This document discusses Ring documentation for version 1.10 and covers:
1. How to return values from Ring functions using the Ring API return functions.
2. The function prototype for defining new functions for RingVM extensions.
3. An example implementation of the sin() math function using the Ring API.
The Ring programming language version 1.2 book - Part 58 of 84Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document provides documentation on embedding the Ring programming language in C/C++ programs. It describes how to initialize a Ring state using ring_state_init(), run Ring code using that state with ring_state_runcode(), and delete the state with ring_state_delete(). It also outlines functions for finding and creating Ring variables. An example shows initializing a state, running a simple "hello world" Ring code, and deleting the state. The document then lists additional Ring API functions for working with Ring states and variables from C/C++ code.
The Ring programming language version 1.4.1 book - Part 22 of 31Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document discusses Ring's code generator tool for wrapping C/C++ libraries. It can be used to generate C source code from a configuration file specifying C function prototypes. The configuration file rules and using the function prototype are explained. The tool allows easily accessing C libraries from Ring code.
The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 84 of 189Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document provides information about Ring's code generator tool that can be used to wrap C/C++ libraries and make them accessible in Ring.
The key points are:
1. The code generator program is called parsec.ring and can be executed like any Ring code. It takes a configuration file and output file name as arguments.
2. The configuration file specifies the function prototypes from a C/C++ library that need to be wrapped. It follows a simple format.
3. Running the code generator produces a C source file that implements the wrappers and allows the library functions to be called from Ring. This makes external libraries accessible to Ring applications.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.1 book - Part 77 of 180Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document describes Ring's code generator tool for wrapping C/C++ libraries. The code generator reads a configuration file specifying C function prototypes and generates Ring wrapper functions. Configuration files list C prototypes to wrap functions simply. For example, listing "ALLEGRO_DISPLAY *al_create_display(int w, int h)" wraps the al_create_display function. The generator produces Ring functions that call the C functions, checking parameters and returning values properly. This allows Ring programs to easily utilize existing C libraries.
The document provides an overview of functions in Swift including:
- Function format with parameters, return types, and body
- Calling functions and returning values
- Functions that return tuples
- External parameter names and shorthand names
- Default parameter values
- In-out parameters and call by reference
- Function types as parameters and return types
- Nested functions
The document contains examples and explanations of each concept over 37 slides.
The document discusses refactoring an asynchronous Redux application from using Redux Thunk to Redux Saga. It begins by showing an example of an asynchronous action using Redux Thunk, which involves chaining callbacks. It then introduces Redux Saga as an alternative that uses generator functions to manage asynchronous logic in a cleaner way. The document shows how the same asynchronous action can be rewritten using Redux Saga effects like put(), call(), and takeEvery() within generator functions. Overall, the key points are that Redux Saga encapsulates side effects, has a more readable syntax than Redux Thunk, and makes asynchronous workflows easier to test.
The Ring programming language version 1.2 book - Part 58 of 84Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document provides documentation on embedding the Ring programming language in C/C++ programs. It describes how to initialize a Ring state using ring_state_init(), run Ring code using that state with ring_state_runcode(), and delete the state with ring_state_delete(). It also outlines functions for finding and creating Ring variables. An example shows initializing a state, running a simple "hello world" Ring code, and deleting the state. The document then lists additional Ring API functions for working with Ring states and variables from C/C++ code.
The Ring programming language version 1.4.1 book - Part 22 of 31Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document discusses Ring's code generator tool for wrapping C/C++ libraries. It can be used to generate C source code from a configuration file specifying C function prototypes. The configuration file rules and using the function prototype are explained. The tool allows easily accessing C libraries from Ring code.
The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 84 of 189Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document provides information about Ring's code generator tool that can be used to wrap C/C++ libraries and make them accessible in Ring.
The key points are:
1. The code generator program is called parsec.ring and can be executed like any Ring code. It takes a configuration file and output file name as arguments.
2. The configuration file specifies the function prototypes from a C/C++ library that need to be wrapped. It follows a simple format.
3. Running the code generator produces a C source file that implements the wrappers and allows the library functions to be called from Ring. This makes external libraries accessible to Ring applications.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.1 book - Part 77 of 180Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document describes Ring's code generator tool for wrapping C/C++ libraries. The code generator reads a configuration file specifying C function prototypes and generates Ring wrapper functions. Configuration files list C prototypes to wrap functions simply. For example, listing "ALLEGRO_DISPLAY *al_create_display(int w, int h)" wraps the al_create_display function. The generator produces Ring functions that call the C functions, checking parameters and returning values properly. This allows Ring programs to easily utilize existing C libraries.
The document provides an overview of functions in Swift including:
- Function format with parameters, return types, and body
- Calling functions and returning values
- Functions that return tuples
- External parameter names and shorthand names
- Default parameter values
- In-out parameters and call by reference
- Function types as parameters and return types
- Nested functions
The document contains examples and explanations of each concept over 37 slides.
The document discusses refactoring an asynchronous Redux application from using Redux Thunk to Redux Saga. It begins by showing an example of an asynchronous action using Redux Thunk, which involves chaining callbacks. It then introduces Redux Saga as an alternative that uses generator functions to manage asynchronous logic in a cleaner way. The document shows how the same asynchronous action can be rewritten using Redux Saga effects like put(), call(), and takeEvery() within generator functions. Overall, the key points are that Redux Saga encapsulates side effects, has a more readable syntax than Redux Thunk, and makes asynchronous workflows easier to test.
The document discusses the implementation of queue operations using pointers and arrays in C. It defines the queue data structure using a struct containing a data element and pointer to the next node. Functions are defined to add, remove and check for empty/full as well as display the queue elements. A similar implementation is shown using arrays instead of pointers by defining a queue struct containing the front, rear indexes and size.
This document describes an implementation of a stack data structure using a single linked list in C. It includes functions to push elements onto the stack, pop elements off the stack, and display the elements currently in the stack. The main function contains a menu loop that calls these functions based on user input and exits when the user selects option 4.
1) This document contains 3 C programs that implement different types of queues using arrays: a standard queue, a circular queue, and a multiple queue system.
2) The programs define functions for insertion, deletion, checking if the queue is full/empty, and displaying the contents.
3) Main contains a menu to test the different queue functions and take user input for operations.
The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 88 of 189Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides reference information on functions in the Ring Allegro library extension. It includes a list of over 100 functions for initializing Allegro, managing displays, events, files, filesystem entries, fixed point math, colors, bitmaps, and more. The functions described allow working with Allegro displays, events, files, and graphics from within Ring programs.
This document summarizes the evolution of Redux action creators from plain objects to functions that return action objects, and then to functions that return functions that dispatch actions. It discusses how middleware like Redux-Thunk and dependency injection allow async logic and testing of action creators. Redux-Saga is introduced as providing a cleaner way to write complex asynchronous action creators using generator functions. Key benefits of Redux-Saga include easy testing and ability to create daemon processes using patterns like takeLatest and takeEvery.
The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 25 of 196Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document discusses functions and lists in the Ring programming language. It covers defining and calling functions, passing parameters, return values, and variable scope. It also covers creating, accessing, modifying, sorting, and searching lists. Some key list functions covered include add(), del(), get/set item by index, find(), sort(), reverse(), and insert(). Nested lists are also discussed. The document provides documentation and examples for working with functions and lists in Ring programs.
This document discusses lexical environments and execution contexts in ECMAScript according to ECMA-262 Edition 5. It explains how lexical environments contain environment records that bind identifiers to values and reference outer environments. Execution contexts contain a lexical environment, variable environment, and this binding. The document provides examples of identifier resolution, function closures, and how the with statement affects lexical and variable environments.
