements and tests the getIntersection
* and getUnion functions.
*
* TODO: Include your name and course number here.
*/
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
template
void printList(list list1);
template
list getElements(list L, list P);
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
// Declare list variables
list list1;
list list2;
// Add data to list 1
list1.push_back(\"the\");
list1.push_back(\"quick\");
list1.push_back(\"brown\");
list1.push_back(\"fox\");
list1.push_back(\"jumped\");
list1.push_back(\"over\");
list1.push_back(\"the\");
list1.push_back(\"lazy\");
list1.push_back(\"dog\");
// Add data to list 2
list2.push_back(4);
list2.push_back(3);
list2.push_back(9);
list2.push_back(6);
list2.push_back(7);
// Print out the lists
cout << \"List 1: \" << endl;
printList(list1);
cout << \"List 2: \" << endl;
printList(list2);
cout << endl;
cout << \"Results of getElements():\" << endl;
printList(getElements(list1, list2));
cout << \"\ ** Press any key to continue **\ \";
getchar();
return 0;
}
template
void printList(list list1)
{
cout << \" \";
// Use an iterator to walk the list. Print the value of
// for each node.
typename list::iterator itr;
for (itr = list1.begin(); itr != list1.end(); itr++)
{
// Get the contents of each node
Object value = (*itr);
// Print the value of the node
cout << \" \" << value;
}
cout << endl;
return;
}
template
list getElements(list L, list P)
{
//A result list to return to the caller
list resultList;
// TODO: Implement the details for the function.
return resultList;
}
Solution
/**
* List.cpp - Thi.
gnmenttakeAssignmentMaindoinvoker assignmentstakeAssignmernt Dr. L. .pdf
gnment/takeAssignmentMaindoinvoker assignmentstakeAssignmernt Dr. L. M. Paton is an
ophthalmologist As of December 31, Dr. Patton owned the following property that elated tos
prfessional practice, Pattion Eye Clinic Cash, 2,720 Professional Equipment, $62,400 Office
Equipment, $11,220 On the same date, he owed the following business creditors Munez Supply
Compay $5,320 Martin Equlpment Sales, $6,180 Compute the following amounts in the
accounting equation Assets Equity
Solution
Assets 76330 =2720+62400+11210 Liabilities 11500 =5320+6180 Owner\'s Equity 64830
=76330-11500.
Every cell in our bodies expresses the same genes. True or False.pdf
Every cell in our bodies expresses the same genes. True or False?
Solution
Answer : The given statement is FALSE. Although all the cells in our body contains same
amount of DNA/number of genes, different cells expresses different genes which gives their
identity. This phenamenan is called differential gene expression..
Describe the partition of Z resulting from the equivalence relati.pdf
Describe the partition of Z resulting from the equivalence relation = (mod 4).
Solution
a=b mod 4
implies and b give the same remainder modulo 4
There are only 4 least residues modulo 4: 0,1,2,3
So total 4 equivalence classes
The partitions are
[0]= Multiples of 4
[1]=INtegers of the form 4k+1
[2]=Integers of the form 4k+2
[3]=Integers of the form 4k+3.
describe what is meant by Rh factor when typing blood.Solution.pdf
describe what is meant by Rh factor when typing blood.
Solution
Ans). Rh derives from rhesus and the terms rhesus blood group system. Rh factor is an inherited
protein on the surface of red blood cells. It consists of many blood-group antigens, among which
the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important..
Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatment of conjunctivitisSo.pdf
Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatment of conjunctivitis
Solution
Conjuctivits is a condition that is associated with the redness and inflammation of the conjuctiva.
Conjuctiva is a thin transparent layer of tissue lining the inner surface of the eyelid covering the
white part of the eye. It is a common disease and is usually referred toas the \"pink eye\".
CAUSES OF CONJUCTIVITIS
Three types of conjuctivitis include:
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Infectious Conjuctivitis
Chemical Conjunctivitis
SYMPTOMS OF CONJUCTIVITIS
TREATMENT OF CONJUCTIVITIS
The appropriate treatment for conjunctivitis depends on its cause:.
Discuss the relationship between gap rule gene mutations, pair-rule .pdf
Discuss the relationship between gap rule gene mutations, pair-rule gene mutations, and segment
polarity gene mutations in Drosophila melanogaster.
