The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and burnout in health care professionals. More specifically, this survey has the purpose of demonstrating the role of EI as a protective factor against the risk of burnout. Health professionals (doctors, nurses, and other caregivers) composed the sample. Data, collected during professional training, provided 148 employees. Major results of this survey underline the relationship between EI and burnout. As we expected, there is a negative and significant correlation between burnout and Emotional Intelligence. Moreover, burnout varies depending on length of service: burnout increases between 5 and 10 years of experience and decreases over 10 years. Indeed, burnout is differently expressed amongst healthcare professionals: more specifically, Psycho-physical exhaustion, Detriment of the relationships and Burnout (total score) has an impact on physician (doctors) more than other investigated health professionals. These findings seem to suggest the opportunity to improve Emotional Intelligence abilities through specific training programs, useful to promote the ability to cope with stress and to enrich the relationships in the workplace.
This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
Social support through positive, health-promoting relationships can have a significant impact on motivation and long-term success. Otherwise, the health risk can increase dramatically. For example, when someone close to a participant becomes overweight, their chances of becoming overweight increase 45%-171% (depending on the nature of the relationship).
This paper focuses on the advantages of social support, with ideas for your organization to take advantage of these findings.
This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
Social support through positive, health-promoting relationships can have a significant impact on motivation and long-term success. Otherwise, the health risk can increase dramatically. For example, when someone close to a participant becomes overweight, their chances of becoming overweight increase 45%-171% (depending on the nature of the relationship).
This paper focuses on the advantages of social support, with ideas for your organization to take advantage of these findings.
Mental health in the workplace
Implications of Mental Health
Factors that may result to poor Mental Health
Early signs of Negative Mental Health
Ways to maintain Positive Mental Health
Creating a MH Friendly workplace
What employees, co-workers, and employers can do.
Solutions for Improving Mental Health in the WorkplaceCCOHS
Mental health is an organizational, social and personal concern for the workplace and workers. Psychosocial stress is an occupational hazard to which overexposure leads to strain, illness and disability, and can be prevented. This presentation outlines some ideas and solutions that have been researched and collated from a number of global and Canadian research, analysis and publications. Presented at the Alberta Health and Safety Conference on October 28, 2009.
A short, basic report on Technostress for librarians. In shifting from the traditional library to the computerized modern library, librarians have been affected by technostress. What is it, its causes, and the cure and prevention for this 21st century version of classic Stress?
Flourishing & Positive Psychology Research - February 2015Lifehack HQ
A short presentation on the last 4 years of Positive Psychology and Flourishing research which has been influential for the Lifehack team.
From Siegman to Keyes and beyond - this presentation highlights some of the definitions, terms and insights which can help us understand how to enable a generation to flourish by 2050.
Human Resource Management - Emotional Intelligence: Communication Effectivene...IJMIT JOURNAL
Stress management remains a key topic of concern among managers and employees worldwide. The most significant contribution of this research is the discovery the stress management related to communication effectiveness, and on the other hand, communication effectiveness related to job satisfaction within organizations of Iran. Communication effectiveness is a crucial factor for organization's performance and
growth and plays an important role in stress management, and job satisfaction of today’s competitive
organizations. According to literature on business area and logical arguments we proposed that
communication effectiveness can moderators the link between stress management with job satisfaction. The
respondents consist of 133 form educational administrations and Agriculture Bank of Iran. The method that
used to maintain the stress management, communication effectiveness and job satisfaction is Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. Results indicate stress management of emotional intelligence has a positive relationship with communication effectiveness and also communication effectiveness plays a key role in job satisfaction.
Mental health in the workplace
Implications of Mental Health
Factors that may result to poor Mental Health
Early signs of Negative Mental Health
Ways to maintain Positive Mental Health
Creating a MH Friendly workplace
What employees, co-workers, and employers can do.
Solutions for Improving Mental Health in the WorkplaceCCOHS
Mental health is an organizational, social and personal concern for the workplace and workers. Psychosocial stress is an occupational hazard to which overexposure leads to strain, illness and disability, and can be prevented. This presentation outlines some ideas and solutions that have been researched and collated from a number of global and Canadian research, analysis and publications. Presented at the Alberta Health and Safety Conference on October 28, 2009.
A short, basic report on Technostress for librarians. In shifting from the traditional library to the computerized modern library, librarians have been affected by technostress. What is it, its causes, and the cure and prevention for this 21st century version of classic Stress?
Flourishing & Positive Psychology Research - February 2015Lifehack HQ
A short presentation on the last 4 years of Positive Psychology and Flourishing research which has been influential for the Lifehack team.
From Siegman to Keyes and beyond - this presentation highlights some of the definitions, terms and insights which can help us understand how to enable a generation to flourish by 2050.
Human Resource Management - Emotional Intelligence: Communication Effectivene...IJMIT JOURNAL
Stress management remains a key topic of concern among managers and employees worldwide. The most significant contribution of this research is the discovery the stress management related to communication effectiveness, and on the other hand, communication effectiveness related to job satisfaction within organizations of Iran. Communication effectiveness is a crucial factor for organization's performance and
growth and plays an important role in stress management, and job satisfaction of today’s competitive
organizations. According to literature on business area and logical arguments we proposed that
communication effectiveness can moderators the link between stress management with job satisfaction. The
respondents consist of 133 form educational administrations and Agriculture Bank of Iran. The method that
used to maintain the stress management, communication effectiveness and job satisfaction is Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. Results indicate stress management of emotional intelligence has a positive relationship with communication effectiveness and also communication effectiveness plays a key role in job satisfaction.
Work place stress preventive and curative measuresIJMER
Stress has been defined in different ways over the years. Originally, it was conceived of as
pressure from the environment, then as strain within the person. The generally accepted definition today
is one of interaction between the situation and the individual. It is the psychological and physical state
that results when the resources of the individual are not sufficient to cope with the demands and
pressures of the situation. Thus, stress is more likely in some situations than others and in some
individuals than others. Stress can undermine the achievement of goals, both for individuals and for
organisations
Effect of an E-mental Health Approach to Workers’Health SurvEvonCanales257
Effect of an E-mental Health Approach to Workers’
Health Surveillance versus Control Group on Work
Functioning of Hospital Employees: A Cluster-RCT
Sarah M. Ketelaar1*, Karen Nieuwenhuijsen1, Fania R. Gärtner1, Linda Bolier2, Odile Smeets2,
Judith K. Sluiter1
1 Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2 Innovation Center of Mental Health and
Technology (I.COM), Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate an e-mental health (EMH) approach to workers’ health surveillance (WHS) targeting work functioning
(WF) and mental health (MH) of healthcare professionals in a randomised controlled trial.
