The document defines science as a systematic process of building knowledge through testable explanations and predictions about the natural world. It discusses science broadly as reliable knowledge on a topic. The sciences are divided into natural sciences, formal sciences, and applied/professional sciences. The natural sciences include fields like physics, chemistry, and biology that study the natural world. The formal sciences encompass areas like mathematics, computer science, and statistics. Applied/professional sciences refer to disciplines like engineering, agriculture, and health sciences. The document traces the history of the scientific method and skeptical approach to knowledge dating back over 1000 years. It also outlines the typical components of lab reports and literature reviews, the preferred precise and objective style of scientific writing, and its collaborative nature
This slides explain about the philosophy of science. Philosophy and natural science.
logical positivism and logical empiricicism.
epistemology. Empiricism. induction.
This seminar is an attempt for a comprehensive integrated understanding of the philosophy of science and how the scientific mind works through a panoramic look at the milestones that defined that branch of philosophy and how science itself has evolved through it.
An overview of History and Philosophy of Science, dissecting terms such as History, Philosophy and its focal point science, correlating history of science and philosophy of science, tackeling about other essential information such as scientific method, paradigms and the role of History and Philosophy of Science in Science classroom. This is such a great help to inspire teachers and soon to be on how they can integrate their learning's in this subject to further enhance more science teaching.
This slides explain about the philosophy of science. Philosophy and natural science.
logical positivism and logical empiricicism.
epistemology. Empiricism. induction.
This seminar is an attempt for a comprehensive integrated understanding of the philosophy of science and how the scientific mind works through a panoramic look at the milestones that defined that branch of philosophy and how science itself has evolved through it.
An overview of History and Philosophy of Science, dissecting terms such as History, Philosophy and its focal point science, correlating history of science and philosophy of science, tackeling about other essential information such as scientific method, paradigms and the role of History and Philosophy of Science in Science classroom. This is such a great help to inspire teachers and soon to be on how they can integrate their learning's in this subject to further enhance more science teaching.
Karl Popper, as a critical rationalist, was an opponent of all forms of skepticism, conventionalism and relativism in science. A major argument of Popper is Hume's critique of induction, arguing that induction should never be used in science. But he disagrees with the skepticism associated with Hume, nor with the support of Bacon and Newton's pure "observation" as a starting point in the formation of theories, as there are no pure observations that do not imply certain theories. Instead, Popper proposes falsifiability as a method of scientific investigation.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11481.36967
Karl Popper, as a critical rationalist, was an opponent of all forms of skepticism, conventionalism and relativism in science. A major argument of Popper is Hume's critique of induction, arguing that induction should never be used in science. But he disagrees with the skepticism associated with Hume, nor with the support of Bacon and Newton's pure "observation" as a starting point in the formation of theories, as there are no pure observations that do not imply certain theories. Instead, Popper proposes falsifiability as a method of scientific investigation.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11481.36967
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Why I am Not a Philosopher (October 2006)Barry Smith
Forms part of a training course in ontology given in Buffalo in 2009. For details and accompanying video see http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/IntroOntology_Course.html
2. What are the Sciences?
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes
knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions
about the universe.
In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in
Aristotle), "science" refers to the body of reliable knowledge
itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained.
Is used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a
topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as
library science or political science.
More often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the
knowledge itself. It is often treated as
synonymous with 'natural and physical
science, and thus restricted to those
branches of study that relate to the
phenomena of the material universe
and their laws, sometimes with implied
exclusion of pure mathematics.
3. The Sciences Include…
Natural sciences
Space sciences
Earth sciences
Life sciences
Chemistry
Physics
Formal sciences
Computer sciences
Logic
Mathematics
Statistics
Systems science
Professions and Applied sciences
Agriculture
Architecture and Design
Business
Divinity
Education
Engineering
Environmental studies and Forestry
Family and consumer science
Health science
Human physical performance and recreation
Journalism, media studies and communication
Law
Library and museum studies
Military sciences
Public administration
Social work
Transportation
4. History of the Sciences
"If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts;
but if he will be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in
certainties." — Francis Bacon (1605) The Advancement of
Learning, Book 1, v, 8
A skeptical point of view, demanding a method of proof, was
the practical position taken as early as 1000 years ago.
The scientific method seeks to explain the events of nature in
a reproducible way.
The sciences exist to examine the phenomena of nature.
5. Writing & Inquiry in the Sciences
In your science classes, you are likely to be asked to write one of two kinds of
papers: the lab report and the review of the literature.
The lab report is a straight forward summary of your experiment's purpose,
methods, and results.
The typical lab report will have:
An introduction, which states the problem, question, hypothesis, or objective. The
introduction should state why this problem is worth investigating.
A summary of your methods, told chronologically and precisely, so that other scientists
might replicate them.
A summary of your results, in which you lay out for your readers the data that your
research has generated. Again, you will want to present these results clearly, thoroughly,
and precisely.
A discussion of your results, in which you explore their significance. Even if your results
haven't provided you with the information you sought, they remain important in that they
might suggest other experiments to scientists interested in your subject.
A review of the literature looks at what has been published on a given problem;
however, it is not simply a summary of what's been written. It is instead a paper
that tries to synthesize existing articles to form a coherent and thorough
understanding of the matter at hand. It also evaluates these articles and the
experiments upon which they are based, alerting the reader to potential
weaknesses.
6. Preferred Style of Writing
Because the purpose of most scientific writing is to present
evidence that is verifiable, it's important to write with an
almost mathematical precision.
Forget adjectives and adverbs: scientific writing is rooted in
nouns (natural phenomena) and verbs (their behavior).
It is not important when writing a scientific paper to be
eloquent. It is absolutely important, however, that you be
clear.
Finally, it is important to understand that scientific writing is
often a collaborative effort.
More than one scientist will contribute to a lab report or journal
article.
Accordingly, it's important to avoid any sense of individual style.
The very consistent voice of scientific writing makes collaborative
efforts seem seamless, permitting them to read as if they were all
"of a piece."