This article was aimed to study the environment and the co-movement of China’s economic growth together with
Thailand under economic and macro-finance dimensions by collecting information from academic literatures, global
organization reports, and historical data from opened source database such as World Bank, United Nations,
International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other relatives. The study found that China’s and Thailand’s economic
activities are related particularly in term of trade but the low investment. In fact, services industry has replaced
industrial manufacture to be the influent factor on gross domestic product (GDP) in both two countries. Moreover,
enhancing to promote world- class capital markets and financial system development in China has drawn attraction
from Thailand investors to invest more than a half of Thailand’s direct investment funds in financial firms and
activities in China in 2017. In the conclusion, Thailand’s economic growth is still relied on China’s demand for raw
materials according to goods and products they have exported to China. The suggestion for Thailand is to create their
own technology like China’s development model in order to produce valuable goods and services productivity. And
for both countries, China and Thailand should also have to focus on income distribution through other areas outside
the city under the principal of economic development to improve the welfare of the population.
Session 2 archanun how aec promote intra_asean trade evidence from thailandntuperc
To gain better understanding of prospects and challenges of AEC, the paper examines whether and how exporters actually respond to tariff preferential schemes of AEC. The core analysis in this paper is an analysis of FTA administrative records of Thailand over the decade ending in 2015. Firms applying AEC preferential schemes were for market access into the original ASEAN members. Products exported under the FTA preferential schemes are highly concentrated, dominated by 4 sectors, i.e. Automotive (both vehicles and auto parts), electrical appliances, petrochemical products, and processed foods. Among ASEAN members, Indonesia had the highest utilization rate, followed by the Philippines and Vietnam. By contrast, Malaysia, another major trading partners of Thailand within ASEAN, recorded rather low utilization rate, i.e. about one-fourth of total export. The high cost of compiling with ROO would explain the low utilization rate to a certain extent. There are also cumbersome in government procedures. The key policy inference is that ROO and their related administrative procedures would be an area where policy makers should pay attention.
Session 2 tanaka trade and investment in cambodiantuperc
The objective of this chapter is to document a pattern of international trade and FDI in Cambodia. First, I start to briefly review the Cambodian economy in recent decades. Second, I describe a recent trend in export and import in goods and illustrate the pattern of exports and imports disaggregated by major partner countries and major commodities. Describing a trend in inward FDI, I also show the pattern of inward FDI disaggregated by major home countries and industrial sectors. As the overall trend in trade and FDI indicates the large role of garments and footwears, I describe the garment and footwear sectors in more detail.
Specifically, I use the Cambodian economic census for 2011 to describe the size of these sectors in manufacturing sectors and the pattern of trade and inward FDI in these sectors.
MTBiz is for you if you are looking for contemporary information on business, economy and especially on banking industry of Bangladesh. You would also find periodical information on Global Economy and Commodity Markets.
Signature content of MTBiz is its Article of the Month (AoM), as depicted on Cover Page of each issue, with featured focus on different issues that fall into the wide definition of Market, Business, Organization and Leadership. The AoM also covers areas on Innovation, Central Banking, Monetary Policy, National Budget, Economic Depression or Growth and Capital Market. Scale of coverage of the AoM both, global and local subject to each issue.
MTBiz is a monthly Market Review produced and distributed by Group R&D, MTB since 2009.
Session 2 archanun how aec promote intra_asean trade evidence from thailandntuperc
To gain better understanding of prospects and challenges of AEC, the paper examines whether and how exporters actually respond to tariff preferential schemes of AEC. The core analysis in this paper is an analysis of FTA administrative records of Thailand over the decade ending in 2015. Firms applying AEC preferential schemes were for market access into the original ASEAN members. Products exported under the FTA preferential schemes are highly concentrated, dominated by 4 sectors, i.e. Automotive (both vehicles and auto parts), electrical appliances, petrochemical products, and processed foods. Among ASEAN members, Indonesia had the highest utilization rate, followed by the Philippines and Vietnam. By contrast, Malaysia, another major trading partners of Thailand within ASEAN, recorded rather low utilization rate, i.e. about one-fourth of total export. The high cost of compiling with ROO would explain the low utilization rate to a certain extent. There are also cumbersome in government procedures. The key policy inference is that ROO and their related administrative procedures would be an area where policy makers should pay attention.
Session 2 tanaka trade and investment in cambodiantuperc
The objective of this chapter is to document a pattern of international trade and FDI in Cambodia. First, I start to briefly review the Cambodian economy in recent decades. Second, I describe a recent trend in export and import in goods and illustrate the pattern of exports and imports disaggregated by major partner countries and major commodities. Describing a trend in inward FDI, I also show the pattern of inward FDI disaggregated by major home countries and industrial sectors. As the overall trend in trade and FDI indicates the large role of garments and footwears, I describe the garment and footwear sectors in more detail.
Specifically, I use the Cambodian economic census for 2011 to describe the size of these sectors in manufacturing sectors and the pattern of trade and inward FDI in these sectors.
MTBiz is for you if you are looking for contemporary information on business, economy and especially on banking industry of Bangladesh. You would also find periodical information on Global Economy and Commodity Markets.
Signature content of MTBiz is its Article of the Month (AoM), as depicted on Cover Page of each issue, with featured focus on different issues that fall into the wide definition of Market, Business, Organization and Leadership. The AoM also covers areas on Innovation, Central Banking, Monetary Policy, National Budget, Economic Depression or Growth and Capital Market. Scale of coverage of the AoM both, global and local subject to each issue.
MTBiz is a monthly Market Review produced and distributed by Group R&D, MTB since 2009.
Session 1 ramstetter&nguyen multinational enterprises and vietnam’s exportsntuperc
This paper examines the role of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played in Vietnam’s exports in 1995-2014. Economy-wide estimates suggest MNE share of Vietnam’s export grew from about one quarter to about two-thirds during this period. MNE shares of GDP were much smaller (6 to 18 percent); correspondingly export-production ratios were much (4.7 to 9.6 times) higher in MNEs than in the non-MNEs sector. If comparisons are limited to formal enterprises, wholly-foreign MNEs (WFs), which account for the vast majority of MNEs in Vietnam, tend to have relatively high export propensities and account for the vast majority of MNE exports. These data thus suggest that MNEs, and particularly WFs, make unusually large direct contributions to exports in Vietnam compared to other economic activities. On the other hand, these compilations cannot establish how if export propensities differ significantly among ownership groups after accounting for other, related firm-level and industry-level characteristics. Moreover, this paper highlights several substantial problems revealed by compilations of the firm-data which much be addressed before more reliable, rigorous analysis of the firm-level data will be possible.