Methods: Nurses and allied health professionals (N = 1140) were cluster-randomised at ward level to the intervention (IG) or
control group (CG). The intervention consisted of two parts: (a) online screening and personalised feedback on impaired WF
and MH, followed by (b) a tailored offer of self-help EMH interventions. CG received none of these parts. Primary outcome
was impaired WF (Nurses Work Functioning Questionnaire), assessed at baseline and after three and six months. Analyses
were performed in the positively screened subgroup (i) and in all participants (ii).
Results: Participation rate at baseline was 32% (NIG = 178; NCG = 188). Eighty-two percent screened positive for at least mild
impairments in WF and/or MH (NIG = 139; NCG = 161). All IG-participants (N = 178) received part (a) of the intervention, nine
participants (all positively screened, 6%) followed an EMH intervention to at least some extent. Regarding the subgroup of
positively screened participants (i), both IG and CG improved over time regarding WF (non-significant between-group
difference). After six months, 36% of positively screened IG-participants (18/50) had a relevant WF improvement compared
to baseline, versus 28% (32/115) of positively screened CG-participants (non-significant difference). In the complete sample
(ii), IG and CG improved over time but IG further improved between three and six months while CG did not (significant
interaction effect).
Conclusions: In our study with a full compliance rate of 6% and substantial drop-out leading to a small and underpowered
sample, we could not demonstrate that an EMH-approach to WHS is more effective to improve WF and MH than a control
group. The effect found in the complete sample of participants is not easily interpreted. Reported results may be useful for
future meta-analytic work.
Trial Registration: Dutch Trial Register NTR2786 http://www.trialregister.nl
Citation: Ketelaar SM, Nieuwenhuijsen K, Gärtner FR, Bolier L, Smeets O, et al. (2013) Effect of an E-mental Health Approach to Workers’ Health Surveillance versus
Control Group on Work Functioning of Hospital Employees: A Cluster-RCT. PLoS ONE 8(9): e72546. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072546
Editor: Jim v ...
Stress and Emotional Bases, investigating the Effectiveness of Emotional Inte...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction: Specific occupational environments such as mining activities are the source of various stressors. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on job stress of the employees of GolGohar Mining and Industrial Company in Sirjan, Kerman. Method: A quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest was used and 86 employees of GolGohar Mining and Industrial Company in Sirjan were selected using the stratified random sampling method and were divided into two groups of treatment and control. Experimental group received training protocol of ten sessions of 90 minutes and the control group was inserted in the waiting list. Structured clinical interview, demographic questionnaire, Bar-On emotional intelligence questionnaire and job stress questionnaire were used for data collection. Chi-square test and analysis of covariance were used for data analysis. Results: Data analysis showed that emotional intelligence training intervention on the components of workload, perceived incompetence, duplicity, restrictions and responsibilities has played a significant effectiveness (p<0.01).><0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on occupational stress index. This finding can be taken into consideration in planning of the preventive and therapeutic interventions.
“Mindfulness based stress reduction for college lecturers”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Comparing stress levels in female doctors of selected public and private sect...Tapasya123
The health care industries have experienced profound changes, during the
past several decades. Doctors in health care profession and a major
component of health care delivery system is significantly affected by
changes in health care industry. Thus, they undergo tremendous stress in
their occupational life as well as their personal life. The present study was
aimed to focus to measure level of stress in female doctors of public and
private sector hospitals. For the present study, total sample was taken as
300 female doctors from public and private sector hospitals. Convenient
sampling technique was used to collect data through standardised selfmade
questionnaire. The result indicates that female doctors were working
in private sector hospitals are more stressed than female doctors were
working in public sector hospitals.
Causesand Prevention of Occupational Stressiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Organizational Stress, Job Satisfaction and Employee Mental Health: A Compara...inventionjournals
Employees are increasingly recognising that work is infringing on their personal lives and they are not happy about it. Evidence indicates that balancing work and life demands now surpasses job security as an employee priority. They want a life as well as a job. The purpose of the study is to assess the occupational stress, job satisfaction and mental health of employees belonging to two professions namely bank and IT firms comprising of both private as well as private sector. The need was felt so as to aid the personnel to combat with various dimensions of occupation stress and job dissatisfaction and to inculcate feelings of organisational citizenship behaviour and commitment and reduce employee turnover costs and attrition which is on the rise these days. Design and Methodology – An attempt was made to study 60 bank employees each from private sector and public sector. Similarly, from the IT firms 60 each employees were taken from private as well as public sector of Kolkata following simple random sampling.The total sample size was 240. For this purpose the following scales were used- 1.Job Satisfaction Questionnaire by Dr. B.C. Muthayya 2.The Occupational Stress Index by Dr. A. K. Shrivastava and Dr. A.P. Singh - It purports to measure the extent of stress which employees perceive in terms of 12 domains. 3.Employee's Mental Health Inventory (EMHI) by Dr.Jagdish Results – The occupational stress has been found out to be maximum in terms of role overload ,powerlessness, underparticipation ,low status and unprofitability for banks in private sector. Least occupational stress has been reported by employees working in IT private sector. Considering job satisfaction bank private sector face maximum job dissatisfaction. Whereas, IT govt sector encounters least job dissatisfaction. Lastly, taking into account employee mental health ,good mental health prevails among employees from IT govt sector and worst among bank private sector. Conclusion - Experiencing high levels of organisational stress has negative effects on task performance. It also adversely affects ones’ physical and mental health in a wide variety of ways. Stress and job dissatisfaction is a major cause to disrupt worklife balance , desk rage and burnout.
An Analysis of Work Stress among College Teachers in Selffinancing College, P...IOSR Journals
Stress at the workplace is the major cause of most of the health problems. The study focus on an
Analysis of Work Stress among College Teachers in Self-financing College, Perambalur District, Tamilnadu.
