The Interrelationship between Overweight, Obesity and Hypogonadism among Men by Labban L* in Crimson Publishers: Medical research
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Overweight and Obesity are conditions which are considered as major health risks all over the world. Obese people suffer from at least one disease, or from two or even more chronic diseases associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, gallbladder disease, and cancers [1]. Ageing process in men causes a gradual decline in serum testosterone levels and it’s connected to accumulation of the abdominal fats [2]. In men, obesity is the single most important factor associated with low testosterone, overriding the effects of age and co-morbidities. This decline in total testosterone levels is due to the obesity- associated lowering in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
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Introduction
Overweight and Obesity are conditions which are considered
as major health risks all over the world. Obese people suffer from
at least one disease, or from two or even more chronic diseases
associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension,
cardiovascular disease, gallbladder disease, and cancers [1]. Ageing
process in men causes a gradual decline in serum testosterone
levels and it’s connected to accumulation of the abdominal fats [2].
In men, obesity is the single most important factor associated with
low testosterone, overriding the effects of age and co-morbidities.
This decline in total testosterone levels is due to the obesity-
associated lowering in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) [3].
Studies have shown that fat-derived adipokines and pro-
inflammatory mediators may play a role in this central gonadal axis
suppression. In addition, preclinical evidence has demonstrated
that testosterone deficiency promotes adipose tissue accumulation.
This bidirectional relationship between low testosterone levels
and obesity is supported by clinical studies. Weight loss increases
testosterone proportionally to weight loss and testosterone
treatment reduces body fat making this hormone a potential
treatment of overweight and obesity [4].
On the other hand, obesity is associated with hypogonadism.
While this association is widely accepted, the underlying
mechanisms remain unclear. Furthermore, obesity is a risk factor
for hypogonadism and equally hypogonadism may be a risk
factor for obesity. Morbidly obese men that underwent a Roux-
en-Y gastric bypass operation noticed an improvement in their
testosterone level with improvements in hypogonadal symptoms,
which allowed discontinuation of exogenous testosterone therapy.
This demonstrates reversal of hypogonadism following weight loss
with restoration of gonadal function [5].
There is a significant evidence of testosterone importance in the
development and treatment of obesity. Interventional studies offer
potential answers to this relationship. These studies have shown
that restoring testosterone levels have favorable effects on visceral
adiposity and may improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles. It is
no exaggeration to say that in modern medicine and in the science
of endocrinology, testosterone is no longer a marginal hormone and
can be used in prevention and treatment of obesity and its related
health complications [6]. The fear that testosterone administration
to elderly men may increase the risk of prostate cancer is not
justified. It only requires prudence in clinical management and
should only be recommended by health care provider with an
extensive experience.
References
1. Must A, McKeown NM (2012) The Disease Burden Associated with
Overweight and Obesity. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et
al. (Eds.) Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com,
Inc.2000.
2. Stanworth, RD, Jones TH (2008) Testosterone for the aging male; current
evidence and recommended practice. Clin Interv Aging 3(1): 25-44.
3. Fui MN, Dupuis P, Grossmann M (2014) Lowered testosterone in male
obesity: mechanisms, morbidity and management. Asian Journal of
Andrology 16(2): 223-231.
4. Muraleedharan V, Jones TH (2010) Testosterone and the metabolic
syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 1(5): 207-223.
5. Zouras S, Stephens JW, Price D (2017) Obesity-related hypogonadism: a
reversible condition. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 pii: bcr-2017-220416.
6. Saad F, Gooren LJ (2011) The Role of Testosterone in the Etiology and
Treatment of Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2. J Obes pii: 471584.
Labban L*
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Syria
*Corresponding author: Labban L, FADA, CCN, CNC, RD, Professor of Clinical Nutrition, P. O. Box 30440, Damascus, Syria Email:
Submission: September 15, 2017; Published: October 13, 2017
The Interrelationship between Overweight, Obesity
and Hypogonadism among Men
Glob J Endocrinol Metab
Copyright © All rights are reserved by Labban L. 1(1). GJEM.000502. 2017.
CRIMSONpublishers
http://www.crimsonpublishers.com
Abbreviations: SHBG: Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
Perspective
ISSN 2637-8019](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gjem-181211113218/85/The-Interrelationship-between-Overweight-Obesity-and-Hypogonadism-among-Men-by-Labban-L-in-Crimson-Publishers-Medical-research-1-320.jpg)
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HYPOGONADISM 1
Clinical evaluation and management of hypogonadism
United States University
FNP: 593 Acute illnesses across the lifespan
Brittany Chavez
12/10/2021
TITLE OF PAPER
Clinical evaluation and management of hypogonadism
The purpose of this paper is to discuss Hypogonadism in regard to clinical evaluation,
symptomatic presentation, management and evaluation of clinical guidelines. The paper will
explore differing viewpoints and key concepts in relation to hypogonadism. The effects of
cultural, spiritual and beliefs in treatment and evaluation, and the impact of research on this
endocrine imbalance. Also reviewed will be research studies addressing the clinical symptoms
and trials for new treatment options.
