Alternative take. Preferencias educacionales y estéticas entre estratos socia...Dr. Manuel Herrera-Usagre
Esta es la presentación real para el VI Congreso Andaluz de Sociología. Cádiz, noviembre 2012. La información que se ofrecerá se basará en la primera versión de esta presentación.
This document discusses key concepts in population and demography. It defines components of population change like fertility, mortality, and migration. It summarizes Malthus' theory of overpopulation and the demographic transition model. It also describes the history of urbanization, contrasting preindustrial and industrial cities.
The document discusses different perspectives on globalization. It outlines three major attitudes towards globalization: pro-globalists who support it, anti-globalists who oppose it, and alter-globalists who support alternative forms of it. It also describes some major criticisms of the current form of globalization from the perspective of anti-globalization activists and movements, such as that it undermines local control, benefits corporations over people, and exacerbates inequality between rich and poor nations.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
Urbanization is the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. It results from rural migration and population growth in cities. Functionalism views society as a complex system where all parts influence each other. Two theories are human ecology, which examines human relationships with environments, and urban ecology, which studies organisms in urban settings. Functionalism includes three theories of urban structure: concentric zone theory of socioeconomic zones radiating from the city center; demographic transition theory of population changes from high birth/death rates to low rates; and multiple nuclei theory of specialized activity centers in a city.
This document summarizes trends in national savings rates in G7 countries from 1980 to 2010. It finds that savings rates have generally decreased over this period while budget deficits have increased, reducing economic stability. It introduces a chaotic saving growth model to explain irregular economic behavior, incorporating factors like private savings, budget deficits, capital outflows, and savings and investment rates. Charts show time series data on gross national savings and the imbalance between savings and investment rates for each G7 country. The document aims to analyze how decreasing savings and increasing deficits impact stability using nonlinear dynamic systems from chaos theory.
Social policy in Latin America, Social policy and financializationCarolCordilha1
This document discusses social protection policies in Latin America. It begins with an overview of the Latin American region, noting its relatively weak position in the global economy and ongoing gap in per capita GDP compared to wealthy nations since the 1500s. It then examines some key features of Latin American societies, like high levels of inequality and informality, that influence social policies. The document outlines both pioneering social programs in Latin America in the 20th century as well as ongoing weaknesses, like reliance on indirect taxation and obstacles to redistribution and guaranteeing basic needs. Overall, it uses the case of Latin America to provide lessons on analyzing social policies in different economic and social contexts beyond Europe.
This document provides an introduction to the field of demography. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations, and notes that demography is concerned with factors like population size, growth, distribution, and characteristics. The document emphasizes that nearly every aspect of life is connected to demography. Population changes influence issues like globalization, terrorism, poverty, the environment, and more. How populations are distributed spatially also affects areas like politics, social planning, marketing, and business. Youth bulges in developing countries may lead to more migration and changes in demand for social services in wealthier nations as globalization connects all countries more closely. While demography influences trends, it does not determine the future, which will be shaped by
Alternative take. Preferencias educacionales y estéticas entre estratos socia...Dr. Manuel Herrera-Usagre
Esta es la presentación real para el VI Congreso Andaluz de Sociología. Cádiz, noviembre 2012. La información que se ofrecerá se basará en la primera versión de esta presentación.
This document discusses key concepts in population and demography. It defines components of population change like fertility, mortality, and migration. It summarizes Malthus' theory of overpopulation and the demographic transition model. It also describes the history of urbanization, contrasting preindustrial and industrial cities.
The document discusses different perspectives on globalization. It outlines three major attitudes towards globalization: pro-globalists who support it, anti-globalists who oppose it, and alter-globalists who support alternative forms of it. It also describes some major criticisms of the current form of globalization from the perspective of anti-globalization activists and movements, such as that it undermines local control, benefits corporations over people, and exacerbates inequality between rich and poor nations.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
Urbanization is the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. It results from rural migration and population growth in cities. Functionalism views society as a complex system where all parts influence each other. Two theories are human ecology, which examines human relationships with environments, and urban ecology, which studies organisms in urban settings. Functionalism includes three theories of urban structure: concentric zone theory of socioeconomic zones radiating from the city center; demographic transition theory of population changes from high birth/death rates to low rates; and multiple nuclei theory of specialized activity centers in a city.
This document summarizes trends in national savings rates in G7 countries from 1980 to 2010. It finds that savings rates have generally decreased over this period while budget deficits have increased, reducing economic stability. It introduces a chaotic saving growth model to explain irregular economic behavior, incorporating factors like private savings, budget deficits, capital outflows, and savings and investment rates. Charts show time series data on gross national savings and the imbalance between savings and investment rates for each G7 country. The document aims to analyze how decreasing savings and increasing deficits impact stability using nonlinear dynamic systems from chaos theory.
