Jaw hypoplasia, lower eyelid disorders, down-slanted or anti-mongoloid eyelid cleft palate, and cleft palate in the zygomatic arch are the most common findings. Lower eyelid colboma is usually found on the outer third of the eyelid, and the lower eyelid cilia are usually either completely absent or incomplete on the inside of the eyelid. Gaps in the zygomatic arch cause sunken species.
This document summarizes Digeorge syndrome, which is caused by a genetic mutation on the 22nd chromosome that results in the deletion of a portion of it. Key characteristics include poor development of body systems due to a shrunken or missing thymus gland, which can cause issues with the immune system and other organ development. It occurs in about 1 in 4,000 births and is a lifelong condition.
This study evaluated the gingival health of 25 pediatric cardiac patients compared to 25 healthy children. The cardiac patients had significantly higher levels of gingivitis, plaque, calculus, and gingival recession. Among the cardiac groups of ventricular septal defect, aortic valve stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta, there were no significant differences in gingivitis, plaque, or recession. The results indicate pediatric cardiac patients have higher rates of periodontal disease and their oral health should be closely monitored.
This document summarizes regional variations in the prevalence, diagnosis, and management of thyroid eye disease (TED). Some key points discussed include:
- The prevalence of TED varies internationally and is influenced by factors like ethnicity, smoking status, and underlying thyroid dysfunction.
- Asian patients may be at higher risk of vision-threatening complications due to anatomical differences.
- Risk factors for more severe TED include smoking, thyroid dysfunction, selenium deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea.
- Treatment of active TED focuses on glucocorticoids administered orally, intravenously or locally based on disease severity.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is associated with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and developmental delays. Common physical characteristics include a flattened face, upward slanting eyes, and short fingers. Individuals with Down syndrome also often have heart defects, gastrointestinal issues, hearing loss, and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Screening and diagnostic tests during pregnancy can indicate risk or confirm a diagnosis, but the condition is usually diagnosed after birth through chromosome analysis.
Relapsing Polychondritis Case: An Important Diagnosis Not to Be Delayedsemualkaira
Relapsing Polychondritis (RP) is a rare disease characterized by
inflammation of cartilage and connective tissues with destructive
episodes. Although the pathogenesis is not completely known,
there is an autoimmunity in which antibodies against mainly type
II collagen play a role. In addition to chondritis of the ear, nose,
and trachea; organs having proteoglycan structure such as eyes,
the inner ear, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys can be affected, too.
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common birth defects with significant medical, psychological and financial implications. It has a complex etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. The document discusses the various facial structures involved in clefts, including cleft lip, cleft palate, and combinations of the two. It also outlines the roles of different medical professionals in the care of individuals with cleft lip and palate.
Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by deformities of the face, especially the jaws and cheeks. It is caused by mutations in the TCOF1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. People with TCS often experience hearing loss, cleft palate, and psychological effects from the visible facial differences. While not fatal, it requires multiple corrective surgeries that can improve hearing and facial appearance but not provide a cure. Prenatal detection is possible in severe cases using ultrasound.
This document summarizes Digeorge syndrome, which is caused by a genetic mutation on the 22nd chromosome that results in the deletion of a portion of it. Key characteristics include poor development of body systems due to a shrunken or missing thymus gland, which can cause issues with the immune system and other organ development. It occurs in about 1 in 4,000 births and is a lifelong condition.
This study evaluated the gingival health of 25 pediatric cardiac patients compared to 25 healthy children. The cardiac patients had significantly higher levels of gingivitis, plaque, calculus, and gingival recession. Among the cardiac groups of ventricular septal defect, aortic valve stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta, there were no significant differences in gingivitis, plaque, or recession. The results indicate pediatric cardiac patients have higher rates of periodontal disease and their oral health should be closely monitored.