This document discusses JavaScript functions and closures. It covers function syntax, arguments, context, and closures. Functions are the building blocks of JavaScript and can be declared in multiple ways. Functions are first-class objects that can be passed as arguments, assigned to variables, and returned from other functions. Closures allow functions to access variables from the scope in which they were declared even after that scope has closed. The most common misunderstanding with closures is that they store references to variables rather than copies.
The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 34 of 189Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides documentation on Ring's reflection and meta-programming capabilities. It describes functions like locals(), globals(), functions(), etc. that allow inspecting and modifying programs at runtime. It also covers checking if variables, functions, packages, classes are defined, and getting lists of them. Examples demonstrate using these features to inspect scope, check definitions, and get metadata about programs.
This document presents information on doubly linked lists including their representation, initialization, node creation, and various operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. It discusses inserting and deleting nodes at the beginning or end of the list, as well as inserting before or after a specified node. Code examples are provided for initializing a doubly linked list and performing each operation.
The document describes a C program to create a sorted linked list from an unsorted list of numbers. It includes functions to insert nodes in sorted order, print the list, and count the number of nodes. The main function accepts user input to build the initial list, then calls the insert_sort function to sort it and other functions to output the sorted list and count of nodes.
The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 40 of 210Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes Ring's support for first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous functions, and reflection capabilities. Key points include:
- Ring supports first-class functions - functions can be passed as parameters, returned as values, and stored in variables.
- Higher-order functions take other functions as parameters.
- Anonymous functions are unnamed functions that can be passed to other functions or stored in variables.
- Ring provides reflection capabilities through functions like locals(), globals(), functions(), islocal(), isglobal(), etc. to obtain information about the running program at runtime.
The document discusses asynchronous programming concepts like callbacks, promises, and async/await in JavaScript. It provides examples of using callbacks that can result in "callback hell", and how promises and async/await can help solve this issue by making asynchronous code more readable and maintainable through chaining and avoiding nested callbacks. Key aspects covered include the event loop model, promise chaining, Promise.all/race, and using async/await with functions.
This document discusses JavaScript functions and related concepts. It defines functions, classes, and methods. It shows how functions can take arguments, be passed as callbacks, return other functions, and create closures. Classes can be defined using functions with the new keyword or by adding to prototypes. Built-in types like Number, String, and Array can be constructed or assigned directly. Functions are first-class objects that can be assigned and passed around.
The Ring programming language version 1.3 book - Part 23 of 88Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides documentation on reflection and meta-programming functions in Ring programming language. Some key functions discussed include locals(), globals(), functions(), cfunctions(), islocal(), isglobal(), isfunction(), iscfunction(), packages(), ispackage(), classes(), isclass(), packageclasses() which allow programmers to retrieve information about variables, functions, packages and classes defined at runtime. Examples are given to demonstrate the usage of each function.
99 líneas que lo simplifican todo( sin animar)nosina
ReactJS revolucionó la creación de componentes en las aplicaciones web incluyendo programación funcional y virtual DOM. De esta forma, haciendo componentes de componentes, llega un momento en que ReactJS se apodera de toda la vista.
En ese momento, ReactJS necesita que le aporten todo aquello donde no llega: comunicación entre componentes, routing, comunicación con backend, gestión del estado de la aplicación, etc.
Aquí aparece Redux. Son sólo 99 líneas de código y un buen puñado de ideas brillantes, promoviendo un ecosistema de librerías.
Explicaremos cuáles son esos principios fundamentales y cómo bien entendidos nos llevan a simplificar al extremo el código.
Nos permitirá de forma sencilla tener una aplicación con Undo/Redo, optimistic UI, comunicación con backend y colaboración en tiempo real.
Hablaremos de la escalabilidad para aplicaciones grandes introduciendo la inmutabilidad de los objetos del estado con ImmutableJS.
video: https://youtu.be/kWvR4878vJY
Implementing virtual machines in go & c 2018 reduxEleanor McHugh
An updated version of my talk on virtual machine cores comparing techniques in C and Go for implementing dispatch loops, stacks & hash maps.
Lots of tested and debugged code is provided as well as references to some useful/interesting books.
The Ring programming language version 1.2 book - Part 21 of 84Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes key concepts in functional programming covered in Chapter 35 of the Ring documentation, including pure functions, first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous and nested functions, and equality of functions. It provides examples and explanations of each concept.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.2 book - Part 31 of 181Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes various functional programming concepts in Ring including pure functions, first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous and nested functions, and equality of functions. It also covers reflection and meta-programming capabilities in Ring such as using locals(), globals(), functions(), cfunctions(), islocal(), isglobal(), isfunction(), iscfunction(), packages(), and ispackage() to retrieve and check information about variables, functions, and packages at runtime.
The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 94 of 210Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document discusses using a code generator to wrap C/C++ libraries for use in Ring applications. It describes the key components needed:
1. A configuration file that specifies the C/C++ function prototypes and structures to wrap.
2. The parsec.ring code generator program that takes the configuration file and generates C code wrapping functions.
3. Features of the configuration file like adding code snippets, setting function name prefixes, and specifying structures to wrap.
The code generator significantly reduces the effort to interface Ring with existing C/C++ libraries by automatically generating the wrapper functions and handling data type conversions between the languages.
The Ring programming language version 1.3 book - Part 61 of 88Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides documentation for the Ring programming language version 1.3. It describes how to register math functions with the Ring virtual machine, the general structure of C functions implemented for Ring modules, how to check parameters, return values, and more. Examples are given for implementing common math functions like sin() as well as file I/O functions like fopen(). The Ring API functions for working with lists are also documented.
The document discusses the implementation of queue operations using pointers and arrays in C. It defines the queue data structure using a struct containing a data element and pointer to the next node. Functions are defined to add, remove and check for empty/full as well as display the queue elements. A similar implementation is shown using arrays instead of pointers by defining a queue struct containing the front, rear indexes and size.
This document describes an implementation of a stack data structure using a single linked list in C. It includes functions to push elements onto the stack, pop elements off the stack, and display the elements currently in the stack. The main function contains a menu loop that calls these functions based on user input and exits when the user selects option 4.
1) This document contains 3 C programs that implement different types of queues using arrays: a standard queue, a circular queue, and a multiple queue system.
2) The programs define functions for insertion, deletion, checking if the queue is full/empty, and displaying the contents.
3) Main contains a menu to test the different queue functions and take user input for operations.
The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 88 of 189Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides reference information on functions in the Ring Allegro library extension. It includes a list of over 100 functions for initializing Allegro, managing displays, events, files, filesystem entries, fixed point math, colors, bitmaps, and more. The functions described allow working with Allegro displays, events, files, and graphics from within Ring programs.
This document summarizes the evolution of Redux action creators from plain objects to functions that return action objects, and then to functions that return functions that dispatch actions. It discusses how middleware like Redux-Thunk and dependency injection allow async logic and testing of action creators. Redux-Saga is introduced as providing a cleaner way to write complex asynchronous action creators using generator functions. Key benefits of Redux-Saga include easy testing and ability to create daemon processes using patterns like takeLatest and takeEvery.
The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 25 of 196Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document discusses functions and lists in the Ring programming language. It covers defining and calling functions, passing parameters, return values, and variable scope. It also covers creating, accessing, modifying, sorting, and searching lists. Some key list functions covered include add(), del(), get/set item by index, find(), sort(), reverse(), and insert(). Nested lists are also discussed. The document provides documentation and examples for working with functions and lists in Ring programs.