Social policy in Latin America, Social policy and financializationCarolCordilha1
This document discusses social protection policies in Latin America. It begins with an overview of the Latin American region, noting its relatively weak position in the global economy and ongoing gap in per capita GDP compared to wealthy nations since the 1500s. It then examines some key features of Latin American societies, like high levels of inequality and informality, that influence social policies. The document outlines both pioneering social programs in Latin America in the 20th century as well as ongoing weaknesses, like reliance on indirect taxation and obstacles to redistribution and guaranteeing basic needs. Overall, it uses the case of Latin America to provide lessons on analyzing social policies in different economic and social contexts beyond Europe.
This document provides an introduction to the field of demography. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations, and notes that demography is concerned with factors like population size, growth, distribution, and characteristics. The document emphasizes that nearly every aspect of life is connected to demography. Population changes influence issues like globalization, terrorism, poverty, the environment, and more. How populations are distributed spatially also affects areas like politics, social planning, marketing, and business. Youth bulges in developing countries may lead to more migration and changes in demand for social services in wealthier nations as globalization connects all countries more closely. While demography influences trends, it does not determine the future, which will be shaped by
An Essay On The Muslim Gap - Religiosity And The Political SystemTracy Hill
This document analyzes trends in economic development, democracy, and religiosity between the Muslim world and other parts of the world. It finds that:
1) Economic development has been slower in the Muslim world compared to other regions. Income gaps between the West and Muslim countries have widened over time.
2) While democracy has increased globally due to rising incomes, this trend has not affected the Muslim world, where democracy has remained low.
3) Secularization has occurred globally due to development, but religiosity has decreased less in the Muslim world, which remains highly religious.
Traditional values in the Muslim world have resisted key transitions associated with development, like changes to gender roles, contributing to
Africa’s immiserization and declining development interventions in a globaliz...Alexander Decker
This document discusses how globalization has contributed to the immiserization (increasing misery and poverty) of African countries in two key ways:
1. Accelerated economic liberalization policies imposed by international financial institutions in response to debt crises have reduced the ability of African governments to intervene in their economies and allocate resources to development programs.
2. African countries have been marginalized in the global economy, recording stagnating or declining GDP per capita in contrast to growth in wealthier nations. Poverty levels have risen substantially in Africa while falling elsewhere in the developing world.
The document argues that globalization has undermined the policy autonomy of African nations and exacerbated poverty, contradicting the promise of shared
Jorge Katz - Seminario 'Nuevos enfoques sobre políticas de innovación'Fundación Ramón Areces
The document discusses shortcomings in prevailing economic theories regarding natural resource-based growth in Latin America from an evolutionary perspective. It addresses topics that received theories have not adequately explored, including: 1) The impact of macroeconomic management on economic structure and growth, 2) Environmental sustainability and natural resource-based growth, 3) Expansion of the natural resource frontier and lack of public goods, 4) Social exclusion and governance. Future research topics are identified regarding natural resource industries, sectoral institutions, expanding frontiers, and developing domestic capabilities.
This paper analyzes income mobility and economic insecurity in Spain and the US during the Great Recession using household panel data. It finds that downward income mobility increased more in Spain, where job losses were larger. The paper proposes a new index to measure downward mobility and insecurity. Regressions show younger workers in Spain and older workers in the US were more likely to experience income declines. However, the paper notes limitations in fully attributing trends to the recession and opportunities to strengthen identification and accounting for multiple income components.
Internationalising and multiculturalising world of work LAUREA 2015Mika Launikari [LION]
The document discusses several aspects of working and living abroad, including challenges and benefits. It provides links to video clips about students' work placements in other countries and highlights differences they encountered. It also summarizes research on factors influencing labor mobility in the EU, such as lack of language skills. Overall, the document outlines how the world of work is becoming more international and multicultural.
Real World JusticeAuthor(s) Thomas PoggeReviewed work(s).docxcatheryncouper
Real World Justice
Author(s): Thomas Pogge
Reviewed work(s):
Source: The Journal of Ethics, Vol. 9, No. 1/2, Current Debates in Global Justice (2005), pp.
29-53
Published by: Springer
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25115814 .
Accessed: 06/08/2012 10:52
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Ethics.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=springer
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25115814?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
THOMAS POGGE
REAL WORLD JUSTICE
(Received 14 May 2004; accepted in revised form 3 June 2004)
ABSTRACT. Despite a high and growing global average income, billions of
human beings are still condemned to lifelong severe poverty with all its attendant
evils of low life expectancy, social exclusion, ill health, illiteracy, dependency, and
effective enslavement. We citizens of the rich countries are conditioned to think of
this problem as an occasion for assistance. Thanks in part to the rationalizations
dispensed by our economists, most of us do not realize how deeply we are implicated,
through the new global economic order our states have imposed, in this ongoing
catastrophe. My sketch of how we are so implicated follows the argument of my
book, World Poverty and Human Rights, but takes the form of a response to the
book's critics.
KEY WORDS: causal explanation, development economics, global resources
dividend, harm, human rights, inequality, justice, negative duties, world poverty,
WTO
Can normative theories about global justice benefit from empirical
theories? This is a rhetorical question
- no one seriously argues that
we should think about global justice in ignorance of the facts. And
the question is also a bit tendentious, prodding us philosophers
(heads in the clouds or buried in sand) to pay more attention to the
real world as presented, most relevantly, by development econo
mists.