The data collected from 50 respondents with the objectives of To find opinion about teaching and handling
students, to find out the stress creators, to analysis of sharing stress problems, to find out techniques applied by
the College teachers for managing stress
Time Management and Professional Stress among Bank Managers: A Correlational ...iosrjce
The purpose of present research is to investigate relationship and between time management and
professional stress among bank managers. Moreover, it investigates gender difference on the variables of time
management and professional stress. The sample consisted on hundred subjects, was taken from various bank of
Government sector. How organize are you and Professional life Stress scale were used to assess time
management and professional stress in bank managers. Pearson product moment coefficient of Correlation and
t-test were calculated for analysis of data. Results indicated that there is a significant negative correlation
between time management and professional stress. Additionally, there is no significant differences in male and
female on the variables of time management and professional stress among bank managers
Similar to The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Health Care Professionals Burnout (20)
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major public health issue in the United States that accounts for approximately 50% of poisoning cases in the nation each year and around 50,000 emergency room visits. In most instances of CO poisoning, the culprit is a malfunctioning or poorly tended heating system within the home or, occasionally, commercial building, which causes the system to leak this hazardous gas. One of the more insidious aspects of CO poisoning is that the gas is odorless and colorless, and victims of CO poisoning often do not realize that there is a problem until they begin to experience the effects of poisoning and have no choice but to seek medical attention. Unfortunately, many victims of CO poisoning die before they are able to seek treatment. This paper makes use of a qualitative, systematic literature review to examine the four major parts of the brain that are most severely affected by CO poisoning. Overall, the literature review showed that the white matter, globus pallidus, basal ganglia, and cortex are the parts of the brain most severely impacted by CO poisoning. While many CO poisoning victims do make it to the hospital on time and are treated, they may nonetheless suffer long-term neurological consequences as a result of their exposure. As such, CO poisoning is a major public health issue.
Drug abuse has now become a major public health problem in Nigeria requiring urgent attention. Although drug abuse cut across all age groups, the youths are however the most affected. This study aimed at assessing Community Pharmacists involvement in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims. The study was carried out in Abuja Municipal Area Council, questionnaires were administered to Community Pharmacists practicing within the Area Council. A total of 176 Community Pharmacists participated in the study, and slightly above a quarter (27.43%) of them had post-graduate degrees. More than three-quarters (79.5%) of the study participants had received training on drug abuse. A total of 89.2% of the study participants had come across persons suspected to be abusing prescription medicines. Almost all (96.6%) of the study participants indicated that they are willing to advise persons suspected to be abusing drugs on the dangers of drug abuse, and 88.1% of the study participants had spoken to clients concerning abuse of prescription medicines. Also, more than three-quarters (80.1%) of the study participants indicated that pharmacists’ role in the prevention of drug abuse is very important. The study has revealed that Community Pharmacists can play an invaluable role in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims in Nigeria.
Background; Social Class has shown relation with admissions at Emergency Departments. To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association. Methods Observational study with 1000 patients was carried out between May and July 2018 in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova in Lleida. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, country of origin and marital status were analyzed. The triage level and the main explanatory variable was social class. Social class was calculated based on the CSO-SEE 2012 scale. Results 49.4% were male and the average age was 51.7 years. Most of the patients (66.6%) attended the emergency department under their own volition and the most common triage levels were level III or Emergency (45%). There is a significant relationship between age and triage level. The younger patients had a lower triage level (p <0.001). The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p <0.001). Conclusions; Patients with a lower socioeconomic class go to the Emergency Department for less serious pathologies.
This paper will explore child health care and treatment seeking behavior of villagers and presents factors that discourage them from using public health facilities. The perspective of human health is not only stay behind in the contact between the disease and the human body and the extermination of the demon by providing few medicines rather it is a complex web where multiple factors are affecting human to live a sound life. The environment has a diverse effect on human life: some indulge humans with it extravaganza while some impose serious theaters but one thing in common, every environment shares basic problems of acquiring and allocating space, food, energy and resources for health. Haor people have endless problems to meet, starting from food to basic human rights. Maintaining a healthy life does end up with some formality of going to some popular and folk treatment though going to professionals is rare. Government and non-Governmental organizations have a variety of scope to improve the situation by providing health infrastructure, awareness building measures, eradicating superstition and including health education in the school curriculum.
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on music and biomarkers of stress in order to (1) Identify music interventions and (2) Detail the biomarkers of stress associated with music. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published from January 1995 to January 2020 that pertain to biomarkers of stress and music were identified through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘music’ AND ‘biomarker’ OR ‘marker’ OR ‘hormone’. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on 16 studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: The reviewed studies were all randomized controlled trials. Reviewed music interventions included Music Listening (ML), Meditational Music (MM), ‘Guided Imagery and Music’ (GIM), and Singing. The studies showed that music is associated with a decreasing trend in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as an increasing trend in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), oxytocin, and EEG theta wave, while testosterone was associated with sex-related differences. Conclusion: Music is associated with significant changes in biomarkers of stress, suggesting that it could be utilized for the development of stress reduction tools.
Background: Nurse practitioners play a vital role in wound care and management because of the prevalence of wounds in the community and hospital setting. Aims and objectives: The purpose was to identify current knowledge and practices of nurses with respect to wound management. Method: A qualitative descriptive research was designed, nineteen nurses in wound care wards in Bingham University teaching hospital were recruited into this study. This was achieved with the aid of a self-administered questionnaire for a two-week period. Results: Three groups of nurses responded to this survey (73.7% males; 31.6% aged 31-40 years). Registered nurses dominated (68.4%), majority of them worked in male ward (36.8%) and private ward (36.8%). Almost on full-time (94.7%), more than half were diploma holders (57.9%) with 1 to 5 years of experience (47.4%). Majority (84.2%) were involved in wound treatment and management, there were significant association between years of experience and wound classification, wound treatment, treatment failure and treatment failure factors. Conclusion: Wound care practices require accurate knowledge and assessment skills, a better understanding of wound management provides comprehensible, rapid patient wound care and minimizes patient mortality as well as reduces health services financial costs.
Background: Job satisfaction is a significant indicator of the way nurses feel about their profession, the efforts to perform their professional duties, or otherwise abandons it willingly. Method: cross-sectional research design approach was used to assess the job satisfaction and the associated factors among 300 hundred nurses. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and kruskal wallis test for association between the socio-demographic variables and job satisfaction at significance level of 0.05 Result: About 1/3 of the respondents (31%) reported gross dissatisfaction with their job, 0% reported being well satisfaction while (68.7%) respondents reported moderate satisfaction with their job. Across items on the scale, gross dissatisfaction was noted on key managerial factors and the salary of the workers. Job satisfaction was associated with specialty (p<0.018), gender (P<0.002) and age (P<0.000) of Nurses. Conclusion: majority of the respondents were moderately satisfied with their job but grossly dissatisfied with salary and administrative roles like communication flow.