Solution
Segmentation in Drosophila is controlled by gene expression cascade that occur in a sequential
order. The maternal effect genes form the anterior and posterior poles in the embryo. The spatial
pattern of segments is controlled by transcription regulation of gap genes. The gap genes express
the overlapping segments of anterior and posterior poles. The gap genes regulate next set of
genes called pair rule genes. These genes are expressed in 7 stripes corresponding to each
segment. Pair rule genes express the transcription factors regulating the segment polarity genes.
These genes are expressed as 14 segmentally repeated stripes. The segment polarity genes
express regulatory proteins and transcription factors that maintain interaction between cells and
finally, homeotic genes control the character of each segment.
The missing segments producing gaps are known by Krรผppel mutants resulting in missing of T1-
A5 segments. Hunchback mutants are missing head segments and knirps mutants lack posterior
segments. Mutations in pair-rule genes- result in half the number of parasegments.The fushi-
tarazu mutants lack odd-numbered parasegments and even-skipped mutants lack even-numbered
parasegments. Mutations in segment polarity genes- result in duplication of the anterior or
posterior half within each segment. The gooseberry and engrailed mutants have the posterior part
of each segment replaced by the anterior part of the adjacent segment..
Create a directory your virtual machine. Within that directory creat.pdf
Create a directory your virtual machine. Within that directory create the html file index.html.
This should be an HTML5 formatted file, with the following elements and text defined
Links to an external JavaScript file q2.js in the same directory as index.html.
Contains a button with the text \"ClickMe\" (no quotes) that will invoke the callback function
\"go()\" when the button is clicked.
Contains a paragraph with id \"output\" (no quotes) which contains the text \"Change Me\". (no
quotes)
When the ClickMe button is pushed, the text in the HTML element with id \"output\" should be
updated as follows using JavaScript code in q2.js. (Note: the number given below should reset
when the page is reloaded and all effects below are cumulative.)
The first time the button is pushed, the colour of the text in output to be set to red.
The second time the button is pushed, the font of the text in output should be set to \"sans-serif\"
The third time the button is pressed, the text should be changed to five copies of whatever text is
currently found as the innerHTML of the output element. Do not add extra spaces or line breaks
to this value.
If the button is pushed four or more times, the text in output should be set to \"QUESTION
DONE\" (no quotes).
Solution
index.html
Title
Change MeClick Me
q2.js
var num_clicks = 0;
function clickme(){
num_clicks = num_clicks + 1;
if (num_clicks==1){
document.getElementById(\"output\").style.color=\"red\"; //change color to red on 1 click
}
else if (num_clicks==2){
document.getElementById(\"output\").style.fontFamily=\"sans-serif\"; //change font family
on 2 clicks
}
else if (num_clicks==3){
text = document.getElementById(\"output\").innerHTML;
document.getElementById(\"output\").innerHTML = text + text + text + text + text;
//change text on 3 clicks
}
else if (num_clicks>=4){
document.getElementById(\"output\").innerHTML = \"QUESTION DONE\"; //question
done text on 4 clicks
}
}.
Compare between the two light microscope SolutionFeature1. .pdf
Compare between the two light microscope:
Solution
Feature
1. Similar functional parts : source of light is same - visible light is used by focusing the light
either through lenses or prism on the specimen.
2. Dissimilar functional parts : Compound microscope- has multiple objective lenses with one
eyepiece;
Dissecting Microscope- has single objective lens with two eyepiece lenses
3. Purpose of use : Dissecting microscope: used to perform small dissections under the
microscope and to view live specimen , compound microscope- used to visualise things that are
too small to be seen via the naked eye.
7. Maximum magnification: Compound microscope- up to 1000x ; Dissecting microscope- up to
70x
4. Image dimension : -
5. Image orientation : -
6. Image development: no image development or orientation or dimensions- these are all
properties of electron microscopes
3. Purpose of use : Dissecting microscope: used to perform small dissections under the
microscope and to view live specimen , compound microscope- used to visualise things that are
too small to be seen via the naked eye.
7. Maximum magnification: Compound microscope- up to 1000x ; Dissecting microscope- up to
70x
4. Image dimension : -.
Chordin, Tolloid and Sizzled all play important roles in BMP signal r.pdf
Chordin, Tolloid and Sizzled all play important roles in BMP signal regulation. Discuss Name
the three embryonic germ layers and briefly discuss how the BMP-Chordin axis determines the
fate of one of these germ layers
Solution
Ques-1: In Xenopus embryos, the cell differentiation of ectodermal and mesodermal layers are
mainly through the dorso- ventral axis and this differentiation is determined by the bone
morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) where cells are mainly exposed in the excellylar region.