Review of topic and rationale for selection of topic
Hypogonadism is a common endocrine disorder originating from two causes. Primary
hypogonadism is caused from a direct androgen imbalance originating from the testes. This
clinical syndrome which the testes fail to produce physiologic levels of testosterone and a normal
number of spermatozoa due to defects in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at one or more
levels. (Ross & Bhasin, 2016). This topic was chosen due to the frequency of cases seen in the
family practice setting. Hypogonadism is a common disorder associated with low bone density,
poor muscle mass, anemia, and sexual dysfunction that affects men in a variety of ways. Among
secondary osteoporosis risk factors, male hypogonadism is one of the most important, accounting
for progressive bone loss in aging men, especially when late-onset hypogonadism is
diagnosed (LOH). (Rochira, 2020) This disorder can affect all aspects of life and greatly impact
the emotional state and feelings of self-worth. This paper will address primary hypogonadism in
terms of diagnostic, and treatment based on guidelines.
Evaluation of key concepts related to the topic
The key concepts evaluated for the paper includes disease process in formation of
androgen deficiency. Androgens are important for male reproductive and sexual functions, body
TITLE OF PAPER 3
composition, erythropoiesis, muscle and bone health, and cognitive functions. Symptoms
presentation commonly seen in the primary care setting. Diagnostic criteria in the evaluation to
determine the extent of deficiency in relation to the symptoms presented and the treatment
guidelines based on efficacy and positive outcomes.
Primary Hypogonadism (PHG) is often underdiagnosed in the clinical setting due to the
ambiguous symptoms presented often mimicking depression or often overlooked as normal
aging process. These symptoms may present with decreased libido, weight gain, fatigue, low
stamina, decrease in muscle mass, decreased energy, sleep disturbances, mood fluctuations and
irritability.
It is essential for the provider to consider hormonal deficiency into the differential
diagnosis to effectively diagnose and rule o ...
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Osteoarthritis is the most common disease of women after menopause. There are many factors to develop the disease. Hormones play important role to in this context. The objective of the present study is to determine whether the levels of thyroid and sex hormones are associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in postmenopausal women. Forty three patients suffering from OA and twenty control subjects were included in this study. Thyroid and sex hormones were measured in the serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. In OA patients serum estrogen levels were low as compared to control subjects(p<0.001), but these patients did not show any significant change in thyroid hormones and progesterone hormone levels when compared with control subjects. The findings suggest that estrogen deficiency after menopause may contribute to develop OA in postmenopausal women.
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Published Manuscript
1. A retrospective study examined the effects of testosterone and/or growth hormone (GH) supplementation on body composition and quality of life in 91 men and 97 women over an average of 3 years.
2. Treatment with testosterone and/or GH was associated with increases in lean mass and bone mineral density, and decreases in fat mass and trunk fat in both men and women.
3. Quality of life measures also improved across treatment groups. Treatments were generally well tolerated with few adverse effects reported.
Diabetes and sex hormones
Androgens like testosterone play an important role in glucose metabolism and diabetes risk in both men and women. In men, low testosterone is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, while testosterone deficiency therapy for prostate cancer also increases diabetes risk. In women, excess androgens like in polycystic ovarian syndrome are linked to insulin resistance and diabetes. The mechanisms involve effects of androgen signaling in tissues like muscle, fat, liver and the brain that regulate glucose and energy homeostasis. Maintaining normal androgen levels and signaling may be important for preventing or managing diabetes.
ueda2012 nutrition in diabetes-d.bh
The document discusses obesity, inflammation, and diabetes. It provides an overview of the Mediterranean diet and its benefits, including improved glycemic control, reduced cardiovascular risk, and decreased inflammation. The Mediterranean diet is highlighted as an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern due to its high fiber, antioxidant, and unsaturated fat content.
HYPOGONADISM 1Clinical evaluation and management of hypogo
HYPOGONADISM 1
Clinical evaluation and management of hypogonadism
United States University
FNP: 593 Acute illnesses across the lifespan
Brittany Chavez
12/10/2021
TITLE OF PAPER
Clinical evaluation and management of hypogonadism
The purpose of this paper is to discuss Hypogonadism in regard to clinical evaluation,
symptomatic presentation, management and evaluation of clinical guidelines. The paper will
explore differing viewpoints and key concepts in relation to hypogonadism. The effects of
cultural, spiritual and beliefs in treatment and evaluation, and the impact of research on this
endocrine imbalance. Also reviewed will be research studies addressing the clinical symptoms
and trials for new treatment options.
