One way countries are adapting is by using data to follow the source of new infections, or ‘modes of transmission’, and then basing HIV prevention programmes on the evidence they find.
La Unión Europea ha anunciado nuevas sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen prohibiciones de viaje y congelamiento de activos para más funcionarios rusos, así como restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de acero y tecnología. Los líderes de la UE esperan que estas medidas adicionales aumenten la presión sobre Rusia para poner fin a su guerra contra Ucrania.
This document from July 2014 contains 12 slides with data on various populations. Each slide cites sources for the data such as UNAIDS, Demographic and Health Surveys, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization. The slides contain statistics on topics like HIV prevalence rates, incarceration rates, and funding for HIV programs.
This document is a collection of slides from July 2014 on regional data related to HIV/AIDS. It cites sources from organizations like UNAIDS, WHO, and the South African national HIV prevalence survey from 2012. It includes data on HIV prevalence rates in high school students in South Africa as well as statistics on AIDS-related deaths exceeding indirect maternal mortality rates in several southern African countries like Botswana, South Africa, and Zambia. The document is a compilation of sources and statistics on HIV/AIDS data from various international organizations.
This document contains epidemiological data and statistics from UNAIDS on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic in 2013. Some key points:
- An estimated 35 million people were living with HIV globally in 2013.
- There were 2.1 million new HIV infections and 1.5 million AIDS-related deaths in 2013.
- Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for the majority of people living with and affected by HIV, with 24.7 million people living with HIV in the region.
UNAIDS Global Report 2012 - Epidemiology slidesUNAIDS
The document summarizes global HIV/AIDS statistics from 2011. It finds that 34 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally in 2011, with 2.5 million new infections and 1.7 million AIDS-related deaths that year. It also provides regional breakdowns. Regarding children under 15, it estimates 3.3 million were living with HIV, 330,000 were newly infected, and 230,000 died of AIDS-related causes in 2011.
The document discusses efforts to end the AIDS epidemic globally. It summarizes that low- and middle-income countries are on track to reach 15 million people on antiretroviral treatment by 2015 and that 54% of eligible people in those countries were receiving treatment in 2011. It also notes that coverage of antiretroviral regimens among pregnant women living with HIV increased between 2005 and 2011 but that maternal access needs to be consistent during breastfeeding to further increase coverage and prevent new HIV infections among children.
The document summarizes global HIV/AIDS statistics from 2011. It reports that:
1) There were approximately 34.2 million people living with HIV globally in 2011, with the majority (23.5 million) residing in Sub-Saharan Africa.
2) An estimated 2.5 million people were newly infected with HIV in 2011, with most (1.7 million) infections occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3) About 1.7 million people died from AIDS-related causes in 2011, with 1.2 million deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa.
La Unión Europea ha anunciado nuevas sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen prohibiciones de viaje y congelamiento de activos para más funcionarios rusos, así como restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de acero y tecnología. Los líderes de la UE esperan que estas medidas adicionales aumenten la presión sobre Rusia para poner fin a su guerra contra Ucrania.
This document from July 2014 contains 12 slides with data on various populations. Each slide cites sources for the data such as UNAIDS, Demographic and Health Surveys, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization. The slides contain statistics on topics like HIV prevalence rates, incarceration rates, and funding for HIV programs.
This document is a collection of slides from July 2014 on regional data related to HIV/AIDS. It cites sources from organizations like UNAIDS, WHO, and the South African national HIV prevalence survey from 2012. It includes data on HIV prevalence rates in high school students in South Africa as well as statistics on AIDS-related deaths exceeding indirect maternal mortality rates in several southern African countries like Botswana, South Africa, and Zambia. The document is a compilation of sources and statistics on HIV/AIDS data from various international organizations.
This document contains epidemiological data and statistics from UNAIDS on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic in 2013. Some key points:
- An estimated 35 million people were living with HIV globally in 2013.
- There were 2.1 million new HIV infections and 1.5 million AIDS-related deaths in 2013.
- Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for the majority of people living with and affected by HIV, with 24.7 million people living with HIV in the region.