Therefore, chordin activity (chondrin and Noggin are released by Spearmann organizer) has
mainly increased and tolloid family members can control these chondrin activity to promote
BMPs in generating organ systems such as blood or neural tubes. Sizzeled and chonrin activities
are mainly according to BMP gradient during gastrulation of embryonic development in xenopus
Answer: Ques-2:
Three embryonic layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
The BMP-chondrin axis is going to determine the fate of formation of ectoderm or mesoderm
organ formation for example, inhibition of BMP is leading to formation of neural tube from
mesoderm instead of blood. Therefore, the factors such as Noggin, chondrin are going to be
regulated by these BMP factors during embryonic development.
Chills are used in casting where the part is likely to form a cavity.pdf
Chills are used in casting where the part is likely to form a cavity.They are used in thicker
regions to increase the solidification rate.
A. False
B. True
Solution
TRUE
To maximize the heat tranfer rate a metalic object is provided called CHILL. Chill is inserted
into the cavity created due to removal of pattern and inserted in moulding sand.
By changing the direction of the chill the direction of solidification also changes.
Chill is a metalic object which is conductive so heat transfer rate is high compare to moulding
sand..
A drug that disrupts tubulin polymerzation is applied to some cell.pdf
A drug that disrupts tubulin polymerzation is applied to some cells. What specific part of the cell
cycle will be disrupted?
A drug that disrupts tubulin polymerzation is applied to some cells. What specific part of the cell
cycle will be disrupted?
Solution
Microtubule assembly .... anaphase ... as chromosomes pass along microtubules towards poles of
new dividing cells ....and if micotubule disassembly occurs they cannot move also cargo cannot
move in the cells from one location to other location hence affecting the cells overall.
At the second metaphase of meiosis Chromosomes have single chromatid.pdf
At the second metaphase of meiosis Chromosomes have single chromatids and align in
homologous pairs. Chromosomes have single chromatids and do not align in homologous pairs.
Chromosomes have two chromatids and align in homologous pairs. Chromosomes have two
chromatids and do not align in homologous pairs. Chromosomes have two chromatids and are
separating to opposite poles of the cell. Incomplete dominance at a single locus always results
from the mutant protein having partial function results in a self-crossed population with identical
phenotypic and genotypic ratios cannot be distinguished from epistasis can generate a true
breeding intermediate phenotype gives the same genetic ratios as 2 unlinked genes each showing
complete dominance
Solution
1. The correct option is e. In the second metaphase of meiosis, the chromosomes have two
chromatids and are separating to opposite poles of the cell which is very similar to mitosis.
2. The correct option is d. This is because in incomplete dominance both the alleles are unable to
express themselves completely. Thus resulting in an F1 hybrid with an intermediate phenotype of
the two parental phenotype..
More Related Content
More from arracollection
On April 18, 1906, an earthquake killed over 3,000 people when it hi.pdf
On April 18, 1906, an earthquake killed over 3,000 people when it hit San Francisco, with a
magnitude of 8.3 on the Richter Scale. On March 11, 2011 the โTohokuโ earthquake hit central
Japan with a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter Scale, and killed 15, 894 people. How much greater
was the 2011 earthquake than the 1906 earthquake?
Solution
The formula of magnitude of earthquake is
M=log(I/S)
I is the intensity of the earthquake And S is the intensity of the standard earthquake
8.3 = log(I1/S) and 9= log(I2/S)
9-8.3= log(I2/S) -log(I1/S)
.7= log(I2/I1)
I2/I1=10.7
I2=5 I1
Therefore the earhquake occurs in 2011 is 5 times more intense as compared to earthquake
occurs in 1906.
On the planet of Caracas, in the Stellar Solorais Ka Chunk Galaxy, th.pdf
On the planet of Caracas, in the Stellar Solorais Ka Chunk Galaxy, there is a population of
Nugget Arians. Two phenotypes of interest are: Peanuts; and Carmelaoid. Each is a single gene
trait, and for each gene there are two alleles. A cross between a female with Peanuts and a male
with Carmelaoid (each of which is homozygous for the wild-type (non-trait) allele at the other
gene) produces the following F1 counts: The mode of inheritance for each phenotype is: Peanuts
= Autosomal Recessive. Carmelaoid = Autosomal Dominant. Peanuts = Autosomal Recessive.