Monetary Policy and Trade Balance in NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
Nigeria apex bank Central Bank of Nigeria CBN has continued to battle with the job of reviving the ailing economy and putting it on the path of growth. The economy has witnessed unprecedented job loss, rising poverty level, accelerating inflation, sluggish economic growth and disequilibrium in the balance of trade. The study therefore examine the effect of monetary policy on trade balance in Nigeria. Specifically the study ascertained the extent to which inflation, demand deposit, liquidity ratio, exchange rate and interest rate have influenced trade balance in Nigeria using an econometric regression model of the Ordinary Least Square OLS . From the result of the OLS, it is observed that monetary policy rate, demand deposit, liquidity ratio and exchange rate have a significant positive impact on foreign trade in Nigeria. This means that increases in monetary policy rate, demand deposit, liquidity ratio and exchange rate, will lead to increase in foreign trade in Nigeria. On the other, inflation rate and interest rate has a significant negative impact on foreign trade in Nigeria, meaning that as inflation rate and interest rate increases, will be bring about a decline in foreign trade in Nigeria. Based on the findings of this study, the study recommends that the government should employ a contractionary monetary policy to fight inflation by reducing the money supply in the country through decreased bond price. inflation, demand deposit, liquidity ratio, exchange rate and interest rate have influenced trade balance in Nigeria. The government should intervene in the foreign exchange market in order to build reserves for themselves or provide them to the bank to help stabilize the exchange rate. The government should strive to improve trade performance in the short and long run. They should also reduce government spending and tax capital inflow. Edokobi, Tonna David | Okpala, Ngozi Eugenia | Okoye, Nonso John "Monetary Policy and Trade Balance in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45080.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/45080/monetary-policy-and-trade-balance-in-nigeria/edokobi-tonna-david
Determinants of Business Performance in the Nigerian Manufacturing Sectorijtsrd
This study examines the determinants of business performance in the Nigerias manufacturing sector. The study was necessitated by the perceived declining performance of the Nigeria manufacturing sector. Secondary data covering the period 1980 2018 were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria. The model's estimates were estimated via multiple econometric model of the ordinary least square to ascertain the effect of macroeconomic variable Financial intermediation, Infrastructure, Market size, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Inflation rate on the business performance in the Nigerias manufacturing sector. From the result of the OLS, it was observed that financial intermediation, infrastructure and market size have a positive impact on manufacturing sector while exchange rate, interest rate and inflation rate have a negative impact on manufacturing sector in Nigeria. From the regression analysis, the results also show that all the variables conform to the a priori expectation of the study. With the exception of infrastructure and inflation rate, all other variables are statically significant which indicates that financial intermediation, market size, exchange rate, interest rate are good determinants of business performance in the Nigerian manufacturing sector. The study recommends that the energy sector needs to be overhauled especially the EEDC to supply just the sufficient energy to drive the economy. Painstaking and well coordinated macro economic policies with special references to the price level and exchange rate regime need to be put in place to ameliorate the business sector among others. Nwakoby, Nkiru Peace Ph.D | Dibua, Emmanuel Chijioke PhD | Ezeanolue Uju Scholastica ""Determinants of Business Performance in the Nigerian Manufacturing Sector"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23141.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/operations-management/23141/determinants-of-business-performance-in-the-nigerian-manufacturing-sector/nwakoby-nkiru-peace-phd
Session 1 kumagai japanese ofdi and the industrialisation in east asia and as...ntuperc
Japanese outward FDI(OFDI) to East Asia is a source of export-oriented industrialisation in the region, especially for ASEAN member countries. Japanese OFDI increases significantly after the Plaza According 1985, then again peaked at the middle of the 1990’s and plunged after the Asian financial crisis 1997/98, then resurged in the first half of the 2000s. The formation of production networks through Japanese OFDI helps the export-oriented industrialization in East Asia and ASEAN countries, as well as it is a driving force of upgrading industrial structure in the region, a la Flying Geese pattern.
Strategizing the Covid-19 response for a country (Biswadeep Ghosh Hazra) - {N...Biswadeep Ghosh Hazra
Problem Statement- Asses the situation of China and, after a round of brainstorming, googling and fact-checking, come up with a solution that can liberate the country of its present problems. The solution that you are providing must take into account how China can lure in companies, solve its COVID crisis, internal issues and pay its labours sufficiently.
The case study entailed making a countrywide strategy in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. My solution revolved around suggesting the country from being a manufacture driven economy to a service-driven one, as almost all developed nations have a strong service sector that contributes a significant chunk to the GDP
Business proposal for Construction industry of UAEKratiJain53
A detailed analysis of the construction industry of UAE, its growth opportunities, current trends, SWOT and PESTLE analysis followed by business proposal and conclusion.
Bangladesh’s economy has been ranked 41st among the largest economies in the world in 2019— stepping up from 43rd-place last year—according to a study published by the UK- based economic consultancy Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR).
Bangladesh which is 8th most populated country in the world has found herself back footed due to the burden of over population. The density of population is 1600 per kilometer tells the magnitude of the problem. The limited resources should go to meet the basic needs of the population or be used to build infrastructure which would pave the way for greater economic growth- this dilemma has put Bangladesh Government at a vulnerable position. No doubt major portion of the earnings is spent on the import of edibles. This has hindered the growth as expenditure on capital goods as well as infrastructure development suffered a lot.
The report can be used as a first guide if you are interested in business China: "If you are thinking of doing business with China but don't know where to begin."
This presentation has been made by China-Access, a China based consulting company to assist overseas companies to enter China market.
Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in China Since 1980iosrjce
The aim of this study is to explore the causality relationship between the foreign trade and economic
growth of Chinese economy using time series data running from 1980 to 2013.Co integration, Granger
Causality analysis and Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) has been used in order to test the
hypotheses about the presence of causality and co integration between the two variables. The co integration test
confirmed that foreign trade and GDP are co integrated, indicating an existence of long run equilibrium
relationship between the two as confirmed by the Johansen co integration test results. The Granger causality
test finally confirmed the presence of bi-directional causality.
Session 1 ramstetter&nguyen multinational enterprises and vietnam’s exportsntuperc
This paper examines the role of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played in Vietnam’s exports in 1995-2014. Economy-wide estimates suggest MNE share of Vietnam’s export grew from about one quarter to about two-thirds during this period. MNE shares of GDP were much smaller (6 to 18 percent); correspondingly export-production ratios were much (4.7 to 9.6 times) higher in MNEs than in the non-MNEs sector. If comparisons are limited to formal enterprises, wholly-foreign MNEs (WFs), which account for the vast majority of MNEs in Vietnam, tend to have relatively high export propensities and account for the vast majority of MNE exports. These data thus suggest that MNEs, and particularly WFs, make unusually large direct contributions to exports in Vietnam compared to other economic activities. On the other hand, these compilations cannot establish how if export propensities differ significantly among ownership groups after accounting for other, related firm-level and industry-level characteristics. Moreover, this paper highlights several substantial problems revealed by compilations of the firm-data which much be addressed before more reliable, rigorous analysis of the firm-level data will be possible.