UNAIDS Global Report 2012 - Epidemiology slidesUNAIDS
The document summarizes global HIV/AIDS statistics from 2011. It finds that 34 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally in 2011, with 2.5 million new infections and 1.7 million AIDS-related deaths that year. It also provides regional breakdowns. Regarding children under 15, it estimates 3.3 million were living with HIV, 330,000 were newly infected, and 230,000 died of AIDS-related causes in 2011.
The document discusses efforts to end the AIDS epidemic globally. It summarizes that low- and middle-income countries are on track to reach 15 million people on antiretroviral treatment by 2015 and that 54% of eligible people in those countries were receiving treatment in 2011. It also notes that coverage of antiretroviral regimens among pregnant women living with HIV increased between 2005 and 2011 but that maternal access needs to be consistent during breastfeeding to further increase coverage and prevent new HIV infections among children.
The document summarizes global HIV/AIDS statistics from 2011. It reports that:
1) There were approximately 34.2 million people living with HIV globally in 2011, with the majority (23.5 million) residing in Sub-Saharan Africa.
2) An estimated 2.5 million people were newly infected with HIV in 2011, with most (1.7 million) infections occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3) About 1.7 million people died from AIDS-related causes in 2011, with 1.2 million deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa.
UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011 - core slides UNAIDS
- In 2010, there were an estimated 34 million people living with HIV globally, with 2.7 million new HIV infections and 1.8 million AIDS-related deaths that year.
- Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for over two-thirds of people living with HIV and over 70% of new HIV infections and AIDS deaths.
- An estimated 3.4 million children were living with HIV in 2010, with 390,000 new pediatric infections and 250,000 AIDS-related deaths among children that year.
This document summarizes findings from a review of how health insurance systems in different countries integrate and provide coverage for HIV/AIDS services. Key findings include:
- Integrating HIV services into social health insurance (SHI) systems is more challenging for low-income countries due to factors like HIV prevalence and poverty rates.
- Countries that have included HIV services in SHI tend to already have functioning health insurance systems in place. Including HIV coverage is essentially a political decision.
- Coverage can be progressively increased to include more populations, costs, and services over time, supported by external aid including HIV financing.
- Case studies of Ghana and South Africa show integration of HIV services into their SHI systems is
The document announces a town hall event hosted by UNAIDS and the International AIDS Society on July 18, 2010 at the AIDS 2010 Conference. The town hall will bring together leaders in the AIDS response to discuss reshaping the future of AIDS and moving toward universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. Guest speakers will include government officials and leaders from UNAIDS, the International AIDS Society, and other organizations.
Get smart - New ways of looking at HIV data.UNAIDS
The document discusses the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, including statistics on prevalence and numbers of people living with HIV in different countries and populations. It notes that prevalence and transmission modes vary significantly in different locations. Charts show trends in new infections, prevalence among women, and potential for virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission.
This document shows estimates of new HIV infections in the United States from 1977 to 2006 broken down by transmission category. The majority of infections were among men who have sex with men, followed by injecting drug use, and a combination of men who have sex with men and injecting drug use. A smaller number of infections were attributed to heterosexual transmission. The estimates are based on an extended back calculation model that specified periods where the number of HIV infections was assumed to remain constant.
This document shows estimates of new HIV infections in the United States from 1977 to 2006 broken down by transmission category. The majority of infections were among men who have sex with men, with injecting drug use and heterosexual transmission also contributing to infection rates. Infection estimates remained highest among men who have sex with men throughout the entire time period.
This document provides an overview of key issues related to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and response in 2010. It highlights statistics on new HIV infections and people living with HIV globally and by region. It also discusses progress towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. The document outlines UNAIDS' priority areas and provides case studies on efforts to scale up access to antiretroviral therapy through programs like the Global Fund. It also explores innovations in HIV prevention and ideas to strengthen the overall AIDS response.
The document summarizes global statistics on AIDS for 2008. It estimates that 33.4 million people were living with HIV/AIDS worldwide in 2008, with 2.7 million new HIV infections and 2 million AIDS-related deaths that year. Sub-Saharan Africa had the most severe epidemic, with 22.4 million people living with HIV and 1.9 million new infections. An estimated 2.1 million children under 15 were living with HIV globally.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011 - core slides UNAIDS
- In 2010, there were an estimated 34 million people living with HIV globally, with 2.7 million new HIV infections and 1.8 million AIDS-related deaths that year.
- Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for over two-thirds of people living with HIV and over 70% of new HIV infections and AIDS deaths.
- An estimated 3.4 million children were living with HIV in 2010, with 390,000 new pediatric infections and 250,000 AIDS-related deaths among children that year.
This document summarizes findings from a review of how health insurance systems in different countries integrate and provide coverage for HIV/AIDS services. Key findings include:
- Integrating HIV services into social health insurance (SHI) systems is more challenging for low-income countries due to factors like HIV prevalence and poverty rates.
- Countries that have included HIV services in SHI tend to already have functioning health insurance systems in place. Including HIV coverage is essentially a political decision.
- Coverage can be progressively increased to include more populations, costs, and services over time, supported by external aid including HIV financing.
- Case studies of Ghana and South Africa show integration of HIV services into their SHI systems is
The document announces a town hall event hosted by UNAIDS and the International AIDS Society on July 18, 2010 at the AIDS 2010 Conference. The town hall will bring together leaders in the AIDS response to discuss reshaping the future of AIDS and moving toward universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. Guest speakers will include government officials and leaders from UNAIDS, the International AIDS Society, and other organizations.
Get smart - New ways of looking at HIV data.UNAIDS
The document discusses the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, including statistics on prevalence and numbers of people living with HIV in different countries and populations. It notes that prevalence and transmission modes vary significantly in different locations. Charts show trends in new infections, prevalence among women, and potential for virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission.
This document shows estimates of new HIV infections in the United States from 1977 to 2006 broken down by transmission category. The majority of infections were among men who have sex with men, followed by injecting drug use, and a combination of men who have sex with men and injecting drug use. A smaller number of infections were attributed to heterosexual transmission. The estimates are based on an extended back calculation model that specified periods where the number of HIV infections was assumed to remain constant.
This document shows estimates of new HIV infections in the United States from 1977 to 2006 broken down by transmission category. The majority of infections were among men who have sex with men, with injecting drug use and heterosexual transmission also contributing to infection rates. Infection estimates remained highest among men who have sex with men throughout the entire time period.
This document provides an overview of key issues related to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and response in 2010. It highlights statistics on new HIV infections and people living with HIV globally and by region. It also discusses progress towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. The document outlines UNAIDS' priority areas and provides case studies on efforts to scale up access to antiretroviral therapy through programs like the Global Fund. It also explores innovations in HIV prevention and ideas to strengthen the overall AIDS response.
The document summarizes global statistics on AIDS for 2008. It estimates that 33.4 million people were living with HIV/AIDS worldwide in 2008, with 2.7 million new HIV infections and 2 million AIDS-related deaths that year. Sub-Saharan Africa had the most severe epidemic, with 22.4 million people living with HIV and 1.9 million new infections. An estimated 2.1 million children under 15 were living with HIV globally.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
The last 100 hiv infections (UNAIDS OUTLOOK report 2010)
1. The last 100 HIV infections Each square below represents the last 100 HIV infections that were contracted in the following countries. Each colour represents a different mode of transmission. Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
2. The last 100 HIV infections Each square below represents the last 100 HIV infections that were contracted in the following countries. Each colour represents a different mode of transmission. Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
3. The last 100 HIV infections NIGERIA Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
4. The last 100 HIV infections CÔTE D’IVOIRE Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
5. The last 100 HIV infections LESOTHO Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
6. The last 100 HIV infections GHANA Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
7. The last 100 HIV infections KENYA Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
8. The last 100 HIV infections ZAMBIA Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
9. The last 100 HIV infections BENIN Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
10. The last 100 HIV infections BURKINA FASO Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
11. The last 100 HIV infections SWAZILAND Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
12. The last 100 HIV infections UGANDA Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
13. The last 100 HIV infections SENEGAL Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions
14. The last 100 HIV infections PERU Stable heterosexual couples Female sex workers Clients of female sex workers Partners of the clients of female sex workers Casual heterosexual sex Partners of casual heterosexual sex Prison population (only measured in Kenya) Other Injecting drug users Partners of injecting drug users Medical injections Men who have sex with men Female partners of men who have sex with men Blood transfusions