I agree that many philosophers working on global justice know
too little about the real world, but I also believe that we should
absorb the theories delivered by economists with a great deal of
caution. A prominent concept in economics is that of homo eco
nomicus, an individual who, single-mindedly and rationally, seeks
optimally to satisfy his preferences. Such imaginary creatures are
not good approximations of persons in the real world. But, as
var ...
European countries faced new social risks and challenges to their social policies as a result of economic and demographic changes following World War II. Specifically, countries experienced substantial increases in female labor participation, aging populations as birth rates declined, and labor markets demanding higher skilled workers. This led to issues like intergenerational transmission of poverty and difficulty reconciling work and family responsibilities. In response, governments implemented policies encouraging female employment but reducing fertility further. Currently, an aging population places significant burden on pension systems, forcing reforms like raising retirement ages.
There are several theories that attempt to explain disparities in development levels between countries:
1) Resource endowment theory suggests that countries with more natural and human resources will develop more, while environmental determinism links human activity to the environment.
2) Rostow's model and Clarke's sector model propose that countries progress through linear stages of development, but some fail to advance.
3) Dependency theory argues that 500 years of colonial exploitation created ongoing domination of poor countries by rich ones through mechanisms like debt.
4) World systems analysis and cumulative causation view development as spreading in a core-periphery pattern within the global economy, with the core benefiting at the expense of the periphery.
Nationalism and the industrial revolution unit outline 2010lherzl
This document outlines a unit plan on nationalism and the Industrial Revolution in Europe between 1800-1914. The unit goals are to explain the rise of nationalism and nation-states in Europe, as well as the causes and impacts of the Industrial Revolution, particularly in Britain. Key topics covered include the unification of Germany and Italy, agricultural and industrial changes, urbanization, and various economic ideas like capitalism, socialism, and communism that emerged during this period. Students will complete assignments providing definitions, explanations, and analyses of these topics and historical developments.
CSAT became a part of the UPSC Civil Services Examination in 2011, marking a significant change from the earlier Preliminary examination format, which consisted of a single paper focusing on General Studies knowledge.
The document discusses integration and the challenges of measuring integration across generations of migrants. It distinguishes between the migrant generation (Generation 1), their descendants born in the destination country (Generation 1.5/2), and older ascendant generations (Generation -1). It notes deep differences in their life experiences and time spent in countries of origin vs. destination countries that impact integration processes. Positive integration requires inclusion across various domains like work, housing, education and family reunification over a migrant's lifetime. Interactions with the host community are also important and are influenced by economic and cultural factors.
_Classic Theories of Economic Growth and Development .pdfLeandraLeiCaalita
EVERY NATIONS
STRIVE FOR DEVELOPMENT
But economic progress is not the only component
DEVELOPMENT > material and financial
Widespread realization = national context + international economic + social system
Demographic change and inter-generational solidarity. Challenges for urban...smartmetropolia2014
This document discusses demographic change and intergenerational solidarity. It notes that demographic change, including population aging and decline, presents challenges for urban management. The document then provides details on the causes and consequences of demographic change in Europe and Germany. This includes longer lifespans, lower birth rates, and out-migration leading to an aging population and shrinking workforce. Consequences discussed include impacts on housing markets, social infrastructure, employment, and economic competitiveness. The document concludes by examining policy responses at national, state, and local levels that aim to foster active aging and sustainable development in the face of demographic change challenges.
This document discusses 5 propositions about the social economy and the global economic crisis:
1. The current crisis marks a transition from the 20th century model of mass production to the 21st century model of a distributed digital economy.
2. Strong social and technological trends are providing the basis for expansion of the social economy, including addressing intractable problems, expressive culture, and the digital economy reconfiguring production.
3. The social economy can become an innovative driver of economic transformation if conditions are transformed for the state, grant economy, market, and households.
4. Crisis requires differentiated counter-cyclical policies focused on investment, innovation, and regulatory changes to create conditions for social innovation
Text· Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural anthropology [Electronic v.docxmehek4
Text
· Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural anthropology [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
· Chapter 9: The economic System
· Chapter 10: Cultural Change, Globalization, and the Contemporary World
Multimedia
· Rice, R. (Writer), & Meehan, R. (Director). (2004). Guatemala: The human price of coffee [Television series episode]. In P. King (Executive producer), Fighting the tide: Developing nations and globalizations. Retrieved from https://fod.infobase.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?token=34472&wID=100753&plt=FOD&loid=0&w=420&h=315&fWidth=440&fHeight=365
· The full version of this video is available through the Films on Demand database in the Ashford University Library. This video shows the impact of globalization on a small coffee farmer in Guatemala. This video has closed captioning and a transcript. This video may assist you in your Feminization of Poverty or Consumption and Globalization discussion this week.
Recommended Resources
Article
· Buvinić, M. (1997). Women in poverty: A new global underclass. Foreign Policy, 108, 38-53. doi:10.2307/1149088
· The full-text version of this article is available through the ProQuest host database in the Ashford University Library. In this article, Buvinic looks at the social and economic changes that are pushing more and more women into low paying jobs in agriculture, industry, and the services, and widening the global income gap between men and women. This video may assist you in your Feminization of Poverty or Consumption and Globalization discussion this week.
