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The Russian campaign in 1812
- 1. THE RUSSIAN CAMPAGNE 1812 Battle Analysis Briefing by 1LT Rasho
- 2. References Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, George F. Nafciger, 1963 The retreat from Moscow, R.F. Delderfield, 1967 Napoleonic Wars, Vincent J. Esposito and John Robert Elting, 1963 "The Campaign of 1812 in Russia"- Karl von Clausewitz
- 3. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION STRATEGY AND TACTICS OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW PHASES OUTCOME OF BATTLE KEY EVENTS SUMMARY / LESSONS LEARNED
- 4. INTRODUCTION WHOFOUGHT? LaGrandeArmée(French and Allies) Commanded by Napoleon Russia Commanded by Tsar AlexanderI WHEN? Renaissance period 23 Jun 1812- 14 December1812 WHERE? Eastern Europe (Russian Empire) WHY? Russia's commitment to Napoleon's Continental Systemwas a mere lip- service. Differences between France and Russia overinfluence in Poland and the Balkans.
- 5. INTRODUCTION- Antagonists 1st Corps- Marshal Davout 2nd Corps-Marshal Oudinot 3rd Corps-Michel Ney 4th Corps- Prince Eugene 5th Corps-Prince Poniatowski 6th Corps- Marshal St. Cyr 7th Corps- General Reynier 8th Corps-King of Westphalia 9th Corps Marshal Victor 10th Corps- Marshal Macdonald 11th Corps-Marshal Augereau 12th Corps- Marshal Murat 13th Corps-General Schvartzenberg Old Guard- Marshal Bessieres Young Guard- Marshal Mortier Corps of engineer- General Eble 1st Army- General Barclay de Tolly 2nd Army- Prince Bagration+/Tormasov 3rd Army- General Wittgenstein 4th Army (Danube)- General Tchichagoff Rearguard- Tormasov/Platov/ Miloradovich Irregularforces Cossacks- Platov Militia- Miloradovich LaGrandeArmée- Napoleon Chief of Staff Marshal Berthier Russian Army- TsarAlexander Chief of Staff: Barclay de Tolly/Marshal Kutusoff 400,000-600,000(422,000)/1,800 cannons 177,000 horses 200,000-400,000/
- 6. Army of twelve languages
- 7. Strategy and Tactics Strategy Strategy of Indirect Approach Strategy of the Central Position Tactics 1 Battle of maneuver 2. Battle of attrition Reconnaissance Concentrate artillery fire on the gaps Pourexploitation force trough the gaps Pursue with mobile force Strategy Strategic defence Retreating and attrition of the enemy Tactics Scorched-earth tactics Raid the enemy with light Cosacks cavalery LaGrandeArmée Russian Army
- 8. THEATEROF OPERATIONS LEGEND U - Uplands M- Marshes L - Lakelands Lithuanians Belarusians Ukrainians
- 9. Napoleon’s Plan 10 xxx 13 xxx xxxx 7 xxx 11 xxx Mission: Across Niemen river, engage and defeat the enemy and force Tsar Alexander to accept French Peace proposal.
- 10. Russian Plan DrissaCam p Mission: Back the struggle to a considerable distance, thus approaching their reinforcements, gaining time, weakening the enemy by means of detachments which he would be compelled to make, and gaining space for strategical operations upon his flank and rear
- 11. The Invasion X xxx XIII xxx xxxx VII xxx XI xxx BORODINO 07 Sep 1812 NIEMEN 23 Jun 1812 IX xxx
- 12. Battle of Borodino/07 Sep 1812 0630-1600 130,000 86,000 Infantry 28,000 Cavalry 16,000 Artillery and Engineers 587 Guns Losses 28,000/36 generals 120,000 72,000 Infantry 17,000 Cavalry 14,000 Artillery and Engineers 7000 Cossacks 10,000 Militia 640 Guns Losses 30,000/23 Generals French Army Russian Army Next year, afterwinterthe peasants would have to bury a total of 58,521 corpses and the carcasses of 35,478 horses
- 13. Retreating xxxx 14 Sep 1812 27 Sep 1812 X xxx 18 Oct 1812 Berezina 23-28 Nov 1812 VII xxx XI xxx XIII xxx IX xxx
- 15. OUTCOME French losses: 370,000 dead, 200,000 POW 1550 cannon, almost all horses and vehicles the graph of Charles Joseph Minard Russian losses: 150,000 dead, 300,000 wounded
- 16. KEY EVENT 1 CHANGING IN COMMAND- DE TOLLY REPLACEDBY KUTUZOV Causes De Tolly was underpressure because he didn’t want to accept decisive battle Russian’s generals hated him(he was Scot) He lost Battle of Smolensk Effects He was Russian, strong character, he continued avoiding of resistance, he was able to avoid pressure He had a lot of experience, he understood Russia better then any otherRussian orFrench leader His plan was: sacrifice everything, use terrain and time advantages in orderto save army and win battle
- 17. KEY EVENT 2 VIOLATION OF PRINCIPLE OF WAR- NAPOLEON HESITATES ON USING RESERVE DURING BATTLE of BORODINO Causes Marshal Ney broke Russian defense and asked for reinforcement Earlierthat day, French rearwas attacked by Cossacks Effects Delay gave Russians time to retreat, reconsolidate and reorganize Napoleon missed chance to convert victory into triumph and end waron the spot He missed chance to change the course of warand possibly the course of nineteenth century history
- 18. KEY EVENT 3 EVACUATION ANDBURNING OF MOSCOW Causes Russian’s troops were to weakfornew decisive battle Napoleon’s troops were to farfromtheirdepots, logistic became almost impossible Effects Russians avoided new battle, tookposition in south in orderto close Napoleon’s retreat French didn’t find supply in Moscow, troops lost discipline French had to leave Moscow and use the same way forretreating
- 19. LESSONS LEARNED Have a contingency plan. Take the time to imagine what can go wrong, and develop solutions to address it. Napoleon didn’t plan to go deep in Russia, he expected battle nearboundary Follow principles of war. He had advantage overthy enemy but he allowed him to retreat Don’t become over-confident EmperorNapoleon 1st vs. General Bonaparte
- 20. LESSONS LEARNED Know when to cut yourlosses If Napoleon had left Moscow immediately, he may have returned with a salvageable army “My losses are real but the enemy can take no credit forthem”. Napoleon, January1813
- 21. LESSONS LEARNED LOGISTICS “When you do battle, even if you are winning, if you continue fora long time it will dull your forces and blunt you edge…If you keep your armies out in the field fora long time, your supplies will be insufficient. Transportation of provisions itself consumes 20 times the amount transported.” “The line between disorderand orderlies in logistics…” Sun Tzu
- 23. THE RUSSIAN CAMPAGNE 1812 QUESTIONS ???