Carmelaoid = Autosomal Recessive. Peanuts = Autosomal Recessive. Carmelaoid = X-linked
Recessive. Peanuts = Autosomal Dominant. Carmelaoid = Autosomal Recessive. Peanuts =
Autosomal Dominant. Carmelaoid = Autosomal Dominant.
Solution
The answer is C. Peanuts=Autosomal Recessive
Carmeloid=X-linked recessive.
As
Autosomal characters of male are not carried to progeny so autosomal inheritance is othrwise
called maternal inheritance. As carmelaoid phenotype from male is expressed in F1 so it has to
be in cromosome and from the probability of expression it is evident that it is present in X
cromosome. The male counterpart like sperm carry very little of cytoplasmic material but half of
chromosomal meterial. In human type sex determination i.e.XY male and XX female X linked
recessive genes only express in homozygous i.e. XX condition..
Muv is homozygous You have a C. elegans worm with the following geno.pdf
Muv is homozygous You have a C. elegans worm with the following genotype: + dpy/lov +;
muv Where, dpy, lov and muv are alleles for these recessive phenotypes: Dpy = dumpy (short
and fat) Lov= mating behavior defective Muv = multivulva After taking a minute to feel sorry
for this poor worm, answer the following questions: What gene(s) is this animal heterozygous
for? What gene(s) is this animal homozygous for? What genes(s) are located on the same
chromosome? What is the phenotype of this animal? Assuming lov and dpy loci are 20cM
apart, what are the phenotypes, genotypes and expected frequencies of this hermaphrodite\'s self-
progeny? Percentage Phenotype
Solution
5.1: The animal is heterozygous for dpy and lov genes.
5.2: The animal is homozygous for muv gene.
5.3: The dpy and muv genes are located on the same chromosome.
5.4: Phenotype of animal= long and thin; mating behaviour, multivulva..
Material Science (Solidification)What is the solute atoms concent.pdf
Material Science: (Solidification)
What is the solute atoms concentration with position for a directional solidification of alloy?
Please don\'t answer if you don\'t know the right answer. Thanks.
Solution
During directional solidification, the solute atom concentration increases with increase in
distance from the outside surface. For example during solidification of a spherical casting, the
solute concentration will be maximum at the core and minimum on the surface..
Let P[x] denote the vector space of all polynomials. Let E be the set.pdf
Let P[x] denote the vector space of all polynomials. Let E be the set of polynomials which only
contain terms of even degree of even degree. Is E a subspace of P[x]? Explain.
Solution
Let E be the set as given in the problem
E = { f(x)| f(x) contains only terms of even degree}
= { g(x2)| g any polynomial in F[x]}
If g and h are any polynomials in F[x], clearly g+h and cg are polynomials in F[x] and
(g+h)(x2) and cg(x2) belong to E (for any scalar c in F).
So E is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. So E is a subspace of F.
Investment in Note ReceivableSuppliesPrepaid RentBuildingsAc.pdf
Investment in Note Receivable
Supplies
Prepaid Rent
Buildings
Accumulated DepreciationโBuildings
Unearned Service RevenueDebitCredit
Investment in Note Receivable$24,000
Supplies23,500
Prepaid Rent3,200
Buildings280,000
Accumulated DepreciationโBuildings$140,000
Unearned Service Revenue11,900
Solution
1) Interest receivble (24000*12%/12) 240 Interest income 240 2) Supplies expense
(23500-15200) 8300 Supplies 8300 3) Rent expense (3200/4) 800 Prepaid rent 800
4) Salaries and wages expense 2700 Salaries and wages payable 2700 5) Depreciation
expense-Buildings (6720/12) 560 Accumualated depreciation-Buildings 560 6)
Unearned service revenue 4800 Service revenue 4800 7) Repairs and maintenane
expense 2300 Accounts payable 2300.
In a tube containing 1 ml of a 15 dilution of A, and 4 ml of a 110.pdf
In a tube containing 1 ml of a 1:5 dilution of A, and 4 ml of a 1:100 dilution of B:
What is the final dilution of substance A?
What is the final dilution of substance B?
Solution
What is the final dilution of substance A?