Viral infections have always been of major concern in communities, health care settings and medical fields including radiotherapy and Radiology. Recently corona virus infection has attained global attention in the wake of covid-19 outbreak and consequently highlighted importance of viral prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to control and treat viral disease. In view of the recent events, the author reviewed the current and past literature to discuss contagious versus infectious viral transmission, as well as simple and effective ways of preventing the spread of viral diseases in community and health care setting so that this information can be used for preventing viral transmission at all levels. The article is written for a wide variety of audiences i.e. scientific and medical communities policy makers and general public.
The Coronavirus Disease – 2019 (COVID-19) is officially now a pandemic and not just a public health emergency of international concern as previously labelled. Worldwide, the new coronavirus has infected more than 4.9 million people and leaving more than 300,000 people dead in 188 countries. As countries of the world get locked down in an effort to contain the widespread of the virus, experts are concern about the global impacts of the pandemic on individuals, countries and the world at large. Millions of people are currently under quarantine across the globe. Many countries have responded by proclaiming a public health emergency, closed their borders and restrict incoming flights from high risk countries. This has grossly affected the travel plan of many. Several international programs, conferences, workshops and sporting activities are either postponed or cancelled. As the number of confirmed cases continues to escalate across the globe, hospitals seems to be running out of medical supplies, hospital spaces and personnel. Health workers are being overwhelmed by the numbers of people requesting for testing and treatment. Many of such health workers have been infected with the coronavirus and even lost their lives since the fight against COVID-19 started. Public health experts are also concerned about the huge medical wastes coming from the hospitals at this time and the adverse effects associated with improper management of such medical wastes, both at the hospital and community levels. The pandemic has also impacted negatively on the global economy. There have been serious crises in the stock market, with gross fall in the price of crude oil resulting in inflation and economic hardship among the populace. Many are currently out of job and as a result, the level of crime, protest and violence have continued to escalate in different parts of the world. The deaths of loved ones due to the coronavirus has left many emotionally traumatized. Nigeria, like other African countries is not spared of the ravaging effects of the pandemic, even as the government take strict measures to contain the virus. No doubt, this is very challenging, but the country is capable of surmounting the virus with the needed help from her international partners and cooperation from the citizenry. But if we as a people, remain complacent and continue with business as usual, without taking measures to flatten the curve, the disease will escalate too quickly beyond our capacity to handle and our health system will be overwhelmed and may collapse eventually. We cannot therefore afford to be complacent in our response to containing the pandemic.
Purpose: To investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide on the lung microbiota of healthy rats. Methods Fifteen male rats were randomly divided into high dose and low dose exposure group and control group. After 7 days of SO2 exposure, the lung tissues were obtained and the lung microbiota was identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results The microbial community of lung microbiota was significantly alternated in the exposure group and the dominant phylum changed from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria. In addition, the SO2 exposure caused the bronchial wall thickening and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs of rats in exposure groups. Conclusions The results suggest that SO2 can significantly alter the lung microbiota and pathological structure of the lungs.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
A mathematical model to eliminate malaria by breaking the life cycle of anopheles mosquito using copepods at larva stage and tadpoles at pupa stage was derived aimed at eradicating anopheles pupa mosquito by introduction of natural enemies “copepods and tadpoles” (an organism that eats up mosquito at larva and pupa stage respectively). The model equations were derived using the model parameters and variables. The stability analysis of the free equilibrium states was analyzed using equilibrium points of Beltrami and Diekmann’s conditions for stability analysis of steady state. We observed that the model free equilibrium state is stable which implies that the equilibrium point or steady state is stable and the stability of the model means, there will not be anopheles adult mosquito in our society for malaria transmission. The ideas of Beltrami’s and Diekmann conditions revealed that the determinant and trace of the Jacobian matrix were greater than zero and less than zero respectively implying that the model disease free equilibrium state is stable. Hence, the number of larva that transforms to pupa is almost zero while the pupa that develop to adult is zero meaning the life-cycle is broken at the larva and pupa stages with the introduction of natural enemy. Maple was used for the symbolic and numerical solutions.
Spindle cell neoplasms usually occur in head, neck, orbit, soft tissues of scalp and along the upper aerodigestive tract. They are relatively uncommon in lower gastrointestinal tract and represent a distinct clinical entity. Increased awareness is required among colorectal surgeons and pathologists due to their benign nature & uncertain etiology, to avoid misdiagnosis of rectal cancer. Definitive diagnosis necessitates immunohistochemical analysis. We present an unusual case of spindle cell neoplasm of rectum in an asymptomatic elderly gentleman, detected on screening colonoscopy. Following thorough evaluation with MRI pelvis, CT scan thorax, abdomen, pelvis with contrast and multidisciplinary meeting discussion (MDT) at our institution, he was successfully treated with a specialized minimally invasive approach (TAMIS). Histopathology with immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasm. As they are uncommon in colorectum & non-invasive, management and long-term follow-up is still under study. These lesions should be differentiated from other stromal tumours in GIT.
Brucellosis is an infectious debilitating, acute or sub-acute febrile illness usually marked by an intermittent or remittent fever accompanied by malaise, anorexia and prostration, and which, in the absence of specific treatment, may persist for weeks or months. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Socio-Demography Characteristics and prevalence of brucellosis among community members in Kenya. A case of Mandera East Sub-county, Mandera County, Kenya. The study was descriptive cross sectional study which collected both qualitative and quantitative data from where a sample of 420 respondents was systematically selected from heads of 2,617 households form Mandera East Sub-county. The study instruments included questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion guide and Interview Guide. Blood samples were screened for brucellosis using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the positive sera were subjected through Serum Slow Agglutination Test (SSAT) which acted as a confirmatory test. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20 and results of the study presented in frequencies and percentages in Tables and Figures. Ethical issues were observed and consent sought from the respondents. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) indicated a prevalence of 24.8% (95% CI: 20.0–29.6) and Serum Slow Agglutination Test (SSAT) indicated that the prevalence was at 14.3% (95% CI: 8.7–19.9) among the respondents. The study showed that the seroprevalence was higher among the male respondents (98%; n=103) as detected through RBPT and (98%; n=57) confirmed through SSAT. There was significant relationship between the gender and seroprevalence as tested through RBPT (P<0.001).
The Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is involved in several pathologies. Its strong presence in ocular pathologies explains our interest for its genetic variation in cataract, glaucoma and retinoblastoma in Senegal. MMP9 is highly polymorphic with cataract and glaucoma. 77 mutations were noted with 21 haplotypes for the entire population. The haplotype diversity Hd is 0.831 and the nucleotide diversity Pi is 0.016; k = 17.395. The polymorphism of the Matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene is associated with all three diseases and SNP 3918249 is found in both cataract and glaucoma.