This document discusses lexical environments and execution contexts in ECMAScript according to ECMA-262 Edition 5. It explains how lexical environments contain environment records that bind identifiers to values and reference outer environments. Execution contexts contain a lexical environment, variable environment, and this binding. The document provides examples of identifier resolution, function closures, and how the with statement affects lexical and variable environments.
This document discusses JavaScript functions and closures. It covers function syntax, arguments, context, and closures. Functions are the building blocks of JavaScript and can be declared in multiple ways. Functions are first-class objects that can be passed as arguments, assigned to variables, and returned from other functions. Closures allow functions to access variables from the scope in which they were declared even after that scope has closed. The most common misunderstanding with closures is that they store references to variables rather than copies.
The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 34 of 189Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides documentation on Ring's reflection and meta-programming capabilities. It describes functions like locals(), globals(), functions(), etc. that allow inspecting and modifying programs at runtime. It also covers checking if variables, functions, packages, classes are defined, and getting lists of them. Examples demonstrate using these features to inspect scope, check definitions, and get metadata about programs.
This document presents information on doubly linked lists including their representation, initialization, node creation, and various operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. It discusses inserting and deleting nodes at the beginning or end of the list, as well as inserting before or after a specified node. Code examples are provided for initializing a doubly linked list and performing each operation.
The document describes a C program to create a sorted linked list from an unsorted list of numbers. It includes functions to insert nodes in sorted order, print the list, and count the number of nodes. The main function accepts user input to build the initial list, then calls the insert_sort function to sort it and other functions to output the sorted list and count of nodes.
The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 40 of 210Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes Ring's support for first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous functions, and reflection capabilities. Key points include:
- Ring supports first-class functions - functions can be passed as parameters, returned as values, and stored in variables.
- Higher-order functions take other functions as parameters.
- Anonymous functions are unnamed functions that can be passed to other functions or stored in variables.
- Ring provides reflection capabilities through functions like locals(), globals(), functions(), islocal(), isglobal(), etc. to obtain information about the running program at runtime.
The document discusses asynchronous programming concepts like callbacks, promises, and async/await in JavaScript. It provides examples of using callbacks that can result in "callback hell", and how promises and async/await can help solve this issue by making asynchronous code more readable and maintainable through chaining and avoiding nested callbacks. Key aspects covered include the event loop model, promise chaining, Promise.all/race, and using async/await with functions.
This document discusses JavaScript functions and related concepts. It defines functions, classes, and methods. It shows how functions can take arguments, be passed as callbacks, return other functions, and create closures. Classes can be defined using functions with the new keyword or by adding to prototypes. Built-in types like Number, String, and Array can be constructed or assigned directly. Functions are first-class objects that can be assigned and passed around.
The Ring programming language version 1.3 book - Part 23 of 88Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides documentation on reflection and meta-programming functions in Ring programming language. Some key functions discussed include locals(), globals(), functions(), cfunctions(), islocal(), isglobal(), isfunction(), iscfunction(), packages(), ispackage(), classes(), isclass(), packageclasses() which allow programmers to retrieve information about variables, functions, packages and classes defined at runtime. Examples are given to demonstrate the usage of each function.
99 líneas que lo simplifican todo( sin animar)nosina
ReactJS revolucionó la creación de componentes en las aplicaciones web incluyendo programación funcional y virtual DOM. De esta forma, haciendo componentes de componentes, llega un momento en que ReactJS se apodera de toda la vista.
En ese momento, ReactJS necesita que le aporten todo aquello donde no llega: comunicación entre componentes, routing, comunicación con backend, gestión del estado de la aplicación, etc.
Aquí aparece Redux. Son sólo 99 líneas de código y un buen puñado de ideas brillantes, promoviendo un ecosistema de librerías.
Explicaremos cuáles son esos principios fundamentales y cómo bien entendidos nos llevan a simplificar al extremo el código.
Nos permitirá de forma sencilla tener una aplicación con Undo/Redo, optimistic UI, comunicación con backend y colaboración en tiempo real.
Hablaremos de la escalabilidad para aplicaciones grandes introduciendo la inmutabilidad de los objetos del estado con ImmutableJS.
video: https://youtu.be/kWvR4878vJY
Implementing virtual machines in go & c 2018 reduxEleanor McHugh
An updated version of my talk on virtual machine cores comparing techniques in C and Go for implementing dispatch loops, stacks & hash maps.
Lots of tested and debugged code is provided as well as references to some useful/interesting books.
The Ring programming language version 1.2 book - Part 21 of 84Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes key concepts in functional programming covered in Chapter 35 of the Ring documentation, including pure functions, first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous and nested functions, and equality of functions. It provides examples and explanations of each concept.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.2 book - Part 31 of 181Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes various functional programming concepts in Ring including pure functions, first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous and nested functions, and equality of functions. It also covers reflection and meta-programming capabilities in Ring such as using locals(), globals(), functions(), cfunctions(), islocal(), isglobal(), isfunction(), iscfunction(), packages(), and ispackage() to retrieve and check information about variables, functions, and packages at runtime.
The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 94 of 210Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document discusses using a code generator to wrap C/C++ libraries for use in Ring applications. It describes the key components needed:
1. A configuration file that specifies the C/C++ function prototypes and structures to wrap.
2. The parsec.ring code generator program that takes the configuration file and generates C code wrapping functions.
3. Features of the configuration file like adding code snippets, setting function name prefixes, and specifying structures to wrap.
The code generator significantly reduces the effort to interface Ring with existing C/C++ libraries by automatically generating the wrapper functions and handling data type conversions between the languages.
The Ring programming language version 1.3 book - Part 61 of 88Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides documentation for the Ring programming language version 1.3. It describes how to register math functions with the Ring virtual machine, the general structure of C functions implemented for Ring modules, how to check parameters, return values, and more. Examples are given for implementing common math functions like sin() as well as file I/O functions like fopen(). The Ring API functions for working with lists are also documented.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.2 book - Part 78 of 181Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document describes how to use the Ring code generator to wrap C/C++ libraries for use in Ring applications. The code generator takes a configuration file that lists C function prototypes as input and generates Ring wrapper functions to call those C functions. Configuration files simply list the C function prototypes to wrap. The generated code implements the Ring wrapper functions that check the number and types of arguments passed, make the call to the corresponding C function, and return any results.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.4 book - Part 81 of 185Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document discusses using a code generator tool to wrap C/C++ libraries for use in Ring applications. It describes how to use the parsec.ring code generator program to generate wrapper code based on a configuration file specifying C function prototypes. The configuration file rules allow directly writing prototypes or adding custom code between tags. Generated code handles data type conversions to interface with Ring. This provides an easy way to integrate external libraries with minimal coding effort.
The Ring programming language version 1.8 book - Part 90 of 202Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document describes how to generate C code wrappers for C/C++ libraries using a Ring code generator tool. It discusses:
1. Using the parsec.ring code generator tool to generate C wrapper code from a configuration file specifying library functions.
2. The configuration file format for describing library functions, structures, constants, and other elements to wrap.
3. Features of the configuration file like adding code snippets, determining name prefixes, and registering new functions.
The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 86 of 196Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document discusses extending the Ring Virtual Machine (RingVM) by adding new functions written in C/C++. New functions can be added by modifying ring_ext.h and ring_ext.c files. This allows including/excluding modules during compilation. Each module contains a function that registers its functions with the RingVM using ring_vm_funcregister(). The Ring API provides functions for parameter handling, returning values, and list/string manipulation to facilitate extension development in C/C++.
in this assignment you are asked to write a simple driver program an.pdfmichardsonkhaicarr37
in this assignment you are asked to write a simple driver program and set of functions (maybein
a library) that can be performed on a binary search tree.