This document summarizes regional variations in the prevalence, diagnosis, and management of thyroid eye disease (TED). Some key points discussed include:
- The prevalence of TED varies internationally and is influenced by factors like ethnicity, smoking status, and underlying thyroid dysfunction.
- Asian patients may be at higher risk of vision-threatening complications due to anatomical differences.
- Risk factors for more severe TED include smoking, thyroid dysfunction, selenium deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea.
- Treatment of active TED focuses on glucocorticoids administered orally, intravenously or locally based on disease severity.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is associated with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and developmental delays. Common physical characteristics include a flattened face, upward slanting eyes, and short fingers. Individuals with Down syndrome also often have heart defects, gastrointestinal issues, hearing loss, and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Screening and diagnostic tests during pregnancy can indicate risk or confirm a diagnosis, but the condition is usually diagnosed after birth through chromosome analysis.
Relapsing Polychondritis Case: An Important Diagnosis Not to Be Delayedsemualkaira
Relapsing Polychondritis (RP) is a rare disease characterized by
inflammation of cartilage and connective tissues with destructive
episodes. Although the pathogenesis is not completely known,
there is an autoimmunity in which antibodies against mainly type
II collagen play a role. In addition to chondritis of the ear, nose,
and trachea; organs having proteoglycan structure such as eyes,
the inner ear, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys can be affected, too.
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common birth defects with significant medical, psychological and financial implications. It has a complex etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. The document discusses the various facial structures involved in clefts, including cleft lip, cleft palate, and combinations of the two. It also outlines the roles of different medical professionals in the care of individuals with cleft lip and palate.
Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by deformities of the face, especially the jaws and cheeks. It is caused by mutations in the TCOF1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. People with TCS often experience hearing loss, cleft palate, and psychological effects from the visible facial differences. While not fatal, it requires multiple corrective surgeries that can improve hearing and facial appearance but not provide a cure. Prenatal detection is possible in severe cases using ultrasound.
A color atlas of orofacial health and disease in children and adolescentsNay Aung
This document provides an introduction to the second edition of "A COLOR ATLAS OF OROFACIAL HEALTH AND DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS". It lists the authors and their credentials, acknowledges contributions from colleagues, and summarizes updates and improvements made for this edition, including additional conditions covered, more illustrations, and treatment recommendations for common oral diseases in pediatric patients. The atlas is intended to assist various medical professionals in diagnosing and treating oral problems in children.
This document discusses the management of craniofacial syndromes and developmental anomalies. It begins by defining syndromes and anomalies, and describes how Ibn Sina pioneered the idea of classifying syndromes. It then discusses various craniofacial development stages and factors that can affect them, including teratogens, radiation, genes, and more. Finally, it outlines different syndromes and anomalies that occur at each development stage, and how orthodontists are involved in managing craniofacial disorders through diagnostic considerations, various treatment approaches, and understanding surgical correction methods.
Velo-Cardio Facial Syndrome (VCFS) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosome 22 that occurs in approximately 1 in 2,000 births. It is characterized by cardiac abnormalities, palate issues like cleft palate, developmental delays, and a distinct facial appearance. While there is no cure for VCFS, treatment by specialists in areas like cardiology, speech pathology, and psychology can help manage symptoms. With appropriate care and intervention, most people with VCFS can live productive lives.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column is split (bifid) due to failed closure of the embryonic neural tube during development. The most common and severe form is myelomeningocele (MMC) where the spinal cord is exposed, forming a sac on the back that often contains spinal fluid and nerves. Individuals with MMC often have neurological deficits like weakness or paralysis below the lesion level. Both genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to spina bifida risk, with the genetic component estimated around 60-70%. Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy can help prevent spina bifida.
Review Article on Ehler Danlos Syndrome Type IViosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses Down syndrome, including its causes, characteristics, and effects. Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in 800-1,100 births and results from a chromosomal abnormality involving an extra copy of chromosome 21. It can cause intellectual disabilities and developmental delays, as well as health issues such as heart defects, vision and hearing problems, and infections. The document outlines some of the facial features and oral issues associated with Down syndrome and how they can affect speech. While there is no cure for Down syndrome, many signs and symptoms can be improved with medical care and therapy.