This paper proposes the development of a software that performs the pre-diagnosis of malignant melanoma, spincellular carcinoma and basal-cell carcinoma. The software is divided into five modules, these being: digital imaging, analysis and processing, storage, feature extraction and classification by means of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results shown the performance of the software for two different combination of activation functions in the network. With the use of spectroscopic techniques for the acquisition of images and the combination of non-linear and linear activation functions in the ANN, the software shows an effectiveness greater than 80%, concluding that it can be an effective tool as an aid in the diagnosis of cancer of skin.
Background: Tuberculous meningitis is defined as an inflammatory response to mycobacterial bacterial infection of the pia, arachnoid and CSF of the subarachnoid space. It is a dangerous form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis because it can cause permanent neurological disabilities and even death. Stroke is a devastating complication which further increase the morbidity and mortality in the disease. Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases which degrade all the components of the extracellular matrix and thus have potential to disrupt blood brain barrier and cause CNS damage. Matrix metalloproteinases have been associated with pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. MMP levels in serum and CSF have also been seen to rise with advancing stage of TBM. So it is postulated that MMP may have role in the pathophysiology of stroke in TBM and may serve as a biomarker to predict stroke in TBM. Aims: To compare Serum Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with Tuberculous Meningitis with and without Stroke and correlate it with various clinical, biochemical and radiological features of TBM. Methods: 40 Patients of probable or definite TBM and 40 age and sex matched patients of TBM with clinical stroke were enrolled in the study and formed two groups i.e. cases and controls. The two groups were compared for various clinical parameters, biochemical parameters (CSF cytology, glucose and protein), neuroimaging parameters and serum MMP-9 levels. Serum MMP-9 was estimated by ELISA method. Results: Serum MMP-9 levels were (224 ± 261.627 ng/ml) in cases and (157.23 ± 197.155 ng/ml) controls, which though higher in cases but no difference was statistically significant (p value 0.157) between two groups. Also there was no correlation between the serum MMP-9 levels and various clinical features (duration of illness, fever, headache, vomiting, weight loss, seizure, hemiparesis), CSF characteristics (protein, sugar and cytology) and radiological findings (tuberculoma, and hydrocephalus). Conclusion: we conclude that MMP-9 levels is not correlated with occurrence of stroke in TBM. MMP-9 levels were not increased with severity of disease, complications and outcomes.
Background: Maternal health remains today, one of the major public health concerns in developing countries. Maternal deaths and newborn deaths usually occur within 48 hours of delivery. In Cameroon, despite all the initiatives set up by the Ministry of Public Health to reduce the mortality rate, the situation remains alarming in terms of postnatal consultation; this is much more felt in the West region of Cameroon, which is one of the most affected regions because 43.1% of women who give birth in hospitals do not return to postnatal consultation and this rate is higher than the national average with a value of 21.5%. Objective:This work aims to determine the factors influencing postnatal follow-up in the Bafang Health District. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study for analytical purposes, carried out in the Bafang Health District between January 1 to November 30, 2017. Our study population consisted of all women of childbearing age living in the Bafang Health District during the study period. The variables studied were sociodemographic characteristics, socio-cultural characteristics and the provision of care. Results: Analysis carried out during this study, it appears that, the person who informs the women on the dates of rendez-vous during the CPoN (OR = 2.92; [95%CI = 1.16-7,]; p-value = 0.02), women who think the appropriate period of postnatal follow-up is 6 weeks postpartum (OR = 4.27, [95%CI = 1.47-12.39], p-value = 0.00 ) and those who massage the abdomen after childbirth (OR = 2.62, [95%CI = 1.34 - 5.12], p-value = 0.00) are more likely to have knowledge about follow-up postnatal. While women who have no knowledge of postnatal follow-up (OR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.07-0.45, p-value = 0.00) are less likely to have more knowledge. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge of the existence and importance of postnatal consultation (CPoN), traditional practices are the factors that influence postnatal follow-up in the Bafang Health District. A good and effective care for women after childbirth requires increased awareness campaigns at the hospital level as well as in community settings.
Aim: To highlight the challenge in the management of Arginosuccinic acidemia as well as demonstrate the importance of newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism. Method: Report of two cases of neonatal onset ASA with encephalopathy and review of relevant literature. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and institution of appropriate intervention can significantly improve outcome. Routine newborn metabolic screening should not only be implemented universally, the result should be available promptly.
To form the basis of a respiratory disease model in rats by investigating the microbial distribution and composition in the lower respiratory tracts of normal rats. Methods: DNA was extracted from the intestine, trachea, bronchus and lung samples collected from healthy rats under sterile conditions. The 16S rDNA V4-V5 region was sequenced using Illumina high-throughput technology. Results: The sequencing results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and species diversity of microbiota between the lower respiratory and the intestine. The microbiota structure analysis showed samples from lungs and intestinal shared similarity. However, the dominant species at the levels of phylum, family, and genus diverged. The similarity analysis showed that the lung microbiota were different from the intestines. The linear discriminant analysis showed significantly different species in different tissues; function prediction also showed different microbiota function in different tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that bacterial colonization depends on the sample’s anatomical location. The human pathogen Acinetobacter lwoffii was also detected in the rat lower respiratory tract samples.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
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The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Health Care Professionals Burnout
1. International Journal of Healthcare and
Medical Sciences
ISSN(e): 2414-2999, ISSN(p): 2415-5233
Vol. 3, No. 2, pp: 8-16, 2017
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=13&info=aims
*Corresponding Author
8
Academic Research Publishing Group
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Health Care Professionals
Burnout
M. I. Cascio*
CEFPAS, Training Department, Caltanissetta, Italy
P. Magnano Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, Enna, Italy
I. Parenti CEFPAS, Training Department, Caltanissetta, Italy
A. Plaia Department of Scienze Economiche Aziendali e Statistiche, University of Palermo, Italy
1. Introduction
The ability to manage emotions influences the success or failure relationships of all types [1, 2]. The
consequences of emotional states in the workplace, both behavioral and attitudinal, have substantial significance for
individuals, groups, and society [3]. While positive emotions helps employees obtain favorable outcomes at work1
[4-6], negative emotions (such as fear, anger, stress, hostility, sadness, and guilt) increase the predictability of
workplace deviance [7], occupational stress and turnover intention (as employee's intention to voluntarily change
jobs or companies), and obstacles productivity and company‟s success.