Your program should allow user to insert/delete integer values into the binary search tree along
with several other operations on the binary search tree. You can use the code given in slides. But
this time your key will be int! Specifically, your program will ask user to enter a command and
related parameters (if any) in a loop, and then perform the given commands. Here is the list of
commands that your program must implement:
* insert
*find\'
*delete
*list inorder
*list preorder
*list postorder
*list levelorder
* max
* min
* height
*count
* sum
*quit
As always, make sure you release (free) the dynamically allocated memories if you allocate any
memory in your programs. So, before submitting your program, run it with valgrind to see if
there is any memory leakage
//my proggram in C
struct tree_node {
int data;
struct tree_node *left, *right;
}
typedef struct nodeT {
int key;
struct nodeT *left, *right;
} nodeT, *treeT;
int main(){
while (TRUE) {
printf(\"> \");
line = GetLine();
ch = toupper(line[0]);
switch (ch) {
case \'I\': insert(); break;
case \'F\': find(); break;
case \'D\': delete(); break;
case \'LI\': listInorder; break;
case \'LPR\': listPreorder(); break;
case \'LPO\': listPostorder(); break;
case \'MAX\': max(); break;
case \'min\': min(); break;
case \'H\': height(); break;
case \'C\': count(); break;
case \'S\': sum(); break;
case \'Q\': exit(0);
default:printf(\"Illegal command\ \"); break;
}
}
}
nodeT *FindNode(nodeT *t, int key){
while(t !=NULL) {
if (key == t->key) return t;
if (key < t->key) {
t = t->left;
} else {
t = t->right;
}
return NULL;
}
void delete(nodeT **p){
nodeT
*target;
target=*p;
if (target->left==NULL && target->right==NULL) {
*p=NULL;
} else if (target->left == NULL) {
*p=target->right;
} else
if (target->right == NULL) {
*p=target->left;
} else {
/* target has two children, see next slide */
}
free(target);
}
void listInorder(nodeT *T){
if (t != NULL) {
DisplayTree(t->left);
printf(“%d “, t->key);
DisplayTree(t->right);
}
}
void listPreorder(nodeT *t) {
if (t != NULL) {
printf(“%d “, t->key);
DisplayTree(t->left);
DisplayTree(t->right);
}
}
void listPostOrder(nodeT *t){
if (t != NULL) {
DisplayTree(t->left);
DisplayTree(t->right);
printf(“%d “, t->key);
}
}
void intsert(nodeT **tptr, int key){
nodeT*t, *tmp;
t=*tptr;
if (t == NULL) {
tmp=New(nodeT*);
tmp->key = key;
tmp->left=tmp->right=NULL;
*tptr=tmp;
return;
}
if (key < t->key) {
InsertNode
(&t->left, key);
} else {
InsertNode(&t->right, key);
}
}
int height(nodeT *t){
if (t == NULL)
return 0;
else
return (1 + maximumof(
height(t->left),
height(t->right)) );
}
int sum(struct tree_node *p){
if (p == NULL)
return 0;
else
return (p->data +
sum(p->left) +
sum(p->right) );
}
Solution
1. /*
2. * Java Program to Implement Binary Search Tree
3. */
4.
5. import java.util.Scanner;
6.
7. /* Class BSTNode */
8. cl.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 90 of 184Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document discusses extending the Ring Virtual Machine (RingVM) by writing new functions in C/C++. It describes how to add new modules by defining constants in ring_ext.h and checking them in ring_ext.c. Each module contains a function that registers its functions with the RingVM. Functions follow a standard structure of checking parameters, executing code, and returning values using the Ring API. Lists, pointers, and other data types can be passed between Ring and C functions.
The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 83 of 196Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document describes several low-level functions in Ring that provide access to the virtual machine and runtime environment. These include functions to call the garbage collector, get and set pointers, allocate memory, compare pointers, and get lists of functions, classes, packages, memory scopes, call stacks, and loaded files.
Take the following C code. ( see file fib.c )1.)Compile .docxSANSKAR20
Take the following C code. ( see file fib.c )
1.)
Compile it and get results.
2.)
Convert C code to MIPS.
3.)
Using SPIM report on register step by stem using snip/or cut and copy screen shots.
CODE:
/* File: count_sort.c
* Purpose: Implement count sort of a list of ints
*
* Compile: gcc -g -Wall -o count_sort count_sort.c
* Run: ./count_sort
*
* Input: n (number of elements)
* elements of list
* Output: sorted list
*
* Note: List is statically allocated. Recompile if n > 100
*/
#include
#include
#define MAX 100
void Read_list(int list[], int n);
void Count_sort(int list[], int n);
int Fnd_pos(int val, int i, int list[], int n);
void Copy_list(int new_list[], int list[], int n);
void Print_list(int list[], int n);
int main(void) {
int list[MAX], n;
scanf("%d", &n);
Read_list(list, n);
// Print_list(list, n);
Count_sort(list, n);
Print_list(list, n);
return 0;
} /* main */
void Read_list(int list[], int n) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
scanf("%d", &list[i]);
} /* Read_list */
/* Sort list of n elements by "counting"
* number of elements less than each element,
* and using the count as the subscript in
* a new list
*/
void Count_sort(int list[], int n) {
int i, loc, new_list[MAX];
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
loc = Fnd_pos(list[i], i, list, n);
new_list[loc] = list[i];
}
Copy_list(new_list, list, n);
} /* Count_sort */
/* Find the position to insert val among the elements
* in list by counting the number of elements "less than"
* val. In the case of a tie, an element list[j] is
* considered "less than" val if j < i.
*/
int Fnd_pos(int val, int i, int list[], int n) {
int j, count = 0;
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
if (list[j] < val)
count++;
else if (list[j] == val && j < i)
count++;
return count;
} /* Fnd_pos */
/* Copy contents of new_list into list. Both store
* n elements
*/
void Copy_list(int new_list[], int list[], int n) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
list[i] = new_list[i];
} /* Copy_list */
void Print_list(int list[], int n) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%d ", list[i]);
printf("\n");
} /* Print_list */
.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 91 of 184Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document discusses using a code generator to wrap C/C++ libraries for use in Ring applications. It describes the configuration file format used as input, including defining function prototypes, structures, constants, and code snippets. Running the code generator takes the configuration file and generates C header and source files that interface with the Ring API. Examples are provided wrapping Allegro functions. The generator handles type checking, conversions, and generates thorough wrapper code with little effort from the programmer.
The Ring programming language version 1.8 book - Part 89 of 202Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides an overview of extending the Ring virtual machine (RingVM) using C/C++. It discusses:
1. The ring_ext.h and ring_ext.c files that are used to add new modules to the RingVM. Constants in ring_ext.h control inclusion of modules during builds.
2. The organization of modules, which typically include a header, load function, and functions registered via ring_vm_funcregister().
3. Features of the Ring API used to write extension functions, including parameter handling, return values, and list/string functions.
4. Examples of implementing common functions like sin() and file I/O following this structure
package singlylinkedlist; public class Node { public String valu.pdfamazing2001
package singlylinkedlist;
public class Node {
public String value;
public Node next;
public Node(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return value;
}
}
SingleyLinkedList.java :
package singlylinkedlist;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
/**
* Defines the interface for a singly-linked list.
*
*/
public interface SinglyLinkedList {
/**
* @return Reference to the first node. If the list is empty, this method
* returns null.
*/
public Node getFirst();
/**
* @return Reference to the last node . If the list is empty, this method
* returns null.
*/
public Node getLast();
/**
* @return Number of nodes in the list
*/
public int size();
/**
* @return true if the list has no nodes; false otherwise
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Removes all nodes in the list.