Monetary Policy and Trade Balance in NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
Nigeria apex bank Central Bank of Nigeria CBN has continued to battle with the job of reviving the ailing economy and putting it on the path of growth. The economy has witnessed unprecedented job loss, rising poverty level, accelerating inflation, sluggish economic growth and disequilibrium in the balance of trade. The study therefore examine the effect of monetary policy on trade balance in Nigeria. Specifically the study ascertained the extent to which inflation, demand deposit, liquidity ratio, exchange rate and interest rate have influenced trade balance in Nigeria using an econometric regression model of the Ordinary Least Square OLS . From the result of the OLS, it is observed that monetary policy rate, demand deposit, liquidity ratio and exchange rate have a significant positive impact on foreign trade in Nigeria. This means that increases in monetary policy rate, demand deposit, liquidity ratio and exchange rate, will lead to increase in foreign trade in Nigeria. On the other, inflation rate and interest rate has a significant negative impact on foreign trade in Nigeria, meaning that as inflation rate and interest rate increases, will be bring about a decline in foreign trade in Nigeria. Based on the findings of this study, the study recommends that the government should employ a contractionary monetary policy to fight inflation by reducing the money supply in the country through decreased bond price. inflation, demand deposit, liquidity ratio, exchange rate and interest rate have influenced trade balance in Nigeria. The government should intervene in the foreign exchange market in order to build reserves for themselves or provide them to the bank to help stabilize the exchange rate. The government should strive to improve trade performance in the short and long run. They should also reduce government spending and tax capital inflow. Edokobi, Tonna David | Okpala, Ngozi Eugenia | Okoye, Nonso John "Monetary Policy and Trade Balance in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45080.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/45080/monetary-policy-and-trade-balance-in-nigeria/edokobi-tonna-david
Determinants of Business Performance in the Nigerian Manufacturing Sectorijtsrd
This study examines the determinants of business performance in the Nigerias manufacturing sector. The study was necessitated by the perceived declining performance of the Nigeria manufacturing sector. Secondary data covering the period 1980 2018 were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria. The model's estimates were estimated via multiple econometric model of the ordinary least square to ascertain the effect of macroeconomic variable Financial intermediation, Infrastructure, Market size, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Inflation rate on the business performance in the Nigerias manufacturing sector. From the result of the OLS, it was observed that financial intermediation, infrastructure and market size have a positive impact on manufacturing sector while exchange rate, interest rate and inflation rate have a negative impact on manufacturing sector in Nigeria. From the regression analysis, the results also show that all the variables conform to the a priori expectation of the study. With the exception of infrastructure and inflation rate, all other variables are statically significant which indicates that financial intermediation, market size, exchange rate, interest rate are good determinants of business performance in the Nigerian manufacturing sector. The study recommends that the energy sector needs to be overhauled especially the EEDC to supply just the sufficient energy to drive the economy. Painstaking and well coordinated macro economic policies with special references to the price level and exchange rate regime need to be put in place to ameliorate the business sector among others. Nwakoby, Nkiru Peace Ph.D | Dibua, Emmanuel Chijioke PhD | Ezeanolue Uju Scholastica ""Determinants of Business Performance in the Nigerian Manufacturing Sector"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23141.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/operations-management/23141/determinants-of-business-performance-in-the-nigerian-manufacturing-sector/nwakoby-nkiru-peace-phd
Session 1 kumagai japanese ofdi and the industrialisation in east asia and as...ntuperc
Japanese outward FDI(OFDI) to East Asia is a source of export-oriented industrialisation in the region, especially for ASEAN member countries. Japanese OFDI increases significantly after the Plaza According 1985, then again peaked at the middle of the 1990’s and plunged after the Asian financial crisis 1997/98, then resurged in the first half of the 2000s. The formation of production networks through Japanese OFDI helps the export-oriented industrialization in East Asia and ASEAN countries, as well as it is a driving force of upgrading industrial structure in the region, a la Flying Geese pattern.
Strategizing the Covid-19 response for a country (Biswadeep Ghosh Hazra) - {N...Biswadeep Ghosh Hazra
Problem Statement- Asses the situation of China and, after a round of brainstorming, googling and fact-checking, come up with a solution that can liberate the country of its present problems. The solution that you are providing must take into account how China can lure in companies, solve its COVID crisis, internal issues and pay its labours sufficiently.
The case study entailed making a countrywide strategy in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. My solution revolved around suggesting the country from being a manufacture driven economy to a service-driven one, as almost all developed nations have a strong service sector that contributes a significant chunk to the GDP
Business proposal for Construction industry of UAEKratiJain53
A detailed analysis of the construction industry of UAE, its growth opportunities, current trends, SWOT and PESTLE analysis followed by business proposal and conclusion.
Bangladesh’s economy has been ranked 41st among the largest economies in the world in 2019— stepping up from 43rd-place last year—according to a study published by the UK- based economic consultancy Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR).
Bangladesh which is 8th most populated country in the world has found herself back footed due to the burden of over population. The density of population is 1600 per kilometer tells the magnitude of the problem. The limited resources should go to meet the basic needs of the population or be used to build infrastructure which would pave the way for greater economic growth- this dilemma has put Bangladesh Government at a vulnerable position. No doubt major portion of the earnings is spent on the import of edibles. This has hindered the growth as expenditure on capital goods as well as infrastructure development suffered a lot.
The report can be used as a first guide if you are interested in business China: "If you are thinking of doing business with China but don't know where to begin."
This presentation has been made by China-Access, a China based consulting company to assist overseas companies to enter China market.
Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in China Since 1980iosrjce
The aim of this study is to explore the causality relationship between the foreign trade and economic
growth of Chinese economy using time series data running from 1980 to 2013.Co integration, Granger
Causality analysis and Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) has been used in order to test the
hypotheses about the presence of causality and co integration between the two variables. The co integration test
confirmed that foreign trade and GDP are co integrated, indicating an existence of long run equilibrium
relationship between the two as confirmed by the Johansen co integration test results. The Granger causality
test finally confirmed the presence of bi-directional causality.
[Paper] Human resource development through vocational education for thailand 4.0Klangpanya
[Paper] Human resource development through vocational education for Thailand 4.0 by Usman Waji
Presented at Forum on the Human Resources Cooperation
The 6th Yunnan Conference on International Exchange of Professionals hosted by
Yunnan Provincial Committee of Communist Party of China
The People's Government of Yunnan Province
Strategically located at the heart of Asia, Thailand aptly serves investors as a dynamic gateway to a fast growing economic market. Our growing economy, world-class infrastructure, competitive human capital and strong government support, are responsible for our key position as one of the most attractive investment destinations for foreign investors.
Economic Development in Thailand in detailed point of view.Sanath Dasanayaka
In this report, it is expected to examine the economic and business strategies used by Thailand in the past years in detail and clearly. As well as, here, it is expected to suggest the business strategies used by Thailand for Sri Lankan application.
The rise of the chinese economy and implications for the united statesAbeer Ansari
A new report from congressional Research Service that provides background on China’s economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China’s economic rise for the United States
Giáo sư Tony Makin tham gia VEAM 2015 với bài trình bày về “Triển vọng cho nền kinh tế châu Á”.
Professor Tony Makin joined in VEAM 2015 with the presentation about “Prospect for the Asian Economy”.
Để biết thêm chi tiết về các hoạt động và nghiên cứu của DEPOCEN truy cập:
Website: http://depocen.org/vn/
LinkedIn: http://linkd.in/1GnHrHB
Facebook: DEPOCEN
The presentation slides provide a superficial glimpse of the economics of Vietnam.
Please do conduct your own study too. This can only be used a reference and not all the information maybe correct
People’s Republic of China which was founded in 1949 was in the position of a self-enclosed economy. Together with the economic reforms carried out in 1980s, China has entered into a transition period from socialist system to free market economy. Together with these reforms, China became a member of IMF in 1989 and World Trade Organization in 2001. As a result of these international expansion policies, the country takes the attention with its high growing rates and becomes the focus of the international capital. Especially after the country became a member in World Trade Organization in 2001, foreign trade volume has expanded and foreign direct investment flow is increased. Foreign trade reforms in China are analyzed in this study because of the outstanding growth in Chinese trade in recent years.
The purpose of this report is to explore the possibility of the Swedish clothing company “H&M” future expansion to Thailand.
The macro-environment will be analyzed with a focus on economic factors while at micro-level, company’s capabilities, limitations, opportunities, and threat will further examine via internal analysis.
After investigating all influential factors, Thailand represents attractive profitable endeavour for H&M to pursue its business expansion.
Submitted on 7th November 2010 for my Master's study at European Business School London.
Thailand serves as an economic hub of Asia by virtue of its strategic location in the heart of the AEC benefiting production, trade, exports, and logistics. The country borders Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and is a short distance from Vietnam, countries known as CLMV, which are undergoing rapid growth. Thailand is therefore one of the most suitable investment destinations - connecting Asia to the world.