In sum, Emotional Intelligence (EI) has generally considered a key competence for helping professionals,
because it enhances their resilience and psychological wellbeing [8] and protects against burnout [9, 10].
More specifically, EI helps employees manage their own emotional reactions and those of others and recognizes
the potential impact of their personal emotional states on their problem solving and decision-making processes [11].
In order to contribute to knowledge in this field, the study has the aim to investigate the relationship among EI
and burnout. More specifically, this study has the purpose of demonstrating the role of EI as a protective factor
against the risk of burnout, because it allows health care professionals less likely to suffer burn out.
1.1. Emotional Intelligence (EI) As a Person’s Ability to Cope with Environmental
Demands and Pressures
Defined as “an array of non-cognitive skills, capabilities and competencies that influence a person‟s ability to
cope with environmental demands and pressures” [12], EI links emotion and cognition with the aim of improving
human interactions.
The construct was initially proposed by Salovey and Mayer [13], but it was Goleman [1] who has popularized
the EI as “the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for
1
Including achievement, job enrichment and higher quality social context
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and
burnout in health care professionals. More specifically, this survey has the purpose of demonstrating the role of
EI as a protective factor against the risk of burnout. Health professionals (doctors, nurses, and other caregivers)
composed the sample. Data, collected during professional training, provided 148 employees. Major results of this
survey underline the relationship between EI and burnout. As we expected, there is a negative and significant
correlation between burnout and Emotional Intelligence. Moreover, burnout varies depending on length of
service: burnout increases between 5 and 10 years of experience and decreases over 10 years. Indeed, burnout is
differently expressed amongst healthcare professionals: more specifically, Psycho-physical exhaustion,
Detriment of the relationships and Burnout (total score) has an impact on physician (doctors) more than other
investigated health professionals. These findings seem to suggest the opportunity to improve Emotional
Intelligence abilities through specific training programs, useful to promote the ability to cope with stress and to
enrich the relationships in the workplace.
Keywords: Burnout; Emotional intelligence; Health care professionals; Nurses; Doctors; Absenteeism.
2. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2017, 3(2): 8-16
9
managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships” Goleman [2]. Emotional Intelligence allows us to
think more creatively and use our emotion to solve problems. Indeed, this feature appears to be an important set of
psychological abilities related to life success. Empathy and communication skills as well as social and leadership
skills will be central to success in life, personal relationship, and at workplace.
Employees with a high level of EI have self-awareness that helps them understand co-workers and meet
deadlines, they are not bothered by client criticism, and they remain focused on outcomes, rather than feeling
offended [14]. Furthermore, the ability to manage feelings and handle stress is another aspect of Emotional important
for success [2].
Indeed, employees with a high level of EI experience low level of stress, anxiety, and depression [5], use
positive thinking [15] and effective coping strategies [16, 17], obtaining desirable work outcomes [2].
Moreover, the level of EI can predict or elaborate ways of coping (effective and ineffective) as life demands and
stresses change. More specifically, in Mikolajczak, et al. [18], EI was associated positively with adaptive coping
styles and negatively with maladaptive coping styles: it also means that EI provides people with better understanding
of their reactions to various sources of stress and guidance in coping process [19].
1.2. Burnout As a Person’s Disability to Cope with Environmental Demands and Pressures
Burnout is defined as a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced
personal accomplishment in response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job [20-22]. Further, exhaustion or
depersonalization interfere with effectiveness [22], enhancing absenteeism [23, 24], staff turnover and low job
performance [25].
In sum, burnout is a state of emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged
stress at work or elsewhere. People with burnout are very negative about their activities, find it hard to concentrate,
are listless and with a lack of creativity.
In order to implement these suggestions, it is important to understand the processes of burnout because the
workers„ well-being has implications for stability in the healthcare workforce and for the quality of care provided.
Indeed, the organization could protect the individuals, by giving support in decreasing the degree of burnout by
initiating intervention strategies or specific training programs [23, 26-28].
1.3. Emotional Intelligence (EI) As a Protective Factor against Burnout
As literature has amply demonstrated, workplace stress has a detrimental effect on the health and wellbeing of
employees, as well as a negative impact on workplace productivity and profits. Researchers have identified several
psychological variables that help the individuals to protect their health from stress. EI is one among them that can
moderate the effect: more specifically, lower levels of EI was associated with higher levels of perceived stress [29,
30]. In other terms, EI and coping strategies may be interrelated to have an effect on each other. Individuals who are
emotionally intelligent can cope better with life‟s challenges and control their lives. Indeed, EI has a positive
influence on reduction of burnout and job satisfaction [31, 32].
Furthermore, EI competencies are not innate talents, but rather learned [2, 33]. Organization could also help in
preventing burnout by ensuring reduced role conflict and ambiguity, ensuring participation in decision-making, by
increasing feedback and by encouraging the development of a social support network [34].
1.4. Aims of the Study
Literature has amply demonstrated that EI is associated with lower levels of burnout [8] and protects against
burnout [9, 10], because it allows workers to be more resilient and less likely to suffer burn out. The aim of this
study is demonstrated the effect of Emotional Intelligence on Burnout in a group of Healthcare Professionals
(specifically, doctors and nurses).
2. Methodology
2.1. Instruments
Health care professionals were invited to complete the following tests:
- Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (Schutte et al., 1998; it. ad. Craparo, et al. [35]).
The SREIT consists of 33 items on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 „completely disagree“ to 5 „completely
agree“). Cronbach‟s calculated on the Italian sample of the study is .83.
- Link Burnout Questionnaire, LBQ [36].
A self-reporting questionnaire that aims to measure burnout syndrome in health professionals (as doctors,
nurses, hospice workers, emergency medical technicians, and other trained caregivers). LBQ is composed of 24 item,
grouped in four dimensions: 1. Psycho-physical exhaustion, that refers to feel tense, under pressure, and without
energy (Cronbach‟s alpha = 0.81); 2. Detriment of the relationships, that describes the quality of relationship
between employees and their clients; this relationship is characterized by insensibility, and distance form clients‟
problems (Cronbach‟s alpha = 0.77); 3. Professional Inefficacy, that includes the lack of gratifications by own work
(Cronbach‟s alpha = 0.83); 4. Disillusion, the last phase of the process (Cronbach‟s alpha = 0.86).
Other variables, such as gender, lenght of service (years of professional experience) and organizational department,
were included as control variables.
3. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2017, 3(2): 8-16
10
The procedure was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Commission of Kore University and by CEFPAS.