*/
public void clear();
/**
* Inserts a new node with the given value after cursor.
*
* @param cursor
* The node to insert after. Set this to null to insert value as
the
* new first Node.
* @param value
* The value to insert
* @return a reference to the newly inserted Node
*/
public Node insert(Node cursor, String value);
/**
* Inserts a new node with the given value at the "end" of the list.
*
* @param value
* @return a reference to the newly inserted Node
*/
public Node append(String value);
/**
* Removes the node after the specified Node (cursor) from the list.
*
* @param cursor
* A reference to the Node to remove.
*/
public void removeAfter(Node cursor);
/**
* Returns a reference to the first Node containing the key, starting from
the
* given Node.
*
* @param start
* @param key
* @return a reference to the first Node containing the key
*/
public Node find(Node start, String key);
/**
* Prints the values of all the items in a list
*/
public void printWholeList();
}
SinglyLinkedTester.java:
package sbccunittest;
import static java.lang.Math.*;
import static java.lang.System.*;
import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import static sbcc.Core.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.nio.file.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.*;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.*;
import org.junit.*;
import org.w3c.dom.ranges.*;
import sbcc.*;
import singlylinkedlist.*;
/**
* 09/16/2021
*
* @author sstrenn
*
*/
public class SinglyLinkedListTester {
public static String newline = System.getProperty("line.separator");
public static int totalScore = 0;
public static int extraCredit = 0;
public static boolean isZeroScore = false;
public static String scorePreamble = "";
@BeforeClass
public static void beforeTesting() {
totalScore = 0;
extraCredit = 0;
}
@AfterClass
public static void afterTesting() {
if (isZeroScore) {
totalScore = 0;
extraCredit = 0;
}
println(scorePreamble + "Estimated score (w/o late penalties, etc.) is:
" + totalScore + " out of 25.");
// If the project follows the naming convention, save the results in a
folder on
// the desktop. (Alex Kohanim)
try {
String directory =
substri.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.4 book - Part 80 of 185Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document discusses extending the Ring programming language using C/C++. It describes how to write new functions in C/C++ and register them with the Ring virtual machine so they can be called from Ring code. It provides details on function parameters, return values, error handling, and lists common list manipulation functions available in the Ring API.
Pointers to Functions Video2
Content:
Using an array of pointers to functions,
Example on array of pointers to functions,
Using typedef with the function pointer,
Declaring function pointers in structure,
Example on using function pointers in structure,
The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 90 of 210Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides documentation on low-level functions in Ring that give access to the Ring virtual machine and runtime system. It describes functions for garbage collection, pointers, memory allocation, querying lists of functions, classes, packages, and more. It also covers functions for tracing, debugging, and interacting with the Ring VM.
The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 87 of 196Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document discusses embedding Ring language code in C/C++ programs using Ring API functions. It provides an example C program that initializes a Ring state, runs Ring code, and deletes the state. It also describes functions for creating/deleting Ring states, running code, and getting/setting variable values. Ring states allow running Ring code from C/C++ and accessing variables. The code generator tool is described for wrapping C/C++ libraries in Ring. Configuration files define functions to wrap, and options for customizing wrapper generation.
This document contains code for finding the path of most resistance in an acyclic digraph. It defines classes for nodes, a node collection, and methods for loading a file representing the digraph as a list of nodes, setting relationships between nodes, and finding the highest value path from bottom to top. Node objects store attributes like name and accumulated totals. The node collection class manages the nodes and provides methods for accessing, adding, and finding nodes.
Similar to The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 96 of 212 (20)
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 212 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes new features and changes in different versions of the Ring programming language and library. It discusses various topics including using different syntax styles and code editors, developing graphical desktop and mobile applications using RingQt, and using Ring for 3D graphics and games development. The document also provides overviews of the core Ring libraries and language features.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 211 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides documentation for the Ring programming language and various Ring extensions and libraries. It includes sections on Ring mode for Emacs editor, the Ring Notepad IDE, the Ring Package Manager (RingPM), embedding Ring code in C/C++ programs, and references for the functions and classes of various Ring extensions for areas like 2D/3D graphics, networking, multimedia and more.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 210 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document contains summaries of various Ring classes, functions and concepts:
- It describes Ring classes like the Map, Math, MySQL, and PostgreSQL classes.
- It lists and briefly explains Ring standard library functions such as map(), random(), newlist(), and print().
- It covers Ring concepts and features like object oriented programming, operators, files and I/O, GUI programming, and web development.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 208 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document provides a summary of functions in the Ring documentation for Release 1.10. It lists functions for drawing quadrics, normals, orientation, and textures. It also lists functions for scaling images, drawing spheres, starting and ending contours and polygons for tessellation, setting tessellation normals and properties, adding tessellation vertices, and unprojecting coordinates. The document also provides resources for the Ring language like the website, source code repository, contact information, and lists Arabic language resources.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 207 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document contains listings of over 100 OpenGL functions related to lighting, materials, textures, and rendering. The functions listed specify parameters for lights, materials, texture coordinates, and rendering operations like clearing buffers and drawing primitives.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 205 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document lists numerous OpenGL constants and enumerations related to textures, blending, shaders, buffers, and other graphics features. It includes constants for texture types and formats, shader variable types, buffer bindings and usages, and more. The listing contains over 200 individual constants and enumerations without descriptions.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 206 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document lists OpenGL functions and constants added in version 1.10 of the OpenGL specification. It includes over 100 functions and constants for features such as unsigned integer textures, texture buffers, geometry shaders, transform feedback, and more robust context handling.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 203 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document contains a list of functions and constants related to OpenGL graphics functionality. It includes functions for vertex specification, texture mapping, tessellation, nurbs modeling, quadric surfaces, and more. It also includes constants for OpenGL states, modes, and error codes.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 202 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document lists over 100 OpenGL functions for querying and retrieving information about OpenGL objects, state, and errors. Some of the functions listed include glGetError() to retrieve OpenGL error codes, glGetUniformLocation() to retrieve the location of a uniform variable in a program, and glGetString() to retrieve version and extension information.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 201 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document lists various OpenGL constants and functions related to OpenGL graphics functionality. It includes constants for texture and color formats, clipping planes, buffer objects, shader operations, and more. It also lists over 100 OpenGL function declarations for operations like drawing, clearing, texture handling, blending, and shader manipulation.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 200 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document lists numerous OpenGL constants related to graphics hardware capabilities, state variables, and functions. It includes constants for vertex arrays, texture mapping, blending, multisampling, shader types, and more. The constants are used to query and set the state and capabilities of the OpenGL graphics processing context.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 199 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document lists over 200 OpenGL constants related to graphics rendering features such as fog, depth testing, blending, textures, and more. It provides the names of constants for configuring various graphics pipeline states and settings in OpenGL.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 198 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document contains listings of over 100 OpenGL and GLU function declarations related to texture coordinates, uniforms, vertex specification, and tessellation. It provides the function name, return type if any, and parameters for each function for specifying texture coordinates, uniforms, vertices and performing tessellation in OpenGL and GLU.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 197 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document contains documentation for over 100 OpenGL functions related to rendering, textures, shaders, and more. It lists each function name and its parameters. The functions allow specifying colors, textures, shader programs, and various rendering states and operations in OpenGL.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 196 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document lists OpenGL constants and functions related to graphics rendering. It includes constants for buffer types, shader data types, texture types, and more. It also lists function prototypes for common OpenGL operations like drawing, clearing, binding textures and buffers, and setting shader uniforms.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 195 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document lists over 200 OpenGL constants related to textures, vertex arrays, blending, and buffer objects. It provides reference documentation for OpenGL version 1.10 including constants for texture formats and parameters, vertex attribute types, blending functions, and buffer usage flags.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 194 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document lists various constants used in OpenGL such as GL_FOG_BIT, GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT, GL_ACCUM, and others related to OpenGL rendering, blending, textures, lighting, and more. It provides definitions for OpenGL enums and related values.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 193 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document lists over 100 OpenGL functions for specifying textures, lighting, shaders, and other graphics operations. The functions include glMultiTexCoord2iv() for specifying texture coordinates, glNormal3f() for specifying normals, and glUniform1f() for specifying shader uniforms.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 192 of 212Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document lists OpenGL functions and constants that were added or changed in OpenGL version 1.10. It includes over 150 new OpenGL constants for features such as geometry shaders, transform feedback, cube map arrays, and more. It also lists over 80 OpenGL functions, providing their parameters and types.