When 1mL substance A is mixed with 4 mL of Substance B, four dilution of substance A
happens.
original=1/5
Further =1/4
Final = 1/5 x1/4 = 1/20 fold dilution
What is the final dilution of substance B?
When 4mL substance B is mixed with 1 mL of Substance A, = times
original=1/100
Further =4/5
Final = 1/100 x 4/5 = 4/500 fold dilution.
Implement a function called getElements() that takes in two lists. T.pdf
Implement a function called getElements() that takes in two lists. The first list L consists of any
type of items and the second list P consists of a list of integers. The implemented function will
return a list consisting of the element in L that are in positions indicated by P. For example, if
P=1, 7, 3, then the element in position 1, 7 and 3 in the list L must be returned. The function
must be implemented using the C++ list SLT API. Hint: The implementation for this function
will require some thought. Here are some hints for one approach to solve the problem. Use a for-
loop to walk through list P in a similar way as done in the printList() function. Consider creating
an index variable to track the item number in list L. Also, set the value of the iterator equal to a
variable in this loop. For example: int index = 0; // Track the position int position = (*itr) ; // Get
the item in P Create a second loop embedded within the first loop to walk through the elements
in list L. If the index equals position-1 then you know you have found the element. Thus, call the
push_back() function on the resultList to add the element. At the end of this loop increment the
index variable by 1. Note that your iterator variable for the second loop must be named
differently than the first loop. For example you can all it itr2. Output: The output from the
program once the function is implement will be:
/**
* List.cpp - This program implements and tests the getIntersection
* and getUnion functions.
*
* TODO: Include your name and course number here.
*/
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
template
void printList(list list1);
template
list getElements(list L, list P);
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
// Declare list variables
list list1;
list list2;
// Add data to list 1
list1.push_back(\"the\");
list1.push_back(\"quick\");
list1.push_back(\"brown\");
list1.push_back(\"fox\");
list1.push_back(\"jumped\");
list1.push_back(\"over\");
list1.push_back(\"the\");
list1.push_back(\"lazy\");
list1.push_back(\"dog\");
// Add data to list 2
list2.push_back(4);
list2.push_back(3);
list2.push_back(9);
list2.push_back(6);
list2.push_back(7);
// Print out the lists
cout << \"List 1: \" << endl;
printList(list1);
cout << \"List 2: \" << endl;
printList(list2);
cout << endl;
cout << \"Results of getElements():\" << endl;
printList(getElements(list1, list2));
cout << \"\ ** Press any key to continue **\ \";
getchar();
return 0;
}
template
void printList(list list1)
{
cout << \" \";
// Use an iterator to walk the list. Print the value of
// for each node.
typename list::iterator itr;
for (itr = list1.begin(); itr != list1.end(); itr++)
{
// Get the contents of each node
Object value = (*itr);
// Print the value of the node
cout << \" \" << value;
}
cout << endl;
return;
}
template
list getElements(list L, list P)
{
//A result list to return to the caller
list resultList;
// TODO: Implement the details for the function.
return resultList;
}
Solution
/**
* List.cpp - Thi.
gnmenttakeAssignmentMaindoinvoker assignmentstakeAssignmernt Dr. L. .pdf
gnment/takeAssignmentMaindoinvoker assignmentstakeAssignmernt Dr. L. M. Paton is an
ophthalmologist As of December 31, Dr. Patton owned the following property that elated tos
prfessional practice, Pattion Eye Clinic Cash, 2,720 Professional Equipment, $62,400 Office
Equipment, $11,220 On the same date, he owed the following business creditors Munez Supply
Compay $5,320 Martin Equlpment Sales, $6,180 Compute the following amounts in the
accounting equation Assets Equity
Solution
Assets 76330 =2720+62400+11210 Liabilities 11500 =5320+6180 Owner\'s Equity 64830
=76330-11500.
Every cell in our bodies expresses the same genes. True or False.pdf
Every cell in our bodies expresses the same genes. True or False?
Solution
Answer : The given statement is FALSE. Although all the cells in our body contains same
amount of DNA/number of genes, different cells expresses different genes which gives their
identity. This phenamenan is called differential gene expression..
Describe the partition of Z resulting from the equivalence relati.pdf
Describe the partition of Z resulting from the equivalence relation = (mod 4).