2.2. Participants
The participants were 148 employees (M = 58; F = 90) working in health care, aged 23-66 years (M = 50.12; SD
= 8.82) and recruited by CEFPAS (Centre for Training and Research in Public Health).
The vast majority of professionals were aged between 41-50 years of age2
(34%) and between 51-60 years of
age3
(38%). The 20% of them is between 30-40 years old4
, while few professionals are young (under 30 years old) or
senior (over 60 years old).
Moreover, 67 percent of respondents was doctors (54% males and 46% females), while the large part of other
caregivers were females (47.67%). Indeed, there are no difference by nurses‟ distribution (M = 11; F = 11).
The distribution by length of service underlines that 78% of respondents had been working for more than 10
years, while 11% of them had been working for 1-5 years, 8% between 5-10 years, and 3% less than one years'
service. Indeed, as literature has amply demonstrated [37], length of service has important influence on the level of
stress and burnout syndrome. Furthermore, most of the health professionals (94.59%) belongs to a public
organization (the percentage who work in Emergency has consistently near 41.89%). In sum, over 90 percent of
them have been working in health care system (95%) for more than 10 years (78%), have a college degree (70%) and
an open-ended contract (90%). 52 percent of them are doctors, 15 percent nurses and 33 percent other health care
professionals (such as psychologists, midwifes, therapists). Moreover, 46 percent of them work in Emergency
Department (54 percent of them in Other Departments).
Emergency Department provides health professionals involved in the treatment of care for undifferentiated and
unscheduled patients with illnesses or injuries requiring immediate medical attention. Emergency professionals
generally practice in hospital emergency departments, pre-hospital settings via emergency medical services, and
intensive care units, but may also work in primary care settings, such as urgent care clinics. Moreover, other
Departments (such as prevention, mental health services, physical therapy and rehabilitation, elective surgery, etc.)
provide managing clinical complexity based on planned work processes. Using this perspective, these structures
shape wider relational patterns request wider relational time and, here, health is considered as a multi-dimensional
and global approach.
The participants were being asked to participate in this survey research project voluntary and their identities
were completely anonymous.
2.3. Procedure
The participants were informed about the purpose of the study and they gave their informed consent. The
experimental procedure was explained, and they participated to the study filling out the questionnaires in a group
setting, anonymously, voluntarily, without time restrictions. A two-step analysis was conducted: an explorative
analysis was first conducted, based on parametric test. Then, in order to investigate the structure of the relationship
among the instrumental variables, Pearson‟s correlation was applied. Finally, for modeling the relationship between
the investigated features (EI and burnout Syndrome), we used Local Regression Models (LOESS). To compare the
scores belonging to the different scales (STREIT and LBQ) and to obtain a unique distribution of values, the
following transformation procedure [38] was applied:
This procedure yielded a new set of scores zi Є (0,1).
3. Results5
Results show that males experience more burnout (Psycho-physical exhaustion and Professional Inefficacy„
scores) than females. Indeed, these results are statistically significant (Table 1):
Table-1. Gender differences, Student‟s t test
Males
N=58
Females
N=90 p-value
M SD M SD
Emotional Intelligence ,704 ,095 ,703 ,091 ,948
Psycho-physical exhaustion ,370 ,351 ,257 ,190 ,006
Professional Inefficacy ,202 ,228 ,170 ,133 ,046
Detriment of the relationships ,340 ,307 ,220 ,184 ,139
Disillusion ,290 ,276 ,247 ,204 ,109
Burnout (total score) ,300 ,192 ,290 ,142 ,019
2
Including 50 years
3
Including 60 years
4
Including 40 years
5
The data have been analyzed by Giuliana Lo Presti, Chiara Oddo, Monica Rizzo, Mario Sangiorgi, students in Statistics, SEAS
Department, University of Palermo
4. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2017, 3(2): 8-16
11
Moreover, burnout increases as length of service with the organization increases (Table 2):
Table-2. Lenght of service differences, One-Way ANOVA
Under 1 year
N=3
1-5 years
N=17
5-10 years
N=12
Over 10
years
N=114 F p-value
M SD M SD M SD M SD
Emotional Intelligence ,722 ,120 ,704 ,108 ,716 ,075 ,702 ,092 ,121 ,947
Psycho-physical exhaustion ,389 ,309 ,452 ,283 ,491 ,193 ,330 ,202 3,316 ,022
Professional Inefficacy ,200 ,120 ,212 ,152 ,272 ,195 ,214 ,146 ,562 ,641
Detriment of the relationships ,367 ,233 ,414 ,290 ,467 ,190 ,289 ,174 4,665 ,004
Disillusion ,122 ,157 ,349 ,262 ,353 ,172 ,272 ,218 1,547 ,205
Burnout (total score) ,269 ,162 ,357 ,230 ,395 ,143 ,276 ,150 2,937 ,035
More specifically, burnout increases between 5 and 10 years of experience and decreases over 10 years. Indeed,
post hoc analysis (Turkey HSD) indicated that there was no finding of statistical significance between the pair 1
(Under 1 year), and 2 (1-5 years), and 3 (5-10 years), while there was statistical significance between the pair 3 (5-10
years) and 4 (Over 10 years). More specifically, Detriment of the relationships impact health professionals who work
between 5 and 10 years of experience. Table 3 shows p value for the comparison among the professionals involved
in Emergency department vs. other departments:
Table-3. Department differences (Emergency department vs others departments), Student‟s t test (Between-groups)
Emergency Department
N=62
Other Departments
N=72 p-value
M SD M SD
Emotional Intelligence ,705 ,099 ,701 ,090 ,527
Psycho-physical exhaustion ,439 ,237 ,237 ,183 ,028
Professional Inefficacy ,228 ,146 ,215 ,155 ,669
Detriment of the relationships ,387 ,228 ,272 ,158 ,001
Disillusion ,325 ,237 ,235 ,186 ,084
Burnout (total score) 0,345 ,176 0,255 ,141 ,124
Results demonstrate that Psycho-physical exhaustion and Detriment of the relationships seem to impact health
professionals involved in Emergency Department than the others. In order to test the relationship between Emotional
Intelligence and burnout, Pearson‟s correlations was applied. The correlation coefficients shown in Table 4 indicate
statistically significant bi-variate correlations between the investigated variables. As we expected, Emotional
Intelligence and burnout are inversely related.