Hand Rolled Applicative User ValidationCode KataPhilip Schwarz
Could you use a simple piece of Scala validation code (granted, a very simplistic one too!) that you can rewrite, now and again, to refresh your basic understanding of Applicative operators <*>, <*, *>?
The goal is not to write perfect code showcasing validation, but rather, to provide a small, rough-and ready exercise to reinforce your muscle-memory.
Despite its grandiose-sounding title, this deck consists of just three slides showing the Scala 3 code to be rewritten whenever the details of the operators begin to fade away.
The code is my rough and ready translation of a Haskell user-validation program found in a book called Finding Success (and Failure) in Haskell - Fall in love with applicative functors.
Takashi Kobayashi and Hironori Washizaki, "SWEBOK Guide and Future of SE Education," First International Symposium on the Future of Software Engineering (FUSE), June 3-6, 2024, Okinawa, Japan
AI Fusion Buddy Review: Brand New, Groundbreaking Gemini-Powered AI AppGoogle
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OpenMetadata Community Meeting - 5th June 2024OpenMetadata
The OpenMetadata Community Meeting was held on June 5th, 2024. In this meeting, we discussed about the data quality capabilities that are integrated with the Incident Manager, providing a complete solution to handle your data observability needs. Watch the end-to-end demo of the data quality features.
* How to run your own data quality framework
* What is the performance impact of running data quality frameworks
* How to run the test cases in your own ETL pipelines
* How the Incident Manager is integrated
* Get notified with alerts when test cases fail
Watch the meeting recording here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbNOje0kf6E
DDS Security Version 1.2 was adopted in 2024. This revision strengthens support for long runnings systems adding new cryptographic algorithms, certificate revocation, and hardness against DoS attacks.
8 Best Automated Android App Testing Tool and Framework in 2024.pdfkalichargn70th171
Regarding mobile operating systems, two major players dominate our thoughts: Android and iPhone. With Android leading the market, software development companies are focused on delivering apps compatible with this OS. Ensuring an app's functionality across various Android devices, OS versions, and hardware specifications is critical, making Android app testing essential.
What is Master Data Management by PiLog Groupaymanquadri279
PiLog Group's Master Data Record Manager (MDRM) is a sophisticated enterprise solution designed to ensure data accuracy, consistency, and governance across various business functions. MDRM integrates advanced data management technologies to cleanse, classify, and standardize master data, thereby enhancing data quality and operational efficiency.
A Study of Variable-Role-based Feature Enrichment in Neural Models of CodeAftab Hussain
Understanding variable roles in code has been found to be helpful by students
in learning programming -- could variable roles help deep neural models in
performing coding tasks? We do an exploratory study.
- These are slides of the talk given at InteNSE'23: The 1st International Workshop on Interpretability and Robustness in Neural Software Engineering, co-located with the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2023, Melbourne Australia
Do you want Software for your Business? Visit Deuglo
Deuglo has top Software Developers in India. They are experts in software development and help design and create custom Software solutions.
Deuglo follows seven steps methods for delivering their services to their customers. They called it the Software development life cycle process (SDLC).
Requirement — Collecting the Requirements is the first Phase in the SSLC process.
Feasibility Study — after completing the requirement process they move to the design phase.
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Testing — in this phase when the coding of the software is done the testing team will start testing.
Installation — after completion of testing, the application opens to the live server and launches!
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Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query PerformanceGrant Fritchey
Microsoft has added an excellent new extension in PostgreSQL on their Azure Platform. This session, presented at Posette 2024, covers what Query Store is and the types of information you can get out of it.
WhatsApp offers simple, reliable, and private messaging and calling services for free worldwide. With end-to-end encryption, your personal messages and calls are secure, ensuring only you and the recipient can access them. Enjoy voice and video calls to stay connected with loved ones or colleagues. Express yourself using stickers, GIFs, or by sharing moments on Status. WhatsApp Business enables global customer outreach, facilitating sales growth and relationship building through showcasing products and services. Stay connected effortlessly with group chats for planning outings with friends or staying updated on family conversations.
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension FunctionsOctavian Nadolu
The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of how you can use AI from XSLT, XQuery, Schematron, or XML Refactoring operations, the potential benefits of using AI, and some of the challenges we face.
E-commerce Development Services- Hornet DynamicsHornet Dynamics
For any business hoping to succeed in the digital age, having a strong online presence is crucial. We offer Ecommerce Development Services that are customized according to your business requirements and client preferences, enabling you to create a dynamic, safe, and user-friendly online store.
Need for Speed: Removing speed bumps from your Symfony projects ⚡️Łukasz Chruściel
No one wants their application to drag like a car stuck in the slow lane! Yet it’s all too common to encounter bumpy, pothole-filled solutions that slow the speed of any application. Symfony apps are not an exception.
In this talk, I will take you for a spin around the performance racetrack. We’ll explore common pitfalls - those hidden potholes on your application that can cause unexpected slowdowns. Learn how to spot these performance bumps early, and more importantly, how to navigate around them to keep your application running at top speed.
We will focus in particular on tuning your engine at the application level, making the right adjustments to ensure that your system responds like a well-oiled, high-performance race car.
SOCRadar's Aviation Industry Q1 Incident Report is out now!
The aviation industry has always been a prime target for cybercriminals due to its critical infrastructure and high stakes. In the first quarter of 2024, the sector faced an alarming surge in cybersecurity threats, revealing its vulnerabilities and the relentless sophistication of cyber attackers.
SOCRadar’s Aviation Industry, Quarterly Incident Report, provides an in-depth analysis of these threats, detected and examined through our extensive monitoring of hacker forums, Telegram channels, and dark web platforms.
The Ring programming language version 1.10 book - Part 96 of 212
1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
82.9 Return Value
We can return values from our function using the next functions.
RING_API_RETNUMBER(double nValue);
RING_API_RETSTRING(const char *cString);
RING_API_RETSTRING2(const char *cString,int nStringSize);
RING_API_RETLIST(List *pList);
RING_API_RETCPOINTER(void *pValue,const char *cPointerType);
RING_API_RETMANAGEDCPOINTER(void *pValue,const char *cPointerType,
void (* pFreeFunc)(void *,void *))
82.10 Function Prototype
When we define new function to be used for RingVM extension, we use the next prototype
void my_function_name( void *pPointer );
or we can use the RING_FUNC() Macro
RING_FUNC(my_function_name);
82.11 Sin() Function Implementation
The next code represents the sin() function implementation using the Ring API and the sin() C function.
void ring_vm_math_sin ( void *pPointer )
{
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 1 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_MISS1PARA);
return ;
}
if ( RING_API_ISNUMBER(1) ) {
RING_API_RETNUMBER(sin(RING_API_GETNUMBER(1)));
} else {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
}
}
82.12 Fopen() and Fclose() Functions Implementation
The next code represents the fopen() function implementation using the Ring API and the fopen() C Function.