· Reinecke, G. (2006). Is globalization good for workers? Definitions and evidence from Latin America. International Labor and Working Class History, 70(1), 11-34. doi:10.1017/S0147547906000147
· The full-text version of this article is available through the JSTOR host database in the Ashford University Library. In this article, Reinecke discusses how globalization can benefit or harm workers in Latin America. This video may assist you in your Feminization of Poverty or Consumption and Globalization discussion this week.
Multimedia
· Cohen, J. (Producer). (2006.) The gender puzzle [Video file]. Retrieved from https://fod.infobase.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?token=35637&wID=100753&plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480&fWidth=660&fHeight=530
· The full version of this video is available through the Films on Demand database in the Ashford University Library. This film explores the scientific research behind issues of gender. This video has closed captioning and a transcript. This video may assist you in your Feminization of Poverty or Consumption and Globalization discussion this week.
· Romin, J., Arnstad, H., Lennartsson, J., & Lilja, V. (Producers & Directors). (2009). Economic gaps [Series episode]. In J. Romin (Executive producer), Globalization: A real-world view. Retrieved from https://secure.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?token=47500&aid=18596&plt=FOD&loid=0&w=400&h=340
· The full version of this video is available through the ...
Dr. Roby Nathanson discusses the demographic challenges facing countries in the 21st century due to population aging. All Western countries will see aging populations as fertility rates decline and life expectancy increases. This will stress economic growth, labor markets, and public finances as the ratio of working age to retired people falls. Countries must reform policies like pensions, health care, employment and education to adapt social security systems and encourage things like lifelong learning and extended careers. Preventative measures are key to addressing the social and economic implications of population aging.
The document discusses the increased scale and pace of global migration. It recaps how the global economic shift to Asia has led to more migration. The growth of megacities, fueled by rural-urban migration, has also increased economic migration. Migration to global hubs involves both elite migrants and low-skilled migrant workers moving for opportunities.
1) Greece experienced decades of welfare populism from 1981-2011 where it accumulated large debts through government overspending, borrowing, and minimal structural reforms.
2) This led to a bloated welfare state with inefficient social programs and powerful public sector unions, and a culture of corruption, cronyism and rent-seeking that stifled economic freedom.
3) Greece now has high debts, deficits, and unemployment and a weak economy in need of regulatory, tax, welfare and institutional reforms to transition to more inclusive economic institutions and market-based growth.
The document discusses geographic disparities around the world in terms of population statistics, economic indicators, and theories for how these disparities developed. It examines the "European Miracle" theory of European dominance as well as alternative explanations focusing on the negative impacts of colonization, exploitation, and Eurocentric scholarship. Dependency theory is also introduced to explain how the core needs to maintain the underdevelopment of the periphery in a capitalist system.
The document discusses theories of core-periphery relationships and development disparities between countries and regions. It provides examples of how Malaysia exhibits a core-periphery structure with the more developed urban core centered around Kuala Lumpur and the less developed rural periphery of states like Sarawak. Government policy has promoted industrialization in the core through foreign investment and export processing, creating unequal prosperity and internal divisions. While tourism development provides income, it risks environmental degradation if not managed sustainably.
What Challenges Await Beginners in SnowshoeingSnowshoe Tahoe
Discover the exhilarating world of snowshoeing through our presentation, highlighting the challenges faced by beginners. From physical exertion to technical finesse and braving harsh winter conditions, each step in the snow brings new obstacles and unforgettable adventures. Embrace the challenge and conquer the winter wonderland with confidence!
An Essay On The Muslim Gap - Religiosity And The Political SystemTracy Hill
This document analyzes trends in economic development, democracy, and religiosity between the Muslim world and other parts of the world. It finds that:
1) Economic development has been slower in the Muslim world compared to other regions. Income gaps between the West and Muslim countries have widened over time.
2) While democracy has increased globally due to rising incomes, this trend has not affected the Muslim world, where democracy has remained low.
3) Secularization has occurred globally due to development, but religiosity has decreased less in the Muslim world, which remains highly religious.
Traditional values in the Muslim world have resisted key transitions associated with development, like changes to gender roles, contributing to
Africa’s immiserization and declining development interventions in a globaliz...Alexander Decker
This document discusses how globalization has contributed to the immiserization (increasing misery and poverty) of African countries in two key ways:
1. Accelerated economic liberalization policies imposed by international financial institutions in response to debt crises have reduced the ability of African governments to intervene in their economies and allocate resources to development programs.
2. African countries have been marginalized in the global economy, recording stagnating or declining GDP per capita in contrast to growth in wealthier nations. Poverty levels have risen substantially in Africa while falling elsewhere in the developing world.