Table-4. Pearson‟s correlations
Emotional
Intelligence
Psycho-
physical
exhaustion
Professional
Inefficacy
Detriment of the
relationships
Disillusion Burnout
Emotional
Intelligence
- - - -
-
-
Psycho-physical
exhaustion
-,329** - - -
-
-
Professional
Inefficacy
-,321** ,486** - -
-
-
Detriment of the
relationships
-,260** ,715** ,366** -
-
-
Disillusion -,234** ,698** ,593** ,525** - -
Burnout -,342** ,899** ,805** ,805** ,867** -
*p<.05; **p<.01
The correlations reported in table 4 are small, due to possible non-linear relationships between EI and burnout
(and its subscales). Therefore, we analyzed the relationships between Emotional Intelligence and burnout (including
burnout sub-scales) among health professionals involved in Emergency Department (red line) and other Departments
(blu line), comparing means (see Figure 1; Figure 2; Figure 3; Figure 4; Figure 5). Indeed, Local regression models
(loess) are considered [39].
Burnout in Emergency Department (the red line) is more frequent than in other Departments (the blue line
indicates in the following Figures). The Figures underline the relationships between EI and burnout in relation to the
5. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2017, 3(2): 8-16
12
different Departments (Emergency Department vs. other Departments): as EI goes up in the scales, burnout goes
down (Figure 1).So, personal accomplishment in healthcare professionals seems to be influenced by the level of
Emotional Intelligence: indeed, as EI goes up in the scales, even burnout‟s sub-scales go down (Figures 2, 3, 4, and
5). In particular, figures show that as EI goes up Psycho-physical exhaustion (Figure 2) and Detriment of the
relationships (Figure 3) seem to represent the variables that major differ Emergency Department healthcare
professionals from the others.
Figure-1. Relationship between EI and burnout syndrome among organizational commitment
(Emergency department – red line; other departments – blue line)
Figure-2. Relationship between EI and psycho-physical exhaustion (burnout‟ subscale) among organizational commitment
(Emergency department – red line; other departments – blue line)
Figure-3. Relationship between EI and detriment of the interpersonal relationships (burnout‟ subscale) among organizational commitment
(Emergency department – red line; other departments – blue line)
6. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2017, 3(2): 8-16
13
Figure-4. Relationship between EI and professional inefficacy (burnout‟ subscale) among organizational commitment
(Emergency department – red line; other departments – blue line)
Figure-5. Relationship between EI and disillusion (burnout‟ subscale) among organizational commitment
(Emergency department – red line; other departments – blue line)
4. Discussion
The aim of the study was to verify the differences in burn-out dimensions for gender, years of professional
experience and type of Department. Then, we have analysed the relationship between burn-out and EI, hypothesizing
that helping professions‟ workers which had higher levels of EI, show lower levels of burnout symptoms.
Data analysis partially supported these hypothesis, showing the following results.
Males show higher scores in Psycho-physical exhaustion and Professional Inefficacy, while females perceive
more positive outcomes of their activity and, consequently, they perceive less stress than men. These results seem to
be in line with existing literature [40-42].
Furthermore, age is one of the most important risk factor for stress and the results are statistically significant.
Moreover, burnout increases as length of service with the organization increases; more specifically, detriment of the
relationships impact health professionals who work between 5 and 10 years of experience, and decreases over 10
years. It may be related to greater consistency and increase their skills and work experience due to increasing of age
[42-45].
Indeed, as literature has amply demonstrated, this study confirms that workers in Emergency Departments have
higher burnout levels compared to the other Departments [28, 46-48]. More specifically, our survey underlines that
Psycho-physical exhaustion and Detriment of the relationships impact health professionals involved in Emergency
Department more than the others. In 2006, Potter conducted a critical review of the literature examining burnout
among nurses and physicians working in emergency departments. Practice in Emergency medicine have long been
perceived as stressful endeavors, placing emergency medicine professionals at risk of burnout [27, 28, 49],
demonstrating that ongoing training was an important retention factor for health professionals [28].
Finally, our results confirm the relationship between burn-out and EI, with negative direction, and with a
stronger association with the dimensions of Psycho-physical exhaustion and Professional Inefficacy. These results
have important implications in the practice of a medical activity, because feeling tense, under pressure, without
energy, that are characteristics of the psychophysical exhaustion, can interfere in the professional activity.
Similarly, Weng, et al. [50], found that doctor EI is positively correlated with less burnout and higher levels of
job satisfaction. More specifically, they underlined that a doctor with higher EI was more likely to have better skills
in stress management in the workplace at the individual level. In other words, EI may act as a protecting factor that
7. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2017, 3(2): 8-16
14
reduces burnout. Also Görgens-Ekermans and Brand [10] suggested that the ability to effectively manage positive
and negative emotions within oneself and others (EI) may be a protective factor, which could improve individual
stress/burnout resilience.
As Görgens-Ekermans and Brand [10] underlined, EI developmental interventions may increase emotional
coping resources and enhanced social skills, which may benefit the long-term occupational health of health
professionals. At the same time, Bragard, et al. [28] demonstrated that providing training opportunities could
improve Emergency Department professionals‟ knowledge, skills, and self-confidence, subsequently reducing work-
related stress [51]. More specifically, by the systematic reviews on the relationships between work stress, burnout,
and quality of work life in Emergency Department physicians Bragard, et al. [28] demonstrated that providing
training opportunities yielded a 10% improvement in performance.
In conclusion, these results seem to support the importance of a training focused on developing Emotional
Intelligence (EI) in specialists from the healthcare system.
5. Limitations and Conclusions
The study presents some limitations. First of all, study variables were measured from the same source (helping
professions‟ workers) thus creating a single source bias. A second limitation of the study is the cross-sectional
measurement. It was not possible to test the causal relationships proposed in the theoretical framework. A further
limitation of the study was the reduced number of participants, and the use of convenience sampling methods for
data collection. While cross-sectional convenience samples may be useful in exploring theoretical models, such as
the one built in the present study, caution should be exercised while generalizing the results beyond the current
research.
Despite these limitations, the important results give us some indication for future research and interventions.
Future research could analyze, i.e., the mediating role of EI in the relationship between burn-out and some
professional and organizational outcome, as job satisfaction, quality of performance, or turnover intention and
neglect. Regarding the interventions, training courses that improve the ability to manage emotions could prevent
some professional and organizational dysfunctions [23, 25, 27]. Considering that higher EI reduces individual
burnout and less burnout is associated with higher levels of patient satisfaction at the organizational level [50],
educational and training courses for the promotion of doctor wellness should be developed. These courses could
improve strategies for stress management and the concept of risk management in order to avoid situations of
malpractice.
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