The function takes two parameters, the first parameter is the file name as string. The second parameter is the mode as
string.
In the file ring_vmfile.h we have some constants to use as the pointer type like
#define RING_VM_POINTER_FILE "file"
#define RING_VM_POINTER_FILEPOS "filepos"
The function implementation in ring_vmfile.c
82.9. Return Value 918
2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
void ring_vm_file_fopen ( void *pPointer )
{
FILE *fp ;
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 2 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_MISS2PARA);
return ;
}
if ( RING_API_ISSTRING(1) && RING_API_ISSTRING(2) ) {
fp = fopen(RING_API_GETSTRING(1),RING_API_GETSTRING(2));
RING_API_RETCPOINTER(fp,RING_VM_POINTER_FILE);
} else {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
}
}
The next code represents the fclose() function implementation
void ring_vm_file_fclose ( void *pPointer )
{
FILE *fp ;
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 1 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_MISS1PARA);
return ;
}
if ( RING_API_ISPOINTER(1) ) {
fp = (FILE *) RING_API_GETCPOINTER(1,RING_VM_POINTER_FILE) ;
if ( fp != NULL ) {
RING_API_RETNUMBER(fclose(fp));
RING_API_SETNULLPOINTER(1);
}
} else {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
}
}
From fopen() and fclose() implementation we learned
1 - how to return C pointer using RING_API_RETCPOINTER() function
2 - how to check if the parameter is a pointer using the RING_API_ISPOINTER() function
3 - how to get C pointer value using the RING_API_GETCPOINTER() function
4 - how to set the C pointer variable (in RingVM) to NULL using the RING_API_SETNULLPOINTER() function
82.13 Ring API - List Functions
In this section we will learn about the list functions provided by the Ring API to create new lists and manipulate the
list items.
List * ring_list_new ( int nSize ) ;
void ring_list_newitem ( List *pList ) ;
Item * ring_list_getitem ( List *pList,int index ) ;
List * ring_list_delete ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_deleteitem ( List *pList,int index ) ;
void ring_list_print ( List *pList ) ;
int ring_list_gettype ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_setint ( List *pList, int index ,int number ) ;
82.13. Ring API - List Functions 919
3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.10
void ring_list_addint ( List *pList,int x ) ;
void ring_list_setpointer ( List *pList, int index ,void *pValue ) ;
void ring_list_addpointer ( List *pList,void *pValue ) ;
void ring_list_setfuncpointer ( List *pList, int index ,void (*pFunc)(void *) ) ;
void ring_list_addfuncpointer ( List *pList,void (*pFunc)(void *) ) ;
int ring_list_isfuncpointer ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_setdouble ( List *pList, int index ,double number ) ;
void ring_list_adddouble ( List *pList,double x ) ;
void ring_list_setstring ( List *pList, int index ,const char *str ) ;
void ring_list_setstring2 ( List *pList, int index ,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
void ring_list_addstring ( List *pList,const char *str ) ;
void ring_list_addstring2 ( List *pList,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
List * ring_list_newlist ( List *pList ) ;
List * ring_list_getlist ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_setlist ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_setactiveitem ( List *pList, Items *pItems, int index ) ;
void ring_list_copy ( List *pNewList, List *pList ) ;
int ring_list_isnumber ( List *pList, int index ) ;
int ring_list_isstring ( List *pList, int index ) ;
int ring_list_islist ( List *pList, int index ) ;
int ring_list_ispointer ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_deleteallitems ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_insertitem ( List *pList,int x ) ;
void ring_list_insertint ( List *pList,int nPos,int x ) ;
void ring_list_insertdouble ( List *pList,int nPos,double x ) ;
void ring_list_insertpointer ( List *pList,int nPos,void *pValue ) ;
void ring_list_insertstring ( List *pList,int nPos,const char *str ) ;
void ring_list_insertstring2 ( List *pList,int nPos,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
void ring_list_insertfuncpointer ( List *pList,int nPos,void (*pFunc)(void *) ) ;
List * ring_list_insertlist ( List *pList,int nPos ) ;
int ring_list_isiteminsidelist ( List *pList,Item *pItem ) ;
int ring_list_findstring ( List *pList,const char *str,int nColumn ) ;
int ring_list_finddouble ( List *pList,double nNum1,int nColumn ) ;
void ring_list_sortnum ( List *pList,int left,int right,int nColumn ) ;
void ring_list_sortstr ( List *pList,int left,int right,int nColumn ) ;
int ring_list_binarysearchnum ( List *pList,double nNum1,int nColumn ) ;
int ring_list_binarysearchstr ( List *pList,const char *cFind,int nColumn ) ;
void ring_list_swap ( List *pList,int x,int y ) ;
double ring_list_getdoublecolumn ( List *pList,int nIndex,int nColumn ) ;
char * ring_list_getstringcolumn ( List *pList,int nIndex,int nColumn ) ;
void ring_list_genarray ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_deletearray ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_genhashtable ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_genhashtable2 ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_refcopy ( List *pNewList, List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_clear ( List *pList ) ;
/* Macro */
ring_list_isdouble(pList,index)
ring_list_isint(pList,index)
ring_list_deletelastitem(x)
ring_list_gethashtable(x)
ring_list_getint(pList,index)
ring_list_getpointer(pList,index)
ring_list_getfuncpointer(pList,index)
ring_list_callfuncpointer(pList,index,x)
ring_list_getdouble(pList,index)
ring_list_getstring(pList,index)
ring_list_getstringobject(pList,index)
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ring_list_getstringsize(pList,index)
ring_list_getsize(x) (x->nSize)
82.14 Ring API - String Functions
In this section we will learn about the string functions provided by the Ring API to create new string and manipulate
the string content.
String * ring_string_new ( const char *str ) ;
String * ring_string_new2 ( const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
String * ring_string_delete ( String *pString ) ;
int ring_string_size ( String *pString ) ;
void ring_string_set ( String *pString,const char *str ) ;
void ring_string_set2 ( String *pString,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
void ring_string_add ( String *pString,const char *str ) ;
void ring_string_add2 ( String *pString,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
void ring_string_print ( String *pString ) ;
void ring_string_setfromint ( String *pString,int x ) ;
char * ring_string_lower ( char *cStr ) ;
char * ring_string_upper ( char *cStr ) ;
char * ring_string_lower2 ( char *cStr,int nStrSize ) ;
char * ring_string_upper2 ( char *cStr,int nStrSize ) ;
char * ring_string_find ( char *cStr1,char *cStr2 ) ;
char * ring_string_find2 ( char *cStr1,int nStrSize1,char *cStr2,int nStrSize2 ) ;
/* Macro */
ring_string_tolower(x)
ring_string_toupper(x)
ring_string_get(x)
82.15 MySQL_Columns() Function Implementation
The next code presents the MySQL_Columns() function implementation.