Similar to The Review Analysis of China’s Economic Growth and the Correlations with Thailand’s Economy (20)
Although performance appraisal is concerned with the evaluation of workers job performance, it at the same time serves to highlight the specific objectives of an organization. As the employee is being evaluated the organization is also evaluating itself by comparing objectives and standards of performance, reviews the whole appraisal framework and design as well as organizational values and culture. Performance appraisal is a veritable tool for organizations to evaluate and increase the quality of education and training of their workforce with a view to developing lifelong learning patterns and strategies to sustain productivity throughout longer working periods. Motivation as it relates to employee productivity is often behind the drive for performance and self-actualization and provides opportunities for higher productivity. Productivity is an important measure of goal achievement because getting more done with less resources increases organizational profitability. Using the exploratory research design and 109 participants the result of the study indicates a strong positive correlation between performance appraisal and employee productivity. It suggests that the issue of performance appraisal in charitable organizations should be addressed. In view of the result of the study, the paper recommends that performance appraisal should carefully review employee’s strengths and weaknesses against requirements for possible future higher responsibilities.
The integration between innovation and business is a key factor in competitiveness between organizations. That is, innovation applied to a business makes no sense if not considered as an integral tool for the processes of the organization. Companies should therefore adopt a policy where innovation plays a strategic role in the design of business models to become lean, effective and competitive entities (Moraleda, 2004). The objective of this paper is to show the importance of innovation within companies, identifying the concept, the various models that different entities might adopt in order to develop better processes of innovation, as well as indicators that represent innovation at global and national levels in order to develop strategies that lead to an increase in competitiveness. For this work the method used was a bibliographical review of relevant articles from a range of authors was conducted.
The practitioners and academicians in the business arena are highly concern about the enhancement of employee performance in this competitive age for achievement of business goals. Considering the issue, this study aimed to measure the influence of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on the performance of employees. The data of this study have been collected from 392 on-the-job operational level employees using survey method who are working at different garment factories in Bangladesh. The collected data are analyzed through structural equation modeling to partial least square method. The study empirically proves that employee training and development, promotion opportunity, and job security has significant influence on the employees’ performance. Theoretically, this study proves that training and development, job security and promotion opportunity together influence on the performance of employees in the developing economy. The practitioners and policy makers of the organizations are expected to make necessary adjustments in their existing HRM practices based on the findings of this study in the context of Bangladesh for enhancing the employees’ performance level so that their whole-hearted efforts can be gained for the achievement of business goals.
Child labor is one of the issues receiving much attention from researchers and scholars around the world. Child labor still occurs in most countries around the world. Viet Nam is also one of the countries with relatively high child labor and increasing trend. This article is based on critical discourse analysis and data from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam to analyze some fundamental issues of child labor in Vietnam, thereby giving policy suggestions to the Vietnam government in minimizing the current child labor situation.
The rapid trend of changes and social issues in managing the global workforce has forced organizations to look for innovative ways of enhancing the job satisfaction of employees. Among these innovative approaches is the provision of Flexible Working Arrangements (FWAs). The purpose of this exploratory research was to identify the effects of FWAs, i.e., flextime schedule, compressed workweek, and telecommuting on job satisfaction from the perspective of the Ethiopian national employees of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) in Addis Ababa. To achieve this objective both descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. The total population of the study was 250; out of which, 71% of responses were collected. A primary data collection method was implemented using a structured questionnaire. The analysis showed that there is significant positive effect of flextime schedule (R = .39, R2 = .264, p = .001) and compressed workweek (R = .39, R2 = .159, p = .039). This means that increase in the use of flextime schedules and compressed workweek enhances job satisfaction for employees of the ECA in Addis Ababa. The independent variables reported R = .39 and R2 = .15 which means that 15% of corresponding variations in employee job satisfaction can be explained by flexible working arrangements. Nevertheless, this study found out that there are no significant relationship of telecommuting (R = .39, R2 = .065, p = .398) on job satisfaction. Therefore, since the provision of FWAs is at the nascent stage, further studies on the effect of telecommuting on job satisfaction from Ethiopian employees context are highly recommended.
This study evaluates the impacts of urban road investment and operation in China, especially the spillover effect attributable to the investment of urban road projects. Using the synthetic control method and difference-in-differences technique and taking the opening of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge and its Subsea Tunnel in China on 30 June 2011 as a natural experiment, this paper investigates the causal effect between urban road investment and its economic impacts. Results show that the project has a positive externality in terms of its contribution to the output and employment: taken the industrial relative output as outcome variable, no matter whether the covariates are controlled or not, the parameters of the interactive terms are positive; taken the industrial relative employment rate as outcome variable, the gap between the treated unit and its counterpart indicates a direct program effect for the treated city as well as a spillover effect across the cities within the sample province. Furthermore, the permutation test ascertains that the probability of achieving a spillover effect as large as the treated city is around 5.88 per cent. Overall, the investment and operation of urban road transportation infrastructure has a noticeable spillover effect. Our results are robust across a series of placebo tests.
Poor public management defined by corruption and lack of prudence in public life continues to hold Nigeria hostage and makes good governance difficult. Since the 1980s government has been using many methods including the processes of privatization and commercialization as means of re-engineering the public sector for total quality management, and to increase the share of the public sector’s contribution to the gross domestic product. The experiment never achieved the desired level of success partly due to lack of political will on the part of government to wedge a total war against corruption, and also partly because the public sector is a large scale administration that has many entry and revolving doors which government finds difficult to close. These limitations provide the incentives for widespread public corruption that is recognized as one of the greatest challenges of government in carrying out its mandate. 110 respondents participated in this study conducted through the exploratory research design. The participants provided useful data that were triangulated with data from secondary sources for the purpose of the study. To achieve the objective of the investigation, data were analyzed through statistical techniques and the result showed significant positive correlation between good governance and good management. It was recommended that appointments in the public sector should feature a combination of people from private and public sectors of the economy to enhance competence with the aim of reducing public sector corruption. Further study should examine the reasons behind rising budget deficits as a way of reducing cost of governance in Nigeria.
In this article, we analyze in the Malian context the link between the structure of the shareholding and the sustainability of companies based on data from the census of industrial enterprises of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2015. The results show that Mali’s economic opening option in the 1980s, strengthened in the 1990s following the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs, resulting in the state’s withdrawal from the management of enterprises, have enabled the emergence of private enterprises in almost all sectors of economic activity. However, shareholding in industrial enterprises has suffered from poor governance. It also shows that the number of women entrepreneurs is close to that of men. Between 2010 and 2014, the majority of shareholders are in the agri-food sector. The majority of the investment is in the metal and metallurgical sector.
This paper’s objective is to present the importance of the strategic planning in business management. Speaking of strategic planning is always speaking in general terms and how to fix paths of behavior will necessarily affect deeply and significantly in the future evolution of the company or organization that adopts it. Today we think of the organization as part of an environment and in terms of options or choices based on what you have, of its surroundings and the opportunities or pathways that can lead to achieving the objective, (Garrido, 2009). For this work the method used was a bibliographical review of relevant articles from a range of authors was conducted. The conclusions were that the be properly analyzed and adapted to the precise conditions and characteristics of the small business or, more generally, to any type of business for which the planning is intended. Strategic planning brings multiple benefits (which exceed its disadvantages) if applied in the right way, however, there are inherent risks, which can be overcome with proper monitoring and control.
The study examined the relationship between non-financial incentives and workers’ motivation in Akwa Ibom State Civil Service exploring five key variables of continuing professional development, performance feedback, employee employment, employee participation in decision-making and task autonomy. Survey research design was adopted involving the use of questionnaire to gather data from 392 respondents drawn from a population of 20465 civil servants in state using Taro Yamene Sample Size Determination Table. The sample was drawn across all ministries and departments through stratified and convenience sampling techniques. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The five dimensions of non-financial incentives were positively correlated with workers’ motivation from the results of the analysis. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) had the highest correlation value (r = 0.33, P<0.01). Also, the five null hypotheses were rejected implying that the variables of study influence workers’ motivation in Akwa Ibom State Civil Service, Nigeria with beta coefficients and t-values of CPD (0.29;4.313); PF (0.117; 3.500); EE (0.2.141); PDM (0.182; 2.935), and TA (0.231;2.817). It was concluded that since workers’ motivation is a vital tool to organizational effectiveness and growth, employers should explore more of non-financial incentives in formulating and implementing employee benefits related policies.