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). This enzyme is important for purine metabolism.
- Symptoms include severe gout due to high uric acid levels, self-injurious behavior such as biting and head-banging, and intellectual disability.
- It is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, affecting almost exclusively males. Carriers (females) are usually unaffected.
Down Syndrome
Research Paper On Down Syndrome
Essay about Down Syndrome
Essay on Living With Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome Essay
Downs Syndrome
Essay about Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Drug Repurposing: Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Therapeutics fo...JohnJulie1
Cancer is a prime public health burden that accounts for approximately 9.9 million deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in treatment regimen and huge capital investment in the pharmaceutical sector, there has been little success in improving the chances of survival of cancer patients.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...JohnJulie1
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Raised Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Heli...JohnJulie1
Helicobacter Pylori (HP) infection is prevalent among patients with dyspepsia in developing countries with low socioeconomic status. The gold standard investigation is invasive method gastric biopsy through upper GI endoscopy, however non-invasive methods (stool for HP antigen) are not reliable up to the mark also need to wait for two weeks without symptomatic treatment. It is important to have a reliable, cost effective and easily accessible non-invasive marker to diagnose patients with H. pylori infection. Several non-invasive laboratory have been predicted in having the role in diagnosis of H.pylori infection. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in predicting H.Pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia.
IRF5 Promotes the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and is Regulated by...JohnJulie1
The IRF family of proteins involves in the tumor progression. However, but the functions of IRF5 in the tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here, IRF5 was found to be up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Interfering with IRF5 inhibited the growth and tumorigenic ability of HCC cells.
•
Fibrous
•
Fibro glandular
•
Adipose (Fatty)
What is Tomosynthesis?
•
Is a 3 dimensional projection
•
Reduces overlapping tissue seen with 2D only
•
15 projections are taken with each combo exposure (7.5) (-7.5)
•
With an average breast (18*24) 3D dose is 1.34, combo is 2.56 Milligrey. (3 Milligrey FDA) (2D is 1.2
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to CarcinomaJohnJulie1
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers.
Prognosis of Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Breast Analyzed by Usin...JohnJulie1
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare type of breast cancer with high frequency of regional lymph node metastasis. However, the prognosis of IMPC has remained controversial for decades. We aimed to compare the differences of prognosis between IMPC and Invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC) of the breast by utilizing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.
Uretero-Enteric Anastomosis Stricture after Urinary Diversion; Detailed Analy...JohnJulie1
To report the lessons we have learned in the management of uretero-enteric anastomosis stricture (UEAS) in a tertiary urology center over a decade of experience.
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A color atlas of orofacial health and disease in children and adolescentsNay Aung
This document provides an introduction to the second edition of "A COLOR ATLAS OF OROFACIAL HEALTH AND DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS". It lists the authors and their credentials, acknowledges contributions from colleagues, and summarizes updates and improvements made for this edition, including additional conditions covered, more illustrations, and treatment recommendations for common oral diseases in pediatric patients. The atlas is intended to assist various medical professionals in diagnosing and treating oral problems in children.
This document discusses the management of craniofacial syndromes and developmental anomalies. It begins by defining syndromes and anomalies, and describes how Ibn Sina pioneered the idea of classifying syndromes. It then discusses various craniofacial development stages and factors that can affect them, including teratogens, radiation, genes, and more. Finally, it outlines different syndromes and anomalies that occur at each development stage, and how orthodontists are involved in managing craniofacial disorders through diagnostic considerations, various treatment approaches, and understanding surgical correction methods.