The document argues that globalization has undermined the policy autonomy of African nations and exacerbated poverty, contradicting the promise of shared
Jorge Katz - Seminario 'Nuevos enfoques sobre políticas de innovación'Fundación Ramón Areces
The document discusses shortcomings in prevailing economic theories regarding natural resource-based growth in Latin America from an evolutionary perspective. It addresses topics that received theories have not adequately explored, including: 1) The impact of macroeconomic management on economic structure and growth, 2) Environmental sustainability and natural resource-based growth, 3) Expansion of the natural resource frontier and lack of public goods, 4) Social exclusion and governance. Future research topics are identified regarding natural resource industries, sectoral institutions, expanding frontiers, and developing domestic capabilities.
This paper analyzes income mobility and economic insecurity in Spain and the US during the Great Recession using household panel data. It finds that downward income mobility increased more in Spain, where job losses were larger. The paper proposes a new index to measure downward mobility and insecurity. Regressions show younger workers in Spain and older workers in the US were more likely to experience income declines. However, the paper notes limitations in fully attributing trends to the recession and opportunities to strengthen identification and accounting for multiple income components.
Internationalising and multiculturalising world of work LAUREA 2015Mika Launikari [LION]
The document discusses several aspects of working and living abroad, including challenges and benefits. It provides links to video clips about students' work placements in other countries and highlights differences they encountered. It also summarizes research on factors influencing labor mobility in the EU, such as lack of language skills. Overall, the document outlines how the world of work is becoming more international and multicultural.
Real World JusticeAuthor(s) Thomas PoggeReviewed work(s).docxcatheryncouper
Real World Justice
Author(s): Thomas Pogge
Reviewed work(s):
Source: The Journal of Ethics, Vol. 9, No. 1/2, Current Debates in Global Justice (2005), pp.
29-53
Published by: Springer
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25115814 .
Accessed: 06/08/2012 10:52
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Ethics.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=springer
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25115814?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
THOMAS POGGE
REAL WORLD JUSTICE
(Received 14 May 2004; accepted in revised form 3 June 2004)
ABSTRACT. Despite a high and growing global average income, billions of
human beings are still condemned to lifelong severe poverty with all its attendant
evils of low life expectancy, social exclusion, ill health, illiteracy, dependency, and
effective enslavement. We citizens of the rich countries are conditioned to think of
this problem as an occasion for assistance. Thanks in part to the rationalizations
dispensed by our economists, most of us do not realize how deeply we are implicated,
through the new global economic order our states have imposed, in this ongoing
catastrophe. My sketch of how we are so implicated follows the argument of my
book, World Poverty and Human Rights, but takes the form of a response to the
book's critics.
KEY WORDS: causal explanation, development economics, global resources
dividend, harm, human rights, inequality, justice, negative duties, world poverty,
WTO
Can normative theories about global justice benefit from empirical
theories? This is a rhetorical question
- no one seriously argues that
we should think about global justice in ignorance of the facts. And
the question is also a bit tendentious, prodding us philosophers
(heads in the clouds or buried in sand) to pay more attention to the
real world as presented, most relevantly, by development econo
mists.
I agree that many philosophers working on global justice know
too little about the real world, but I also believe that we should
absorb the theories delivered by economists with a great deal of
caution. A prominent concept in economics is that of homo eco
nomicus, an individual who, single-mindedly and rationally, seeks
optimally to satisfy his preferences. Such imaginary creatures are
not good approximations of persons in the real world. But, as
var ...
European countries faced new social risks and challenges to their social policies as a result of economic and demographic changes following World War II. Specifically, countries experienced substantial increases in female labor participation, aging populations as birth rates declined, and labor markets demanding higher skilled workers. This led to issues like intergenerational transmission of poverty and difficulty reconciling work and family responsibilities. In response, governments implemented policies encouraging female employment but reducing fertility further. Currently, an aging population places significant burden on pension systems, forcing reforms like raising retirement ages.
There are several theories that attempt to explain disparities in development levels between countries:
1) Resource endowment theory suggests that countries with more natural and human resources will develop more, while environmental determinism links human activity to the environment.
2) Rostow's model and Clarke's sector model propose that countries progress through linear stages of development, but some fail to advance.
3) Dependency theory argues that 500 years of colonial exploitation created ongoing domination of poor countries by rich ones through mechanisms like debt.
4) World systems analysis and cumulative causation view development as spreading in a core-periphery pattern within the global economy, with the core benefiting at the expense of the periphery.
Nationalism and the industrial revolution unit outline 2010lherzl
This document outlines a unit plan on nationalism and the Industrial Revolution in Europe between 1800-1914. The unit goals are to explain the rise of nationalism and nation-states in Europe, as well as the causes and impacts of the Industrial Revolution, particularly in Britain. Key topics covered include the unification of Germany and Italy, agricultural and industrial changes, urbanization, and various economic ideas like capitalism, socialism, and communism that emerged during this period. Students will complete assignments providing definitions, explanations, and analyses of these topics and historical developments.
CSAT became a part of the UPSC Civil Services Examination in 2011, marking a significant change from the earlier Preliminary examination format, which consisted of a single paper focusing on General Studies knowledge.
The document discusses integration and the challenges of measuring integration across generations of migrants. It distinguishes between the migrant generation (Generation 1), their descendants born in the destination country (Generation 1.5/2), and older ascendant generations (Generation -1). It notes deep differences in their life experiences and time spent in countries of origin vs. destination countries that impact integration processes. Positive integration requires inclusion across various domains like work, housing, education and family reunification over a migrant's lifetime. Interactions with the host community are also important and are influenced by economic and cultural factors.