This literature review is organized in five sections. Firstly, we begin with general ideas and continue with the origin of the fraudulent. Secondly, we discuss the struggle of the phenomena, insisting on the available mechanisms. Finally, we’ll discuss the link between audit and fraud.
Accounting function aims at providing accurate and sufficient accounting information to facilitate proper financial reporting and management performance. Accounting information is usually in the form of periodic or annual financial statements which are products of costing, financial and management accounting prepared for the benefit of a number of external interest groups. Accounting has its roots in the stewardship approach and as a management performance tool to guide the agent and the principal over the exact status of the going concern. Accounting function also involves financial statement analysis, interpreting the accounts by computing and evaluating ratios which relate pairs of financial information or items with one another. This analysis of ratios can be cross-sectional comparing the results of one company with another or trend. In doing so close attention is usually paid to profitability ratio to help keep pace with effective management performance. The exploratory research design was adopted for the study and result showed positive correlation between accounting function and management performance. The study was not exhaustive, therefore, further study should examine the relationship between audit failure and business failure as a matter of finding a solution to the problem. It was recommended that management should always carefully study audit reports to enhance decision making and management performance.
This study examines the effect of the trademark on consumer behavior of consumers of air conditioners in Sudan, in order to know the dimensions of the trademark that affect consumer behavior in Sudan, and provide information to companies on the dimensions of the trademark that affect the purchasing decision of the customer and contribute to customer satisfaction. The study adopted descriptive analytical method using a sample of 230 individuals who consume air conditioners in Sudan. The results showed that there is a positive significant relationship between the trademark of air conditioning and consumer behavior as well as a positive significant relationship between the trademark name of air conditioning and consumer behavior and finally there is a positive significant relationship between the trademark logo and consumer behavior.
In recent years, retired workers eligible for social security receive their emoluments from the appropriate regulatory agency and this provides more realistic evidence on the better living standard of the aged (retirees) under the scheme. Empirically, this paper examines the impact of social security on economic growth in Ghana using time series secondary (monthly) data ranging from 2000 – 2018. The author answers in two questions: 1) how significant are pensioners benefit payments dependent on economic growth and also, 2) how business environmental policy is contributing to economic performance as far as pensioners well-being are concerned. Using STATA analytical software, the findings show a positive significant relationship between social security and economic growth. The study concludes by outlining appropriate policy measures to help strengthen the current social security scheme in Ghana.
This research begins by showing the different meanings attributed to the term cluster by different currents and authors, which suggests definitions that are found around its spatial framework. Next, the factors that intervene in the competitiveness of a region and its growth are shown, for the development of these, Porter’s model of competitiveness which was taken as reference, and the contexts: geographical and economic. Therefore, the methodology was used based on a qualitative design, with descriptive and correlational scope since it will analyze differences of each cluster, with respect to the factors of dimensions, establishments, growth, economic impact and policies. To do this, the information-gathering tool was two semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders in both countries, because the approach is based on data collection methods that are not completely standardized or predetermined. And finally, the results of the comparison of the Mexican Bajío automotive cluster with the German cluster located in Baden-Württemberg are presented.
This research aims at identifying the impact of excellence in drawing up the following four marketing mix strategies (Product, Pricing, Promotion and Distribution) of the small and medium enterprises in Jordan, in terms of their marketing performance in its dimensions (Sales Growth, Profit Growth, Customer Attraction and Customer Retention).In order to reach the results of this study, A total of (187) valid questionnaire surveys were collected from companies belong to the SME Association in Jordan. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) approach was used to analyze the collected data. The empirical results indicated there is a significant relationship between the building of marketing strategies of the marketing mix elements in the Jordanian SME and their marketing performance, by (sales growth, profit growth, customer attraction, and customer retention) dimensions. Consequently, decision makers in small and medium organizations need to choose strategies based on their target market to the positive impact on the mind of the consumer, which in turn could improve modern scientific methods in SME to divide their markets into sub-market sectors.
The study investigates the impact of team building on organisational productivity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of team building among the members of the selected case study and to assess the effect of training and retraining of team members on organisational productivity. The study also x-rayed the absence of team building in a workplace which led to low levels of turnover and productivity. the total population of the study was 750 while researcher employed Yaro Yamane sampling technique to select sample size of 261 because of the large population and hypothesis were tested using Pearson correlation. The finding revealed that if members of the team can work in synergy without considering the differences in the likes of level of educational background and others, the expected productivity will be very high. It was also observed that capabilities of team leader in carrying out the assigned task determined its output especially if the team leader understands the technical knowhow of job and he is friendly with co-team members with a lot of motivation, that this would definitely enhance employees’ efficiencies and productivities. The study recommends that team members should trust, support and respect one another individual differences in order to accomplish group common goals and tasks.
Compared with general commercial reverse logistics operators, the recovery and treatment of expired drugs and medical waste is a complex and highly technically difficult project. The qualifications required by the relevant service providers are also more stringent. For medical institutions, the selection of reverse logistics operators is always a critical issue. On the perspective of sustainability, this paper aims to investigate and explore the critical factors of selecting a medical reverse logistics service provider. Through the process of the Delphi method, the experts’ assessments were collected, and 24 factors affecting the selection of medical reverse logistics service provider were screened and summarized. Then, Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was employed to calculate the total influence values and net influence values between factors that could be used to draw the visual causal map. Referring the causal map, “Green process operation level” and “Recycling process greening degree” are significantly higher than other factors in terms of total influence value and net influence value. Therefore, they can be regarded as crucial factors. This finding implies that medical reverse logistics providers must have the ability to improve the greening of facilities, as well as equipment, integrating existing processes to make it greener and environmentally friendly.
The major objective of any firm is to maximize the shareholders wealth. This is evidence through dividend yield and payout ratio and this encapsulate into the dividend policy of a company. The research purpose aimed at examining the influence that dividend policy has on the volatility of share prices among the listed insurance corporations in Kenya. Research design, approach and method: Data was collected from listed insurance corporations over a 10-year period with a total of 49 data points. The Pearson correlation and ordinary regression analysis were employed. The results reveal the existence of a positive link among the study variables. The correlations were found to be substantial at ninety-five percent confidence level. It is worth noting that the model summary shows forty-three-point one percent of changes in the volatility of stock price are explicated by dividend yield and payout ratio. ANOVA statistics which examines whether the analytical model as set out in the study explains variations in the dependent variable concluded that the model is analytically substantial. The outcome revealed a statistically significant positive link between stock price variations and the ratio of dividend payout. Research also established a statistically substantial negative interrelation between volatility of stock prices and dividend return. Results therefore recommend that companies should have dividend policies which are mapped to shareholders wealth maximization objective. The study suggests further studies be undertaken to determine whether there exists an analytically substantial difference between the dividend policies of various sectors in the economy.
This study is about the impact of selected macroeconomic variables on economic growth of Bangladesh. Economic growth of Bangladesh is measured in terms of annual nominal GDP growth rate. Least squared regression model has been employed considering exchange rate, export, import and inflation rate as independent variables and gross domestic product as the dependent variable in this study. The results reveal that export and import have significant positive impact on GDP growth rate. The other variables (exchange rate and inflation) are not significant, indicating that there exists no significant relationship among the variables. The findings will help the policy makers to make policies concerning the country’s economic growth to remain robust in the near future.
