South African music has evolved over time through influences from various immigrant groups and under apartheid. Originally developed by native peoples, the Dutch and others later settled and displaced indigenous groups. Musical traditions incorporated strong vocals, drums, and instruments from Africa and Europe. Genres like iscathimiya used call-and-response style. Modern genres like mbaqanga, kwaito, and artists like Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Mahotella Queens, and Miriam Makeba have contributed to South Africa's diverse and developing musical heritage.

1. The music of South Africa

2. History
• Originally held by Native people
• 1632 Dutch came, mixed with French and
German settlers – “Afrikaaners”
• Later immigrants from England, India, China
• White settlers displaced native people
• 1900’s system of “apartheid” – government
oppressed Black South Africans
• Apartheid ended in 1994 – led by people like
Nelson Mandela

3. Musical Sound Evolved
• Began with strong vocal harmony tradition
• Later African immigrants brought drums,
mbiras, marimbas
• Europeans brought the guitar, accordian,
pennywhistle and church music
• 1800s singing groups toured the U.S.
– Iscathimiya – all male groups with call-response
style
• Ladysmith Black Mambazo

4. Instruments
• Mbira – 2 performances – different size
instruments
• Marimba
• Pennywhistle

5. 1950’s and later
• Spokes Mahiyane
• Mbaqanga replaced penny whistle with sax
– 2 slides

6. Electric sound
• Mahotella Queens

7. Miriam Makeba

8. Hugh Masekla

9. Kwaito
• Original to South Africa
• Mixes hip-hop, reggae, local song styles
• Tells stories
• Brothers of Peace
• Bongo Maffin

10. #1 South African people have a mixture of
people from the following heritages:
a. Native
b. Dutch
c. English
d. India
e. China
f. All of the above

11. #2 True or False
Apartheid was a system in
which the white South African
government oppressed and
controlled the Black South
African population. Music was a
major tool in protesting
apartheid.

12. #3 True or false
South African music has been
continuously developing, using
instruments of the people who
immigrated there from other
countries.

13. #4 Ladysmith Black Mambazo uses a style called
iscathimiya. This style includes:
a. All female groups with lots of solos
b. All male groups with “call and response”
sound with a lead singer and group
answer/background

14. #5 A modern South African style that merges
hip-hop, reggae and traditional gospel style is
called
a. Icathimiya
b. Gospel
c. Kwaito
d. Spirituals