Review of topic and rationale for selection of topic
Hypogonadism is a common endocrine disorder originating from two causes. Primary
hypogonadism is caused from a direct androgen imbalance originating from the testes. This
clinical syndrome which the testes fail to produce physiologic levels of testosterone and a normal
number of spermatozoa due to defects in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at one or more
levels. (Ross & Bhasin, 2016). This topic was chosen due to the frequency of cases seen in the
family practice setting. Hypogonadism is a common disorder associated with low bone density,
poor muscle mass, anemia, and sexual dysfunction that affects men in a variety of ways. Among
secondary osteoporosis risk factors, male hypogonadism is one of the most important, accounting
for progressive bone loss in aging men, especially when late-onset hypogonadism is
diagnosed (LOH). (Rochira, 2020) This disorder can affect all aspects of life and greatly impact
the emotional state and feelings of self-worth. This paper will address primary hypogonadism in
terms of diagnostic, and treatment based on guidelines.
Evaluation of key concepts related to the topic
The key concepts evaluated for the paper includes disease process in formation of
androgen deficiency. Androgens are important for male reproductive and sexual functions, body
TITLE OF PAPER 3
composition, erythropoiesis, muscle and bone health, and cognitive functions. Symptoms
presentation commonly seen in the primary care setting. Diagnostic criteria in the evaluation to
determine the extent of deficiency in relation to the symptoms presented and the treatment
guidelines based on efficacy and positive outcomes.
Primary Hypogonadism (PHG) is often underdiagnosed in the clinical setting due to the
ambiguous symptoms presented often mimicking depression or often overlooked as normal
aging process. These symptoms may present with decreased libido, weight gain, fatigue, low
stamina, decrease in muscle mass, decreased energy, sleep disturbances, mood fluctuations and
irritability.
It is essential for the provider to consider hormonal deficiency into the differential
diagnosis to effectively diagnose and rule o ...
Diabetes and Sexual Dysfunction -Dr Shahjada Seliml
Diabetes is associated with sexual dysfunction in both men and women. In men, erectile dysfunction is much more common, with a threefold increased risk. The risk increases with age. In women, female sexual dysfunction is also more prevalent among those with diabetes. Risk factors include poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease, and psychological issues. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medication management, and counseling or therapy.
Hypoglycaemia and improved testicular parameters in Sesamum radiatum treated ...
Hypoglycaemia and improved testicular parameters in Sesamum radiatum treated ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
The development of a new dietary adjunct with a novel natural antioxidant impact on diabetes mellitus with prevention of its long term deleterious effect on the male fertility in general has been increasingly expressed in recent time. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on adult male Sprague Dawley rats’ testis using unbiased stereological, biochemical and hormonal studies. Thirty adult male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. The treated groups; 1 and 2 received 28.0 and 14 mg/kg bwt of aqueous extract of sesame leaves via oral garvage, respectively, while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% (w/v) normal saline per day for 6 weeks. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and blood glucose were assayed. In addition five microns of uniformly random transverse sections of processed testicular tissues were equally analyzed using an un-biased stereological study. The result showed that the mean percentage volume fractions (Vf) of epithelial cells and lumen of the testis were 76% (P<0.05)><0.05),>0.05) higher than the control in a dose related manner. Serum testosterone and FSH were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the high dose sesame when compared to control. Sesame leaves intake improved glucose profile and testicular parameters in a dose related manner via possible improved insulin activity on the cells with a stimulatory impact on sperm production. This also confirmed its folkloric claims. Crimson Publishers-Interventions in Obesity and Diabetes: Point of View
Modern medicine has failed to reduce cardio metabolic diseases like obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. These diseases have reached epidemic levels globally and represent a major healthcare burden. Prevention strategies must start early, as excess weight and obesity are major drivers of type 2 diabetes epidemics. Lifestyle interventions have been shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease by up to 58% and 50% respectively, even in those with genetic risk factors.
Integrated Cancer Prevention
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M1607
This document discusses obesity and weight-related health issues. It provides classifications of overweight and obesity based on BMI and waist circumference. It then summarizes various medical complications of obesity like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and pulmonary issues. The document also reviews that modest weight loss through lifestyle changes can significantly improve health risks and conditions like blood pressure and blood lipids. Various weight loss options are discussed including lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery.