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The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
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Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
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debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
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Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
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Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
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The Review Analysis of China’s Economic Growth and the Correlations with Thailand’s Economy
1. Business, Management and Economics Research
ISSN(e): 2412-1770, ISSN(p): 2413-855X
Vol. 5, Issue. 6, pp: 86-97, 2019
URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/bmer.56.86.97
Academic Research Publishing
Group
86
Original Research Open Access
The Review Analysis of China’s Economic Growth and the Correlations with
Thailand’s Economy
Wannakomol Supachart
The School of Economics, Shanghai University, 200444 P.R. China
Abstract
This article was aimed to study the environment and the co-movement of China’s economic growth together with
Thailand under economic and macro-finance dimensions by collecting information from academic literatures, global
organization reports, and historical data from opened source database such as World Bank, United Nations,
International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other relatives. The study found that China’s and Thailand’s economic
activities are related particularly in term of trade but the low investment. In fact, services industry has replaced
industrial manufacture to be the influent factor on gross domestic product (GDP) in both two countries. Moreover,
enhancing to promote world- class capital markets and financial system development in China has drawn attraction
from Thailand investors to invest more than a half of Thailand’s direct investment funds in financial firms and
activities in China in 2017. In the conclusion, Thailand’s economic growth is still relied on China’s demand for raw
materials according to goods and products they have exported to China. The suggestion for Thailand is to create their
own technology like China’s development model in order to produce valuable goods and services productivity. And
for both countries, China and Thailand should also have to focus on income distribution through other areas outside
the city under the principal of economic development to improve the welfare of the population.
Keywords: Economy; China; Thailand; Growth.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
Since 1978, after Mao Zedong's death, Deng Xiaoping, the former General Secretary of the Central Committee
of the Communist Party of China, pushed the policy towards bringing the message of social and economic
transformation to bring China on a new level, using the guidelines of capitalism along with socialism or central
planning. The important policies such as authorizing foreign direct investment to China, improving the infrastructure
system, establishing special new economic zones along the coasts, as well as encouragement of improving the legal
system particularly in taxes and incentives to encourage the expansion of investment and industry development, have
so far driven China onto the path of growth.
In only three to four decades, China, later on under the governance of Xi Zhinping, has dramatically climbed up
to be one of the top biggest in the size of economy and one of the most powerful countries in the world, helped raise
an estimated 800 million of Chinese people out of poverty (Morrison, 2018). According to China’s fast-grow
economy, the effects of its growth has rapidly been spreading through the world. China has become a big trade
partner with many countries as well as being the main source of funds such as foreign direct investment (FDI) in
overseas. One most of fascinate changes in China, is not only skyrocket rise of economy that relied on income from
large amount of goods manufacture like in the first past decades, but also the new high innovation and technology
that China can make, for example, electronic payment system, world class high-speed and cheap public
transportation, fast accurate artificial intelligence (AI) logistic services, huge scale construction, as well as spaceship
projects and commercial jet aircraft made by Chinese.
The coin has two sides, even though China’s economy has dramatically exploded for a long time, there have
been signs of a productivity and economic growth slowdown in China that would impact different regions of the
world in different ways depending on their exposure. In countries that are dependent on commodity exports,
like Australia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia, the slowdown could have a negative impact on their GDP growth as
demand slows. However, the inevitable fall in commodity prices could be the beneficial impact for other countries
that consume the commodities, such as the United States and countries across Europe. Moreover, not less important
than trade flows, funds and capital flows among China and foreigners are obviously related to the international
financial integration and domestic financial and economic stability that must be taken high concern in order to run
the capital control policy for each country.
Thailand has a mixed economic system in which there is a variety of private freedom, combined with
centralized economic planning and government regulations. Thailand is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC) and the1
where the estimation outcomes showed that the trade creation effect in ASEAN-China
1
ASEAN consists of ten countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Viet Nam, Lao
PDR, Myanmar, and Cambodia), signed a framework for regional economic growth and peace and stability in 1967, which was
manifested in Bangkok Declaration. According to the World Bank (2000), the motivations for regional economic integration can
be divided into political and economic perspectives. (http://asean.org/asean/about-asean/overview/)
2. Business, Management and Economics Research
87
FTA (ACFTA) is much larger than other in ASEAN-Korea FTA (AKFTA) and ASEAN-Japan FTA (AJFTA).
Taguchi and Lee (2016). It is unavoidable for Thailand to be involved in economic activities and take the benefit
from trade with China. With the economic freedom score (The Heritage Foundation, 2018) of 67.1, making
Thailand’s economy to be the 53rd world freest in the 2018 index. Thailand seems to pursue capital flow from China
by inviting Chinese investors in preparing attractive investment facilities, especially2
ready to be a big industrial
manufacturing hub of Southeast Asia.
Linking Thailand with China, the Thai government is looking forward to connecting EEC to be a part of One
Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR). Statement by Thailand’s Prime Minister Prayut Chan O-Cha addressed on May
12, 2017, Thailand needs to develop convenient infrastructure with China to facilitate connectivity. ASEAN Today
(2018) The under-construction high-speed railway and train from Kunming-China to Thailand pass through Laos is
using Chinese technology and co-funds between Thailand and China such as Public-Private Partnership (PPP), in
order to boost the tourism and attract investment. Furthermore, Thailand also has the high intention to improve and
encourage e-commerce system and cashless society inspired by china-model, Alipay.
By considering the direction of Thailand’s policies along with China’s growth, so this report was aimed to study
the relationship between China and Thailand in the term of financial and economic development perspectives. The
benefit of in-depth study and making good understanding in the economic structure in both countries is to bring
proper analysis in order to determine the right policies or regulations, as well as effective strategies between
Thailand and China.
2. Data and Experimental Methodology
This study used monthly statistic time series data from 2000 to 2018 that were pulled from open source
databases such as World Bank, IMF, OECD, Census and Economic Information Center (CEIC), as well as relative
local government organizations. Furthermore, descriptive analysis is considered to be used in this study in order to
compare major macroeconomic indicators by plotting graphs and diagrams between Thailand and China which
including nominal GDP, GDP per capita, GDP growth rate, inflation, percentage of GDP shares by classified
industries, investment, currency exchange rate, trade, and investment particularly foreign direct investment (FDI)
between the two countries.
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. China and Thailand Economic Growth
Figure-1. Nominal GDP at Current Price (billion USD)
Source: International Monetary Fund (2018)
In early 2000s, (see Figure1) China’s nominal GDP at the current price was far behind the advance technology
countries until 2009 that China became to the world second largest economy beating Japan, Germany, United
Kingdom, Canada, and the rest of the world, only following the United States. However, China’s GDP based on
purchasing power parity (PPP) has jumped to the top of the world and remain being on the first rank since 2013
(International Monetary Fund, 2018). This dramatic change in the scale of economy could lead China to be a very
powerful country.
2
The Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) Development Plan under scheme of Thailand 4.0 aiming to revitalize and enhancing of
the well-known Eastern Seaboard Development Program that had supported Thailand as a powerhouse for industrial production
in Thailand for over 30 years.
3. Business, Management and Economics Research
88
Even if Chinese can create their own high technology and China’s GDP is very huge, China was still classified
in the level of developing country (United Nations, 2018) due to the large number of Chinese populations in divided
of the total GDP. Considering GDP per capita (see Figure2) in comparative with Thailand, Chinese income per
capita used to be lower than Thai for decades since 2000, and climbed up to the higher level from 2011, remain
richer, and increasing larger gap by 40 percent higher in 2017.