_Classic Theories of Economic Growth and Development .pdfLeandraLeiCaalita
EVERY NATIONS
STRIVE FOR DEVELOPMENT
But economic progress is not the only component
DEVELOPMENT > material and financial
Widespread realization = national context + international economic + social system
Demographic change and inter-generational solidarity. Challenges for urban...smartmetropolia2014
This document discusses demographic change and intergenerational solidarity. It notes that demographic change, including population aging and decline, presents challenges for urban management. The document then provides details on the causes and consequences of demographic change in Europe and Germany. This includes longer lifespans, lower birth rates, and out-migration leading to an aging population and shrinking workforce. Consequences discussed include impacts on housing markets, social infrastructure, employment, and economic competitiveness. The document concludes by examining policy responses at national, state, and local levels that aim to foster active aging and sustainable development in the face of demographic change challenges.
This document discusses 5 propositions about the social economy and the global economic crisis:
1. The current crisis marks a transition from the 20th century model of mass production to the 21st century model of a distributed digital economy.
2. Strong social and technological trends are providing the basis for expansion of the social economy, including addressing intractable problems, expressive culture, and the digital economy reconfiguring production.
3. The social economy can become an innovative driver of economic transformation if conditions are transformed for the state, grant economy, market, and households.
4. Crisis requires differentiated counter-cyclical policies focused on investment, innovation, and regulatory changes to create conditions for social innovation
Text· Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural anthropology [Electronic v.docxmehek4
Text
· Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural anthropology [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
· Chapter 9: The economic System
· Chapter 10: Cultural Change, Globalization, and the Contemporary World
Multimedia
· Rice, R. (Writer), & Meehan, R. (Director). (2004). Guatemala: The human price of coffee [Television series episode]. In P. King (Executive producer), Fighting the tide: Developing nations and globalizations. Retrieved from https://fod.infobase.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?token=34472&wID=100753&plt=FOD&loid=0&w=420&h=315&fWidth=440&fHeight=365
· The full version of this video is available through the Films on Demand database in the Ashford University Library. This video shows the impact of globalization on a small coffee farmer in Guatemala. This video has closed captioning and a transcript. This video may assist you in your Feminization of Poverty or Consumption and Globalization discussion this week.
Recommended Resources
Article
· Buvinić, M. (1997). Women in poverty: A new global underclass. Foreign Policy, 108, 38-53. doi:10.2307/1149088
· The full-text version of this article is available through the ProQuest host database in the Ashford University Library. In this article, Buvinic looks at the social and economic changes that are pushing more and more women into low paying jobs in agriculture, industry, and the services, and widening the global income gap between men and women. This video may assist you in your Feminization of Poverty or Consumption and Globalization discussion this week.
· Reinecke, G. (2006). Is globalization good for workers? Definitions and evidence from Latin America. International Labor and Working Class History, 70(1), 11-34. doi:10.1017/S0147547906000147
· The full-text version of this article is available through the JSTOR host database in the Ashford University Library. In this article, Reinecke discusses how globalization can benefit or harm workers in Latin America. This video may assist you in your Feminization of Poverty or Consumption and Globalization discussion this week.
Multimedia
· Cohen, J. (Producer). (2006.) The gender puzzle [Video file]. Retrieved from https://fod.infobase.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?token=35637&wID=100753&plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480&fWidth=660&fHeight=530
· The full version of this video is available through the Films on Demand database in the Ashford University Library. This film explores the scientific research behind issues of gender. This video has closed captioning and a transcript. This video may assist you in your Feminization of Poverty or Consumption and Globalization discussion this week.
· Romin, J., Arnstad, H., Lennartsson, J., & Lilja, V. (Producers & Directors). (2009). Economic gaps [Series episode]. In J. Romin (Executive producer), Globalization: A real-world view. Retrieved from https://secure.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?token=47500&aid=18596&plt=FOD&loid=0&w=400&h=340
· The full version of this video is available through the ...
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The Long Road from Periphery to Convergence (Marqués-Perales et al., 2013)
1. Ildefonso Marqués-Perales, University of
Seville
Carlos J. Gil, University of Seville
Manuel Herrera-Usagre, University of
Seville
José M. Echavarren, University of Pablo
de Olavide, Seville
2. • Introduction.Common characteristics of Southern
European Countries (SEC).
Hypothesis
First part. H1 and H2
Second part. H3 and H4
Data and Methods
Results
Social Fluidity Models accross generations
▪ Conclusions (H1 and H2)
Core Social Fluidity Model
▪ Conclusions (H3 and H4)
3. Common Characteristics of Southern European Countries
welfare regimes (Castles y Obinger, 2008; Sotiropoulos, 2009):
Familism (Jurado and Naldini, 1996).
Particular pattern of economic modernization due to their limited
transition from agriculture to industrialization.
Crisis of rural areas caused by their own depletion rather than the
attraction of a strong demand of industries.