Velo-Cardio Facial Syndrome (VCFS) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosome 22 that occurs in approximately 1 in 2,000 births. It is characterized by cardiac abnormalities, palate issues like cleft palate, developmental delays, and a distinct facial appearance. While there is no cure for VCFS, treatment by specialists in areas like cardiology, speech pathology, and psychology can help manage symptoms. With appropriate care and intervention, most people with VCFS can live productive lives.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column is split (bifid) due to failed closure of the embryonic neural tube during development. The most common and severe form is myelomeningocele (MMC) where the spinal cord is exposed, forming a sac on the back that often contains spinal fluid and nerves. Individuals with MMC often have neurological deficits like weakness or paralysis below the lesion level. Both genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to spina bifida risk, with the genetic component estimated around 60-70%. Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy can help prevent spina bifida.
Review Article on Ehler Danlos Syndrome Type IViosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses Down syndrome, including its causes, characteristics, and effects. Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in 800-1,100 births and results from a chromosomal abnormality involving an extra copy of chromosome 21. It can cause intellectual disabilities and developmental delays, as well as health issues such as heart defects, vision and hearing problems, and infections. The document outlines some of the facial features and oral issues associated with Down syndrome and how they can affect speech. While there is no cure for Down syndrome, many signs and symptoms can be improved with medical care and therapy.
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). This enzyme is important for purine metabolism.
- Symptoms include severe gout due to high uric acid levels, self-injurious behavior such as biting and head-banging, and intellectual disability.
- It is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, affecting almost exclusively males. Carriers (females) are usually unaffected.
Down Syndrome
Research Paper On Down Syndrome
Essay about Down Syndrome
Essay on Living With Down Syndrome
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Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome Essay
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Essay about Down Syndrome
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Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Drug Repurposing: Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Therapeutics fo...JohnJulie1
Cancer is a prime public health burden that accounts for approximately 9.9 million deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in treatment regimen and huge capital investment in the pharmaceutical sector, there has been little success in improving the chances of survival of cancer patients.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...JohnJulie1
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Raised Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Heli...JohnJulie1
Helicobacter Pylori (HP) infection is prevalent among patients with dyspepsia in developing countries with low socioeconomic status. The gold standard investigation is invasive method gastric biopsy through upper GI endoscopy, however non-invasive methods (stool for HP antigen) are not reliable up to the mark also need to wait for two weeks without symptomatic treatment. It is important to have a reliable, cost effective and easily accessible non-invasive marker to diagnose patients with H. pylori infection. Several non-invasive laboratory have been predicted in having the role in diagnosis of H.pylori infection. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in predicting H.Pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia.
IRF5 Promotes the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and is Regulated by...JohnJulie1
The IRF family of proteins involves in the tumor progression. However, but the functions of IRF5 in the tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here, IRF5 was found to be up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Interfering with IRF5 inhibited the growth and tumorigenic ability of HCC cells.
•
Fibrous
•
Fibro glandular
•
Adipose (Fatty)
What is Tomosynthesis?
•
Is a 3 dimensional projection
•
Reduces overlapping tissue seen with 2D only
•
15 projections are taken with each combo exposure (7.5) (-7.5)
•
With an average breast (18*24) 3D dose is 1.34, combo is 2.56 Milligrey. (3 Milligrey FDA) (2D is 1.2
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to CarcinomaJohnJulie1
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers.
Prognosis of Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Breast Analyzed by Usin...JohnJulie1
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare type of breast cancer with high frequency of regional lymph node metastasis. However, the prognosis of IMPC has remained controversial for decades. We aimed to compare the differences of prognosis between IMPC and Invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC) of the breast by utilizing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.
Uretero-Enteric Anastomosis Stricture after Urinary Diversion; Detailed Analy...JohnJulie1
To report the lessons we have learned in the management of uretero-enteric anastomosis stricture (UEAS) in a tertiary urology center over a decade of experience.
Clinic Correlation and Prognostic Value of P4HB and GRP78 Expression in Gastr...JohnJulie1
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) and Glucose‑regulated protein 78 (GRP78) represent for poor prognosis of various cancers, while rare research investigate correlation of them. This study aimed to explore correlation and prognostic value of them in gastric cancer (GC).