Figure3 shows the annual growth rate of real GDP for China and Thailand are moving together in the same
direction. It is obvious that China’s growth rate has been between 7% - 15% during the selected period of time,
higher than Thailand’s where the growth rate of GDP has been around 0%-7% and faced unfortunate negative (-
0.7%) in 2009. Consider only in China’s growth, it found that after increasing in growth rate from 2000 to the peak
at 14.2% in 2007. China is currently facing the slow-down of economic growth to the low 6.7% - lower than the
beginning of 2000. Even if China’s growth has been diminishing or facing the slow-down, however, seeing the
movement of the lines, Thailand’s growth has seemingly more fluctuated.
Figure-2. GDP per Capita (USD)
Source: International Monetary Fund (2018)
Figure-3. Real GDP Growth (annual percent change)
Source: International Monetary Fund (2018)
The analysis of the relation between GDP and inflation rate implies purchasing power of money against the
economic growth. The relationship between GDP growth and inflation, seem to be positive both in China and
Thailand (Figure4). However, the different between the two countries is that China is better to control consumer
price than Thailand as seeing the inflation rate in these countries have been staying around 0% -7%, while China’s
GDP growth rate is much higher than inflation. It is intuitively consistent with the IMF data that China is the first
rank of the world in GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP) which mean China has become wealthier aligning
more purchasing power. Unlike in Thailand that inflation is rather aligned with the economic growth rate.
4. Business, Management and Economics Research
89
Figure-4. Growth and Inflation
Source: International Monetary Fund (2018)
The pattern of main income for the GDP has been changed in the modern world that industry and manufacture,
is no longer be the primary factor to take most part of the gross domestic product. The statistics in Figure5 shows
that services industry is the most important sector for China and Thailand as it took more than 50% of GDP in both
countries in 2017, following with industry and manufacture, and agriculture and fisheries in respectively. The study
of several international agencies found that the services sector is a new engine of the economy, especially in the
middle-income countries, services sector enhances productivity, competitiveness, and the growth of the whole
economy. Since many services such as telecommunications, energy, and financial services are the necessary
intermediate inputs of all production, modern IT and innovation development will help efficient business in services
sector to be a kind of rich product ready to be exported and support the expansion of the global value chain (GVCs),
which drives the growth of many countries.
Figure-5. GDP Share by Industry in 20173
Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China (2018)
3
According to the Three Industries Classification Regulations, the Three Industries are divided into Agriculture and Fisheries,
Industry and Manufacture, and Services. Agriculture and Fisheries industry refers to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and
fisheries (excluding services to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries); Industry and Manufacture industry refers to
mining (excluding mining and support activities), manufacturing (excluding repair services of metal products, machinery and
equipment), production and supply of electricity, heat, gas and water, and construction; Services industry is the service industry,
and refers to all other industries not included in primary and secondary industries.
5. Business, Management and Economics Research
90
Source: Thailand’s Office of the National Economic and Social
Development Board (2018)
3.2. Interest Rate and Currencies
In this report, the real interest rate was presented in according to get the rate that has been adjusted to remove
the effects of inflation reflects the real cost of funds to the borrower and the real yield to the lender or to an investor.
Figure6 shows that the real interest rate in China and Thailand since 2008 have been moving aligning together and
almost be at the same rate by the end of 2016. There is nothing complicated to explain in positive interest between
0.5% – 4.6% in Thailand, but some period of times in China especially in 2008, 2010 and 2011, during the world
financial crisis, the real interest rates were negative reflected less value of money in the accounts. This situation hurt
people as well as businesses who rely on the banking or financial system as a source of savings and loans which
related to the investment. However, the situation was improved after 2011, China’s real interest rate was turned to be
over zero and the rate was maintained at around 3.5%.
The currencies exchange may reflect the price of goods and services for international trade. Since Chinese
currency has been more acceptable among the markets, more Chinese and Thai entrepreneurs are likely to do
business according to Chinese Yuan. Therefore, the exchange rate between Chinese Yuan Ren Min Bi (RMB) and
Thai Baht (THB) will be focused on the graph in Figure7 by the ratio THB per one RMB. The Chinese RMB against
THB was appreciated from 4.70 THB/RMB in the mid of 2013 to the highest 5.65 THB/RMB by the end of 2015
and have been slightly depreciated (see Figure7).
Figure-6. Real Interest Rate %
Source: World Bank (2018)
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Figure-7. Exchange Rate THB/RMB
Source: Bank of Thailand (2018)
3.3. Trade and Investment between China and Thailand
China and Thailand have been the important partner for a long time based on history and official relationship.
The diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Thailand was officially
established on July 1, 1975. The Thai-Chinese relation has been proceeded smoothly for all over the time, on the
basis of equality, respect, and no-intervention to each other. Furthermore, China and Thailand have conducted the
principal of mutual benefit in bilateral, multilateral, and region level frameworks, to maintain the peace and stability
between two countries.4
In this part, the relation of economic activities – trade and investment between China and
Thailand will be emphasized regarding their important role as a powerful engine with fuel to drive and boost up the
economy.
3.3.1. Trade
International trade cooperation between China and Thailand has become an increasingly important component
of the relationship between the two countries. In 2016, China was the top trade partner for Thailand with trade value
at 75,715 million USD under the framework of ASEAN-China FTA, so tariffs on international trade between China
and Thailand are implicitly mostly zero. The lower ranks from China are followed by Japan, USA, Malaysia,
Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, Hing Kong, Australia, and South Korea (see Table1). In the same year, Thailand was
ranked on the 9th
of trade value partner for China, followed Vietnam and Malaysia, two members of ASEAN
countries.
Table-1. Ranking of China’s and Thailand’s Trade Partner in 2016 (million USD)
Rank
China Thailand
Country Trade Value Country Trade Value
1 United States 520,798 China 75,715
2 Hong Kong 303,952 Japan 51,154
3 Japan 274,939 USA 36,541
4 South Korea 252,682 Malaysia 20,418
5 Germany 151,323 Vietnam 13,842
6 Australia 108,178 Singapore 14,737
7 Vietnam 98,266 Indonesia 14,503
8 Malaysia 86,930 Hong Kong 13,071
9 Thailand 75,715 Australia 13,727
10 United Kingdom 74,346 South Korea 11,357
Source: World Bank (2018).
At the accounting of trade balance between Thailand and China in Figure8, it shows that China has gained
positive balance over Thailand for all over a decade since 2007 to 2017. Although total trade value has double
increased since 2007 to reach the highest value at 73,670.43 million USD by the end of 2017, there has been always
trade-deficit on Thailand side which is related to Thailand’s demand to import, has been obviously increasing while
export has slightly changed. In the other hand, China has remained the amount of value of import from Thailand and
be able to elevate more export.
4
Royal Thai Embassy, Beijing.
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Figure-8. Trade Balance between Thailand and China (million USD)
Source: Thailand’s Ministry of Commerce (2018)
Looking to the top eight products that Thailand imported from China in 2017 (Fingure9), Thailand spent on
electrical machinery and parts for 14% out of total import value from China, followed by 10% on household
appliances, 9% on machinery and parts, chemicals, 7% on parts and vehicle accessories, 7% on computer parts and
accessories, 5% on iron, steel and products, 3% on other metal ores, metal waste scrap, and products, and other
products for the rest 47%.
Rubber products, polymers of ethylene, propylene in primary forms, automatic data processing machines and
parts thereof, chemical products, tapioca products, and woods as well as wood products, are the most of seven
groups of products that China had demand to import from Thailand in 2017. In Figure10, the percentage of rubber
product was 10% is the highest share of total products that Thailand exported to China. However, the number of 4%
motor cars together with parts and accessories is a very interesting because this product group had not been in the
table of the most ten products that China imported from Thailand until the past four years.