Solution
a=b mod 4
implies and b give the same remainder modulo 4
There are only 4 least residues modulo 4: 0,1,2,3
So total 4 equivalence classes
The partitions are
[0]= Multiples of 4
[1]=INtegers of the form 4k+1
[2]=Integers of the form 4k+2
[3]=Integers of the form 4k+3.
describe what is meant by Rh factor when typing blood.Solution.pdf
describe what is meant by Rh factor when typing blood.
Solution
Ans). Rh derives from rhesus and the terms rhesus blood group system. Rh factor is an inherited
protein on the surface of red blood cells. It consists of many blood-group antigens, among which
the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important..
Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatment of conjunctivitisSo.pdf
Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatment of conjunctivitis
Solution
Conjuctivits is a condition that is associated with the redness and inflammation of the conjuctiva.
Conjuctiva is a thin transparent layer of tissue lining the inner surface of the eyelid covering the
white part of the eye. It is a common disease and is usually referred toas the \"pink eye\".
CAUSES OF CONJUCTIVITIS
Three types of conjuctivitis include:
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Infectious Conjuctivitis
Chemical Conjunctivitis
SYMPTOMS OF CONJUCTIVITIS
TREATMENT OF CONJUCTIVITIS
The appropriate treatment for conjunctivitis depends on its cause:.
Discuss the relationship between gap rule gene mutations, pair-rule .pdf
Discuss the relationship between gap rule gene mutations, pair-rule gene mutations, and segment
polarity gene mutations in Drosophila melanogaster.
Solution
Segmentation in Drosophila is controlled by gene expression cascade that occur in a sequential
order. The maternal effect genes form the anterior and posterior poles in the embryo. The spatial
pattern of segments is controlled by transcription regulation of gap genes. The gap genes express
the overlapping segments of anterior and posterior poles. The gap genes regulate next set of
genes called pair rule genes. These genes are expressed in 7 stripes corresponding to each
segment. Pair rule genes express the transcription factors regulating the segment polarity genes.
These genes are expressed as 14 segmentally repeated stripes. The segment polarity genes
express regulatory proteins and transcription factors that maintain interaction between cells and
finally, homeotic genes control the character of each segment.
The missing segments producing gaps are known by Krรผppel mutants resulting in missing of T1-
A5 segments. Hunchback mutants are missing head segments and knirps mutants lack posterior
segments. Mutations in pair-rule genes- result in half the number of parasegments.The fushi-
tarazu mutants lack odd-numbered parasegments and even-skipped mutants lack even-numbered
parasegments. Mutations in segment polarity genes- result in duplication of the anterior or
posterior half within each segment. The gooseberry and engrailed mutants have the posterior part
of each segment replaced by the anterior part of the adjacent segment..
Create a directory your virtual machine. Within that directory creat.pdf
Create a directory your virtual machine. Within that directory create the html file index.html.
This should be an HTML5 formatted file, with the following elements and text defined
Links to an external JavaScript file q2.js in the same directory as index.html.
Contains a button with the text \"ClickMe\" (no quotes) that will invoke the callback function
\"go()\" when the button is clicked.
Contains a paragraph with id \"output\" (no quotes) which contains the text \"Change Me\". (no
quotes)
When the ClickMe button is pushed, the text in the HTML element with id \"output\" should be
updated as follows using JavaScript code in q2.js. (Note: the number given below should reset
when the page is reloaded and all effects below are cumulative.)
The first time the button is pushed, the colour of the text in output to be set to red.
The second time the button is pushed, the font of the text in output should be set to \"sans-serif\"
The third time the button is pressed, the text should be changed to five copies of whatever text is
currently found as the innerHTML of the output element. Do not add extra spaces or line breaks
to this value.
If the button is pushed four or more times, the text in output should be set to \"QUESTION
DONE\" (no quotes).
Solution
index.html
Title
Change MeClick Me
q2.js
var num_clicks = 0;
function clickme(){
num_clicks = num_clicks + 1;
if (num_clicks==1){
document.getElementById(\"output\").style.color=\"red\"; //change color to red on 1 click
}
else if (num_clicks==2){
document.getElementById(\"output\").style.fontFamily=\"sans-serif\"; //change font family
on 2 clicks
}
else if (num_clicks==3){
text = document.getElementById(\"output\").innerHTML;
document.getElementById(\"output\").innerHTML = text + text + text + text + text;
//change text on 3 clicks
}
else if (num_clicks>=4){
document.getElementById(\"output\").innerHTML = \"QUESTION DONE\"; //question
done text on 4 clicks
}
}.