Combined Analysis of Micro RNA and Proteomic Profiles and Interactions in Pat...JohnJulie1
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Skeletal muscle channelopathy are rare heterogeneous episodic disorders with marked genotypic and phenotypic variability resulting in periodic paralysis, and falls in young people which often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed due to its rarity, often the symptoms are miscommunicated to the treating phycision due to its episodic nature and not uncommonly physical examination by the time patient attend the clinic or hospital will be unremarkable apart from periodic muscle paralysis where patient will presented to ED with flaccid weakness,
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Upper Rectal Cancer: Benefit After Preoperative Chemoradiation Versus Upfront...JohnJulie1
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Contextual Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Ad...JohnJulie1
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Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma with Isolated Venous Involvement: Is Neoadjuvant Tr...JohnJulie1
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Predictive Value of Biomarkers Fibrinogen Like Protein-2 and A-Fetoprotein fo...JohnJulie1
Data concerning the utility of biomarkers for accurate early HCC detection in cirrhotic patients are lacking. 1.2. Methods: We evaluated 112 consecutive Caucasian cirrhotic patients with (n=28) or without (n=84) concomitant HCC at baseline for serum AFP and plasma fibrinogen like protein-2 (FGL-2) levels. Patients without confirmed HCC at baseline were further followed up every six months with ultrasound and serum AFP levels, according to HCC surveillance program. Imaging as well as histological confirmation of HCC was established in patients with new lesions.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
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How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
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Figure 1: A picture of patients with Treacher-Collins syndrome with related disorders [1].
Figure 2: Schematic view of chromosome 5 where the TCOF1 gene is located in the long arm of this chromosome as 5q32-33.1 [1].
Figure 3: Schematic representation of the dominant autosomal inherited pattern that Treacher-Collins syndrome can follow [1].
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5. Prognosis and Diagnosis of Treacher Collins Syndrome
People with this disease, unlike other congenital syndromes, usu-
ally do not have a mental or skeletal problem and can be effective
people in the community. Meanwhile, the presence of congenital
heart disorders and their timely diagnosis and treatment are more
important than the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders in
patients with other syndromes. Although physical abnormalities
cause psychological problems at school and puberty for these
patients, studies have shown that most of these patients become
accustomed to these abnormalities with or without the help of
reconstructive surgery. They merge. Treacher-Collins syndrome
uses characteristic findings and molecular genetic testing for the
TCOF1 gene to investigate possible mutations [1, 5, 6].
6. Treatment of Treacher Collins Syndrome
Treatment of patients includes respiratory and nutritional disorders
in infants and toddlers, as well as timely treatment of hearing dis-
orders with hearing aids .Treatment includes methods to improve
breathing and improve airway function. Treatment and repair of
the oral roof is usually done at the age of 1-2 years. Jaw and eye
treatment is often done at the age of 5-7 years. Ear correction is
usually treated after age 6, and jaw displacement is usually treated
before age 16. Of course, there are other treatments whose scien-
tific results have not yet been confirmed. Including: Treatment of
Treacher-Collins syndrome in the mother's uterus by manipulating
a gene called p53. Adding stem cells to bone and cartilage to im-
prove surgical outcomes, treat skull and facial problems [1, 7, 8].
Figure 4: Picture of a baby with Treacher-Collins syndrome with related
disorders [1]
7. Discussion and Conclusion
Trichter Collins Syndrome is a genetic disease that affects the
bones and other tissues of the face and causes disorders in the
head, face and ears. Most abnormalities of this syndrome are lim-
ited to the head and neck [1, 9].
Characteristics of this syndrome include: slanted eyes, difficulty
swallowing, deafness, and deformity of the upper and lower jaw
and ears [1, 9].
Appearance symptoms also include a long face, a bird-like nose, a
sunken chin, and an overgrowth of the upper and lower jaws [1, 9].