“Black market” larger due toWeak public institutions.
The importance of Political Capital and Political clientelism
(Bourdieu, 2000).
Twofold segmentation of Labour Market (Adam and Canziani,
1998):
1. Equipped with a high protection level. Big firms and public sector.
2. Subjected to great volatility and seasonality. Small agriculture,
construction, hospitality and touristic business.
4. The social structures of Southern European countries
bear some differences from their neighbours.
Considerable size of the petty bourgeoisie (Leiulfsrud,
Bison, and Jensberg, 2005;Themelis, 2013) and a bigger
agricultural sector.
Nonetheless, some areas of Northern Italy and Spain
are to some extend quite industrialized but the
technology investment of firms are limited though.
This has generated a “bipolar market”. Economic
boom periods in which companies reach a large
trading volume alternate with depressive periods in
which a multitude of workers are fired.
5. EducationalOpportunities
Southern European countries (including Malta and
Cyprus) have the lowest rates in Upper Secondary
Education (ISCED-3 level).
Social origins have a significant impact on the
educational attainment (Contini and Scagni, 2011;
Themelis, 2013) even stronger than their central-
european counterparts (Breen, 2004; Breen et al.,
2009).
6.
7. H1. Invariance Hypothesis.
-The relative rates have kept constant over
time (FJH)
H2. Increase of social fluidity hypothesis.
-The relative rates have experienced a growth
over time (Lipset).
8. H3. Convergence Hypothesis for Southern
European Countries (SEC).
The specific relation between social classes fits
adequately to the European Core Social Fluidity
Model (CrSF).
H4. Specificness Social Mobility Pattern for
Southern European Countries.
Some adjustments for an appropiated fit of the
CrSF in SEC are needed.
9.
10. European Survey on Incomes and Living
Conditions (EU-SILC) 2005, Eurostat.
Spain=14540; Italy=22289;Portugal=4910;
Greece=5745.
Our survey covers three cohorts that
accessed to work maturity between the end
of the sixties and the beginnings of the
current century.
11. EGP SCHEMA
TIMETRENDS (H1 and H2)
I+II Service class
III Routine non-manual class
IV Petty bourgeoisie (incluiding farmers)
V+VI Skilled workers
VII Unskilled workers (incluiding farm workers)
CrSF (H3 and H4)
I+II Service class
III Routine non-manual class
Ivab Petty bourgeoisie
Ivc Farmers
V+VI Skilled workers
VIIa Unskilled workers
VIIb Farm workers.
14. 1) INDEPENDENCE. Any relationship.
2) CONDITIONAL INDEPENDENCE. CO and CD
but not OD. Only time has an impact.
3) CONSTANT SOCIAL FLUIDITY.OD. Not OD
or CD. No time influence only OD. Social
mobility is constant.
4) UNIFORM DIFFERENCES. It is allowed to
change the as sociation by cohort. (BxOD)
15. 5) ROW AND COLUM MODEL. Ordinal scalings.
a) Heterogenous simple with free diagonals.
- It is allowed to change the diagonals.The
diagonals may have a diferent trend (they
usually behave in a different way)
b)Heterogeneous simple with equal diagonals.
- Diagonals are the same as off-diagonals.
16.
17.
18. Two different conclusions seem to be found.
1. Excepting Portugal, where there was an
improvement from the second to the third
cohort, the relative rates of male social
mobility have kept constant for the cohorts
who were born in the period 1939-1974. (H1
confirmed)
19. 2. For females, relative rates increased in all
analyzed countries.Apart from Italy, where
the increase of social fluidity is monotonic,
the temporal trend towards an
improvement of the distribution of
opportunities occurs in women who have
adquired the work maturity between 1993 y
2004. (H2 confirmed for women though)
21. Alta Media baja
Alta 2 2 1
Media 2 2 1
baja 1 1 1
Alta Media baja
Alta 2 2 1
Media 2 2 1
baja 1 1 1
Alta Media baja
Alta 2 2 1
Media 2 2 1
baja 1 1 1
Alta Media baja
Alta 2 2 1
Media 2 2 1
baja 1 1 1
Alta Media baja
Alta 2 2 1
Media 2 2 1
baja 1 1 1
Alta Media baja
Alta 2 2 1
Media 2 2 1
baja 1 1 1
Alta Media baja
Alta 2 2 1
Media 2 2 1
baja 1 1 1
High Mid Low
High 2 2 1
Mid 2 2 1
Low 1 1 1
= Perfect Fit: G2 < 40
Adjustments
Fathers
Sons
22. Topological Model: multi-matrix model of social fluidity.
Differences in particular effects between classes: Dicotomic cell effects.
1. Desirability: “the relative desirability of different class positions, considered as destinations”;
2. Advantages: “the relative advantages affored to individuals by different class origins-in the
form of economic, cultural, and social resources”;
3. Barriers: “the relative barriers that face individuals in gaining access to different class
positions”.
CORE SOCIAL FLUIDITY MODEL (Erikson and Goldthorpe. 1992)
HIERARCHY INHERITANCE SECTOR AFFINITY
PROPERTIE
S
Three strata relative differences in
resources (origins) and accessibility
(destinations). Social distances:
1. Upper stratum: I+II.
2. Middle stratum: IIIab, IVab and
V+VI.