This function returns table columns information.
void ring_vm_mysql_columns ( void *pPointer )
{
MYSQL *con ;
MYSQL_RES *result ;
int nColumns,x ;
MYSQL_ROW row ;
MYSQL_FIELD *field ;
List *pList, *pList2 ;
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 1 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_MISS1PARA);
return ;
}
if ( RING_API_ISPOINTER(1) ) {
con = (MYSQL *) RING_API_GETCPOINTER(1,RING_VM_POINTER_MYSQL) ;
if ( con == NULL ) {
return ;
}
result = mysql_store_result(con);
if ( result == NULL ) {
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RING_API_RETNUMBER(0);
return ;
}
pList = RING_API_NEWLIST ;
nColumns = mysql_num_fields(result);
if ( row = mysql_fetch_row(result) ) {
while ( field = mysql_fetch_field(result) ) {
pList2 = ring_list_newlist(pList);
ring_list_addstring(pList2,field->name);
ring_list_adddouble(pList2,field->length);
ring_list_adddouble(pList2,field->type);
ring_list_adddouble(pList2,field->flags);
}
}
mysql_free_result(result);
RING_API_RETLIST(pList);
} else {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
}
}
Lists are of type List, in the previoud function we declared two pointers of type List using List *pList, *pList2;
Note: The function uses RING_API_NEWLIST to create new list instead of ring_list_new() to create the list in
Temp. Memory related to the function scope. This way we can return the list from the function. Also we don’t delete
the list, if it’s stored in a variable by Ring Code it will be saved, if not it will be automatically deleted by RingVM.
The list can contains sub lists, we used the function ring_list_newlist() to create a sublist.
The function ring_list_addstring() is used to add string items to the list/sublist.
The function ring_list_adddouble() is used to add numeric items to the list/sublist.
Note: All numeric items in lists returned from RingVM extension functions must be of type double and added to the
list using ring_list_adddouble() function.
We return the list from the extension function using the RING_API_RETLIST() function.
82.16 Dynamic/Shared Libraries (DLL/So/Dylib) and LoadLib() func-
tion
Instead of rebuilding the RingVM after writing new functions using C/C++ and the Ring API, we can create a
DLL/So/Dylib file and dynamically use the functions provided by this file in the runtime using the LoadLib() function.
Dynamic library example in C
#include "ring.h"
RING_DLL __declspec(dllexport)
RING_FUNC(ring_ringlib_dlfunc)
{
printf("Message from dlfunc");
}
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RING_DLL void ringlib_init(RingState *pRingState)
{
ring_vm_funcregister("dlfunc",ring_ringlib_dlfunc);
}
the idea is to create the ringlib_init() function, this function will be called by the RingVM when we use the generated
DLL file though the LoadLib() function.
Inside the ringlib_init() function we can register the module function or call a function that do the registration process
for all of the module functions.
The next Ring code demonstrates how to use the DLL library during the runtime.
See "Dynamic DLL" + NL
LoadLib("ringlib.dll")
dlfunc()
Output:
Dynamic DLL
Message from dlfunc
82.17 Using RING_API_RETMANAGEDCPOINTER()
Using RING_API_RETMANAGEDCPOINTER() the Ring extensions written in C/C++ languages can return a man-
aged pointer to Ring. This pointer can be controlled by the Ring VM using reference counting.
This is important to avoid the need to write code that free the unmanaged resources like QPixMap objects in RingQt.
Also the Code Generator for extensions is updated to automatically use RING_API_RETMANAGEDCPOINTER()
based on need.
Syntax:
RING_API_RETMANAGEDCPOINTER(void *pValue,const char *cPointerType,
void (* pFreeFunc)(void *,void *))
Example:
The next example from ring_qt.cpp - QPixMap Class - Scaled() Method.
RING_FUNC(ring_QPixmap_scaled)
{
QPixmap *pObject ;
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 5 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARACOUNT);
return ;
}
RING_API_IGNORECPOINTERTYPE ;
if ( ! RING_API_ISPOINTER(1) ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
return ;
}
pObject = (QPixmap *) RING_API_GETCPOINTER(1,"QPixmap");
if ( ! RING_API_ISNUMBER(2) ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
return ;
}
if ( ! RING_API_ISNUMBER(3) ) {
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RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
return ;
}
if ( ! RING_API_ISNUMBER(4) ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
return ;
}
if ( ! RING_API_ISNUMBER(5) ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
return ;
}
{
QPixmap *pValue ;
pValue = new QPixmap() ;
*pValue = pObject->scaled( (int ) RING_API_GETNUMBER(2),
(int ) RING_API_GETNUMBER(3),
(Qt::AspectRatioMode ) (int) RING_API_GETNUMBER(4),
(Qt::TransformationMode ) (int) RING_API_GETNUMBER(5));
RING_API_RETMANAGEDCPOINTER(pValue,"QPixmap",ring_QPixmap_freefunc);
}
}
The function that will free the memory takes two parameters (Ring State and the allocated Memory Pointer)
Example:
void ring_QPixmap_freefunc(void *pState,void *pPointer)
{
QPixmap *pObject ;
pObject = (QPixmap *) pPointer;
delete pObject ;
}
82.17. Using RING_API_RETMANAGEDCPOINTER() 924
8. CHAPTER
EIGHTYTHREE
EMBEDDING RING LANGUAGE IN C/C++ PROGRAMS
We can use the Ring language from C/C++ programs using the next functions
RingState *ring_state_init();
ring_state_runcode(RingState *pState,const char *cCode);
ring_state_delete(RingState *pState);
83.1 Ring State
The idea is to use the ring_state_init() to create new state for the Ring Language then call the ring_state_runcode()
function to execut Ring code using the same state. When we are done, we call the ring_state_delete() to free the
memory.
Example:
#include "ring.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
RingState *pState = ring_state_init();
printf("welcomen");
ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'hello world from the ring programming language'+nl");
ring_state_delete(pState);
}
Output:
welcome
hello world from the ring programming language
83.2 Ring State Functions
The Ring API comes with the next functions to create and delete the state. Also we have functions to create new
variables and get variables values.
RingState * ring_state_init ( void ) ;
RingState * ring_state_delete ( RingState *pRingState ) ;
void ring_state_runcode ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cStr ) ;
List * ring_state_findvar ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cStr ) ;
List * ring_state_newvar ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cStr ) ;
void ring_state_main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) ;
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void ring_state_runfile ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cFileName ) ;
void ring_state_runobjectfile ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cFileName ) ;
83.3 Ring State Variables
We can create more than one ring state in the same program and we can create and modify variable values.
To get the variable list we can use the ring_state_findvar() function.
To create new variable we can use the ring_state_newvar() function.
Example:
#include "ring.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
List *pList;
RingState *pState = ring_state_init();
RingState *pState2 = ring_state_init();
printf("welcomen");
ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'hello world from the ring programming language'+nl");
printf("Again from C we will call ring coden");
ring_state_runcode(pState,"for x = 1 to 10 see x + nl next");
ring_state_runcode(pState2,"for x = 1 to 5 see x + nl next");
printf("Now we will display the x variable value from ring coden");
ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'x value : ' + x + nl ");
ring_state_runcode(pState2,"see 'x value : ' + x + nl ");
pList = ring_state_findvar(pState,"x");
printf("Printing Ring variable value from C , %.0fn",
ring_list_getdouble(pList,RING_VAR_VALUE));
printf("now we will set the ring variable value from Cn");
ring_list_setdouble(pList,RING_VAR_VALUE,20);
ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'x value after update : ' + x + nl ");
pList = ring_state_newvar(pState,"v1");
ring_list_setdouble(pList,RING_VAR_VALUE,10);
pList = ring_state_newvar(pState,"v2");
ring_list_setdouble(pList,RING_VAR_VALUE,20);
ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'v1 + v2 = ' see v1+v2 see nl");
ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'end of test' + nl");
ring_state_delete(pState);
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ring_state_delete(pState2);
}
Output:
welcome
hello world from the ring programming language
Again from C we will call ring code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
Now we will display the x variable value from ring code
x value : 11
x value : 6
Printing Ring variable value from C , 11
now we will set the ring variable value from C
x value after update : 20
v1 + v2 = 30
end of test
83.3. Ring State Variables 927