People with Treacher-Collins syndromes usually do not have
mental and skeletal problems and can be effective people in the
community. People with this disease, unlike other congenital syn-
dromes, usually do not have a mental or skeletal problem and can
be effective people in the community. Meanwhile, the presence of
congenital heart disorders and their timely diagnosis and treatment
are more important than the diagnosis and treatment of these dis-
orders in patients with other syndromes. Although physical abnor-
malities cause psychological problems at school and puberty for
these patients, studies have shown that most of these patients be-
come accustomed to these abnormalities with or without the help
of reconstructive surgery. They merge. Treacher-Collins syndrome
uses characteristic findings and molecular genetic testing for the
TCOF1 gene to investigate possible mutations. No cure has been
found for Treacher-Collins syndrome. As mentioned, people with
Treacher Collins Syndrome do not have any problems in terms of
learning and education, and there are even doctors and surgeons
who have Treacher Collins Syndrome [1, 10].
The only treatment is plastic surgery on the skin of the face of
people with Treacher Collins syndrome, to alleviate the suffering
of these patients. It is hoped that in the near future, molecular ge-
netic techniques, especially gene therapy, can be used to treat this
genetic disorder, and if such a technique works, it should be treated
in the womb during pregnancy or in the womb. In other words,
the fetus has Treacher-Collins syndrome, but the newborn will be
healthy. Genetic counseling is also necessary for parents who want
a healthy child. It was named after the English surgeon and oph-
thalmologist Edward Treacher Collins after it was discovered in
1900. In 1949, Adolf Franceschi and David Klein, in their obser-
vations, named it Mandibulo Facial Dysostosis, which describes
most of its clinical features [1, 11].
References:
1. Asadi S, Pathology in Medical Genetics book, Vol 2, Amidi Publi-
cations. 2017.
2. James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk. Andrews’ Diseases
of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. 2005.
3. Conte, Chiara; Maria Rosaria D’Apice; Fabrizio Rinaldi; Stefano
Gambardella; Federica Sanguiuolo; Giuseppe Novelli (27 Septem-
ber 2011).
4. Posnick JC. “Treacher Collins syndrome: Perspectives in evaluation
and treatment”. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1997;
55: 1120-33.
5. Hertle RW Ziylan S, Katowitz JA. “Ophthalmic features and visu-
al prognosis in the Treacher-Collins syndrome.” British Journal of
Ophthalmology. 1993; 77: 642-45.
6. Marszalek B, Wojcicki P, Kobus K, Trzeciak WH. “Clinical fea-
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tures, treatment and genetic background of Treacher Collins syn-
drome.” Journal of applied genetics. 2002; 43: 223-33.
7. Dixon J, Edwards SJ, Gladwin AJ, Dixon MJ, Loftus SK, Bonner
CA et al., “Positional cloning of a gene involved in the pathogenesis
of Treacher Collins syndrome”. Nature Genetics. 1996; 12: 130-6.
8. Ozge AT, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Fischer S, Bohringer S, Albrecht
B, AlbertA, et al., “Genotyping in 46 patients with tentative diagno-
sis of Treacher Collins syndrome revealed unexpected phenotypic
variation”. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2004; 12: 879-90.
9. Masotti C, Ornelas CC, Splendore-Gordonos A, Moura R, Felix
TM, Alonso N, et al., Reduced transcription of TCOF1 in adult
cells of Treacher Collins syndrome patients. 2009.
10. Saadeh PB, Chang CC, Warren SM, Reavey P, McCarthy JG, Sie-
bert JW. “Microsurgical Correction of Facial Contour Deformities
in Patients with Craniofacial Malformations: A 15-Year Experi-
ence”. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2008; 121: 368e-78e.
11. Argenta LC, Iacobucci JJ. “Treacher Collins Syndrome: Present
concepts of the disorder and their surgical correction”. World Jour-
nal of Surgery. 1989; 13: 401-9.