3. Lower stratum: VIIa, VIIb and IVc.
Greater propensity for individuals to be
found in their class of origin than in any
other.
Barriers between the
agricultural and
nonagricultural sectors
of the economy.
Reinforces or offsets the
overall effects of hierarchy
and sector matrixs.
MATRIXS HI1 (-) HI2 (-) IN1 (+) IN2 (+) IN3 (+) SE (-) AF1 (-) AF2 (+)
EFFECTS Short range
vertical
movements (1
step).Hierarchical
movement.
Long range
vertical mobility
(2 steps).
Inmobility
across all
classes
(diagonal)
Higher
inmobiliy in
small
owners and
service
classes.
Highest
inmobility
in farmers.
Reinforces the
barriers of
hierarchy: I+II
and VIIb
Offsets he
barriers to
mobility
(HI/SE).
23. COUNTRY N df p rG2 BIC DI X2 G2
G2 (S)
(2432)
CORE MODEL ORIGINAL
SPAIN 7657 28 0.00 93.4 -143.3 4.1 108.8 107.1 53.12
ITALY 11915 28 0.00 81.8 -16.7 5.2 253.9 246.1 72.51
GREECE 3155 28 0.00 83.8 -167.5 4.8 58 58.1 51.2
PORTUGAL 2432 28 0.00 89.4 -152.5 5.4 64.8 65.8 65.8
FRANCE 4861 28 0.00 91.6 -156.2 3.2 79.9 81.5 54.76
SEC VERSION OF CORE
SPAIN 7657 27 0.00 95.6 -170 3.5 74.1 71.4 41.1
ITALY 11915 27 0.00 88.4 -97.2 4.2 161.2 156.2 53.37
GREECE 3155 27 0.18 90.5 -183.7 3.2 33.5 33.9 32.31
PORTUGAL 2432 27 0.07 93.6 -170.7 4.3 38.5 39.8 39.8
Fitting SEC to the Core Model:
24. AF1 I+II IIIab IVab IVc VI+VI VIIa VIIb
I+II 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
IIIab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IVab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IVc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VI+VI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VIIa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VIIb 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
AFX I+II IIIab IVab IVc VI+VI VIIa VIIb
I+II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IIIab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IVab 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
IVc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VI+VI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VIIa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VIIb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AF1 (1-5): Barrier in downward mobility from
service class to skilled workers
AFX (3-4): Additional Fluidity from petty bourgeoisie
to small farmers
SECVersion of Core Model: Fitted common parameters
Fitted Core
Model Class of destination
Class of origin I+II IIIab IVab IVc V+VI VIIa VIIb
I+II IN1+IN2 HI1+AF2 HI1+AF2 HI1+SE HI1+AF1 HI1+HI2 HI1+HI2+SE+AF1
IIIab HI1+AF2 IN1 SE HI1 HI1+SE
IVab HI1+AF2 IN1+IN2 SE+AF2+AFX HI1 HI1+SE
IVc HI1+HI2+SE HI1+SE HI1+SE+AF2 HI1+IN1+IN2+IN3 HI1+SE SE+AF2
V+VI HI1 SE IN1 HI1+AF2 HI1+SE
VIIa HI1+HI2 HI1 HI1 HI1+SE HI1+AF2 IN1 SE
VIIb HI1+HI2+SE+AF1 HI1+SE HI1+SE HI1 HI1+SE SE+AF2 IN1
25. SEC model regime hihglighsts.
Italy has the worst fit however the adjustement is close to SEC
model.
Deeper industrialization and earlierdemocratisation.
The Italian welfate state is a corporist one and as a Germany (Esping-
Andersen. 1990) the social fluidity is far from the core model.
Remarkable effects of hierarchy, inheritance, non-afinity and
positive afinitive.
Big gap between white and blue collar workers (Class closure).
Paramount importance of agricultural sector. Lack of fluidity
between nonagricultural and agricultural classes.
High fluidity between the petty bourgeoisie and farmers due to the
spread of small shops in rural areas.
26. We can explore a mixed hypothesis according
to the dissimilarities between gender.
The test of H3 and H4 for women is needed to
be made.We have some indication of a
significant lower fit for women that we must
to confirm with further research.
27. You can find this presentation at:
www.slideshare.net/herrerausagre
How to cite this communication:
Marqués-Perales, I., Gil, C. J., Herrera-Usagre, M.,
Echavarren, J.M. 2013. “The Long Road from
Periphery to Convergence: Social Mobility in
Southern European Countries”. 11th ESA
Conference,Torino, 28-31 August.
28. -0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
H1 H2 IN1 IN2 IN3 SE AF1 AF2 AFX
SPAIN ITALY GREECE PORTUGAL
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
H1 H2 IN1 IN2 IN3 SE AF1 AF2
SPAIN ITALY GREECE PORTUGAL FRANCE
CORE MODEL ORIGINAL (CrSF)
MEDITERRANEANVERSION OF CORE