Compare between the two light microscope SolutionFeature1. .pdf
Compare between the two light microscope:
Solution
Feature
1. Similar functional parts : source of light is same - visible light is used by focusing the light
either through lenses or prism on the specimen.
2. Dissimilar functional parts : Compound microscope- has multiple objective lenses with one
eyepiece;
Dissecting Microscope- has single objective lens with two eyepiece lenses
3. Purpose of use : Dissecting microscope: used to perform small dissections under the
microscope and to view live specimen , compound microscope- used to visualise things that are
too small to be seen via the naked eye.
7. Maximum magnification: Compound microscope- up to 1000x ; Dissecting microscope- up to
70x
4. Image dimension : -
5. Image orientation : -
6. Image development: no image development or orientation or dimensions- these are all
properties of electron microscopes
3. Purpose of use : Dissecting microscope: used to perform small dissections under the
microscope and to view live specimen , compound microscope- used to visualise things that are
too small to be seen via the naked eye.
7. Maximum magnification: Compound microscope- up to 1000x ; Dissecting microscope- up to
70x
4. Image dimension : -.
Chordin, Tolloid and Sizzled all play important roles in BMP signal r.pdf
Chordin, Tolloid and Sizzled all play important roles in BMP signal regulation. Discuss Name
the three embryonic germ layers and briefly discuss how the BMP-Chordin axis determines the
fate of one of these germ layers
Solution
Ques-1: In Xenopus embryos, the cell differentiation of ectodermal and mesodermal layers are
mainly through the dorso- ventral axis and this differentiation is determined by the bone
morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) where cells are mainly exposed in the excellylar region.
Therefore, chordin activity (chondrin and Noggin are released by Spearmann organizer) has
mainly increased and tolloid family members can control these chondrin activity to promote
BMPs in generating organ systems such as blood or neural tubes. Sizzeled and chonrin activities
are mainly according to BMP gradient during gastrulation of embryonic development in xenopus
Answer: Ques-2:
Three embryonic layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
The BMP-chondrin axis is going to determine the fate of formation of ectoderm or mesoderm
organ formation for example, inhibition of BMP is leading to formation of neural tube from
mesoderm instead of blood. Therefore, the factors such as Noggin, chondrin are going to be
regulated by these BMP factors during embryonic development.
Chills are used in casting where the part is likely to form a cavity.pdf
Chills are used in casting where the part is likely to form a cavity.They are used in thicker
regions to increase the solidification rate.
A. False
B. True
Solution
TRUE
To maximize the heat tranfer rate a metalic object is provided called CHILL. Chill is inserted
into the cavity created due to removal of pattern and inserted in moulding sand.
By changing the direction of the chill the direction of solidification also changes.
Chill is a metalic object which is conductive so heat transfer rate is high compare to moulding
sand..
A drug that disrupts tubulin polymerzation is applied to some cell.pdf
A drug that disrupts tubulin polymerzation is applied to some cells. What specific part of the cell
cycle will be disrupted?
A drug that disrupts tubulin polymerzation is applied to some cells. What specific part of the cell
cycle will be disrupted?
Solution
Microtubule assembly .... anaphase ... as chromosomes pass along microtubules towards poles of
new dividing cells ....and if micotubule disassembly occurs they cannot move also cargo cannot
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At the second metaphase of meiosis Chromosomes have single chromatid.pdf
At the second metaphase of meiosis Chromosomes have single chromatids and align in
homologous pairs. Chromosomes have single chromatids and do not align in homologous pairs.
Chromosomes have two chromatids and align in homologous pairs. Chromosomes have two
chromatids and do not align in homologous pairs. Chromosomes have two chromatids and are
separating to opposite poles of the cell. Incomplete dominance at a single locus always results
from the mutant protein having partial function results in a self-crossed population with identical
phenotypic and genotypic ratios cannot be distinguished from epistasis can generate a true
breeding intermediate phenotype gives the same genetic ratios as 2 unlinked genes each showing
complete dominance
Solution
1. The correct option is e. In the second metaphase of meiosis, the chromosomes have two
chromatids and are separating to opposite poles of the cell which is very similar to mitosis.
2. The correct option is d. This is because in incomplete dominance both the alleles are unable to
express themselves completely. Thus resulting in an F1 hybrid with an intermediate phenotype of
the two parental phenotype..
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