Figure-9. Goods Import from China to Thailand in 2018
Source: Thailand’s Ministry of Commerce (2018).
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Figure-10. Goods Export from Thailand to China in 2018
Source: Thailand’s Ministry of Commerce (2018).
Even if rubber and rubber products are the most two product groups that Thailand exports to China, however,
the trend selling of these products to China during the past five years (2012 – 2017) is likely to decrease (see
Figure11), as well as decelerated export growth of primary form polymers such as plastic beads. Anyway, an
increasing export trend of electronics integrated circuits including printed circuited board assembly (PCBA), is a
hopeful prospect for Thailand to keep export to China.
Seeing China as an exporter of goods to Thailand (see Figure 12), electrical machinery and parts, the highest
expenditure of goods that Thailand have imported from China, tend to be increasing. The highest growth rate is on
vehicle parts and accessories, which reached about 142% from 2012. For plastic products, although the value is not
as high as other goods on top ranks for China’s export, it has the interesting high growth rate around 60%, higher
than electrical machinery and parts where growth rate is around 30%. However, while most of the products exported
from China are likely to be increased, computer including parts and accessories is the group of products that it has
decreased for 31% for the past five years.
Figure-11. Thailand’s Goods Export to China Trend (million USD)
Source: Thailand’s Ministry of Commerce (2018).
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Figure-12. China’s Goods Export to Thailand Trend (million USD)
Source: Thailand’s Ministry of Commerce (2018).
3.3.2. Investment
For investment part, foreign direct investment (FDI) will be emphasized because FDI reflects a powerful engine
of economic growth as it is general source of funds in order to create development facilities, for example, FDI and
GDP growth are usually growing together helping to integrate domestic economy with the international or global
economy. China used to be the FDI receiver when it was firstly encouraged social and economic reform. According
to the National Economic and Social Development Plan, Chinese government has promoted both public and private
sectors to have more role in global society and gained economics benefit, as well as political interests, therefore,
increasing pay role of FDI outward since 2005 had led China to be an FDI investor in 2016 (see Figure13).
Nonetheless, China’s economic slow-down is another reason for Chinese investors to be looking for the new
opportunity to invest overseas.
Figure-13. China’s FDI Flows (million USD)
Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2018)
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Figure-14. Thailand’s Net FDI Inward from China (million USD)
Source: Bank of Thailand (2018)
The number of Thailand’s FDI inward from China has been likely increased since 2008, but the flow in
Figure14 show that is the China’s direct investment in Thailand have moved like boom-bust cycle especially in 2014
that FDI net flow was negative. These can be related to the political instability in Thailand particularly coup d'etat by
the military to take over government affairs that caused investor confidence, led sharply decreases FDI inflow, and
increases outflow.
In Thailand, the manufacturing, real estate activities, motor vehicles including trailers and semi-trailers are the
main sectors that FDI from China is allocated in 2017 with the investment value of 171, 156.59, and 122.36 million
USD in respectively. The products such as rubber and polymer plastic beads are the main products in the
manufacturing industry that most of investment fund was invested to produce.
Due to the real estate market in China was rather sluggish and faced to the over-supply situation, so Chinese
investors have moved some funds to invest in real estate outside the country including Thailand where real estate
activity was the second highest of all sectors that received FDI from China in 2017 (see Figure15). However,
negative net FDI from China occurred in Transportation and storage sector, and manufacture of coke and refined
petroleum products for around 25.68 million USD.
Consider Thailand’s Direct Investment in China (see Figure16), Thailand outward FDI in China are negative
during 2005 – 2013, and 2016 – 2017. There was only two years in 2014 – 2015 that direct investment out flow from
Thailand are positive. These reflect that Thailand rather be the receiver of investment of China due to negative
outflow more inward FDI that the outward.
Figure-15. China’s Direct Investment Allocation by Sector in Thailand in 2018
Source: Bank of Thailand (2018).
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Figure-16. Thailand’s Direct Investment in China (million USD)
Source: (Bank of Thailand, 2018).
Figure-17. Thailand’s Direct Investment Allocation by Sector in China in 2018
Source: Bank of Thailand (2018)
China’s financial or capital markets are the key factor attracted Thai investors as today capital markets in China
play a very important role in the global economy as well as the world financial activities. The Chinese government
has emphasized the financial market development by relaxing capital flow and investment regulations to foreigners,
especially in two important markets – Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange where three types of
capital assets, A-Shares, B-Shares, and H-Shares, were traded. Hudachek (2013) Therefore, from Figure17, in 2017
in China, Thailand invested 50% of total direct investment in financial and insurance activities sector basically via
mutual funds for 461.42 million USD especially in Q1 of 2017 when the initial investment for this sector was 459.43
million USD. The following investment allocation by 21% in manufacturing, 16% food products manufacture, and
7% in wholesale and retail trade which including repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
China’s economic growth has a meaning to Thailand’s economic policymaker because of the relationship of
economic activities between the two countries in both public and private relations. The plot of economic growth
shows that China is really facing the slow-down situation from over-supply in the production of goods meanwhile,
there is more fluctuation in Thailand with no pattern to forecast. To take the action to the economic slowdown,
Chinese have to expand their investment abroad and attempting to add more value on their products at the same time.
Surprisingly, income from services industry has been more important for both China and Thailand which takes more
than a half of GDP replacing industrial manufacture.
The international trade value between Thailand and China have grown every year but the income is not that
much distributed to the households. Regarding to the main products that China and Thailand have traded together,
trade - deficit for Thailand happened because Thailand is the supplier of raw materials of goods production for China
and import the final goods which are more valuable to consume. Even to gain trade balance from China is barely to
be seen, Thailand should develop their own technology to be more on self-reliance rather rely on the amount of raw
material trade to China in order to decline the trade-deficit.
China’s investment value in Thailand is low and still far behind the other countries. To draw the intention from
Chinese investors, Thailand needs to prepare attractive facilities as well as encourage benefit or offer the rich
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privilege of investment according to investor needs. Merging China and Thailand on the initiative belt road project
particularly using Chinese high-speed train technology linking the railway from China to Thailand is an opportunity
to welcome Chinese investors, and also be a good opportunity receive technology transmission in the future.
Even if China and Thailand are classified to as a developing country which seeking for economic growth, but
Thailand development pattern is different from China in many perspectives. Thailand technically does not have their
own valued technology like China does, so the development is still relied on foreign technology and seems to be
more relied on China. Seeking for economic growth is important for developing countries, however, to make sure
that all people in all regions of the country are living without poverty is very challenges because the growth will be
worthless if the income is only clumped in urban or cities as the key objective of economic growth is to improve
population’s welfare.
4.1. List of Abbreviations
AI; Artificial Intelligence, IMF; International Monetary Fund, CRS; Congressional Research Services, APEC;
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, ASEAN; the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ACFTA; ASEAN-China
Free Trade Area (ACFTA), AKFTA; ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Area, AJFTA; ASEAN-Japan Free Trade Area,
EEC; The Eastern Economic Corridor, UNCTAD; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNSD;
United Nations Statistical Division, PPP (Introduction P.2); Public-Private Partnership, PPP (in Results and
Discussion, Page3 and Page 4); Purchasing Power Parity, FDI; Foreign Direct Investment, OBOR; One Belt One
Road Initiative, GVC; Global Value Chain, TDI; Thailand’s Direct Investment, OECD; Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development, THB; Thai Baht, RMB; Chinese Ren Min Bi, HKD; Hong Kong Dollar, PCBA;
Printed Circuited Board Assembly.
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