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Week 9 Initial Post- Mel Mal,
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
This case study presents a particularly hard case to untangle. The 46-year-old women is exhibiting the night sweats, hot-flushing, and genitourinary symptoms common in menopause. The patient is still getting a regular period, so these symptoms are most likely pre-menopausal, as periods stop in true menopause. In a patient with no familial history increasing the patient’s risk for breast cancer, an estrogen or combination estrogen/progestin therapy would most likely be initiated (Rosenthal et al. 2021). This therapy would likely reduce the uncomfortable symptoms, however in a patient with a family history of breast cancer, the therapy can increase the likelihood of breast cancer occurrence.
Luciano et al., found that both estrogen therapies and combined estrogen/progestin therapies increased the risk for breast cancer (2020). It is important to notice that this study notes that the risks for patients who take the therapy on a short-term basis are at a slightly lower risk, however this patient is young at 46 years old and would possibly need a long-term medication solution.
On the opposite side, Carr summarizes the North American Menopause society’s 2022 updated guidelines on hormonal replacement therapy and explains that a patient with menopausal symptoms can take combined hormone therapy until at least the mean age of menopause (53) without any significant increase in breast cancer (2022). With the newest recommendations, I would recommend that the patient start a combined estrogen and progestin hormone therapy for reduction in symptoms. With this recommendation is the caveat that the patient will need regular visits to re-evaluate the need for the therapy with hopeful cessation of treatment within three to five years to keep any increase in breast cancer risk to a minimum.
The lowest dose medication should be used for the shortest time period in order to reduce comorbidity risk so this patient recommendation will be to start Prempro 0.3mg/1.5mg daily and then reevaluate for effectiveness and need to increase dosage (Rosenthal et al., 2021).
The patient also needs adjustments in her hypertension medication. The patient is currently on Norvasc 10mg daily, and HCTZ 25mg daily. This therapy is within guidelines because she is on Norvasc, a calcium-channel blocker, and Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, are being used to potentiate each other’s effects. In cases where a thiazide diuretic is ineffective in controlling HTN, a loop diuretic may be added. In this patient, we will recommend adding Furosemide to hopefully control the hypertension. This dosage will start low, at 20mg daily, (taken in the morning to decrease nocturia), with regular home blood pressure checks as well as in office re-evaluation to determine how effective the medication and dosage are (.
metabolic syndrome review
This document discusses metabolic syndrome, including its definition, causes, risk factors, prevalence in different populations, and treatment approaches. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It is characterized by abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Lifestyle interventions like diet modification, increased physical activity, and weight loss are effective first-line treatments to reduce the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. The document reviews evidence on how different diets, exercises and weight management can help control metabolic syndrome.
Endomitriosis - ATCM Journal
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Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
This pilot study investigated the effects of daily soy supplementation for six months on abdominal fat and metabolic risks in early post-menopausal women. The study involved 12 early post-menopausal women who were randomly assigned to receive either a soy supplement of 25g soy protein and 160mg isoflavones or a whey protein placebo daily. The soy supplement resulted in significantly lower waist circumference and marginally lower abdominal fat compared to the placebo group. Additionally, the soy supplement appeared to have favorable effects on metabolic profiles, though these were not statistically significant, with the exception of higher triglyceride levels. The results suggest that soy supplementation may be effective at reducing abdominal fat and improving metabolic risks in early post-menopausal women
Preventing diabetes and obesity in mental health disorders
This document summarizes a presentation on preventing diabetes and obesity in patients with mental health issues. It discusses how mental health disorders are associated with higher risks of diabetes and metabolic syndrome due to genetic and lifestyle factors as well as some medications used to treat mental health conditions. Treatment of diabetes and other vascular risk factors is essential for patients with mental health issues since premature death is often due to cardiovascular disease rather than suicide. The presentation emphasizes preventing and early identification of diabetes and metabolic syndrome through lifestyle counseling, monitoring weight and metabolic markers, and treating obesity and diabetes when present.
Phytosterols for Cancer Treatment
1. Phytosterols are plant compounds similar in structure to cholesterol that have shown promise in treating various cancers. Studies in animal models and cell cultures have found that phytosterol supplementation reduced tumor growth and progression of breast, prostate, colon and other cancers.
2. Mechanisms by which phytosterols may treat cancer include inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis to cancer cells. Doses of 300mg per day have shown benefits, though most Americans consume only 80mg daily.
3. Further research is still needed to better understand long term effects and interactions with drugs, but initial animal and cell studies provide evidence that phytosterols may be a potential dietary intervention
Phytosterols for cancer treatment
1. Phytosterols are plant compounds similar in structure to cholesterol that have shown promise in treating various cancers. Studies in animal models and cell cultures have found that phytosterol supplementation reduced tumor growth and progression of breast, prostate, colon and other cancers.
2. Mechanisms by which phytosterols may treat cancer include inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis to cancer cells. Doses of 300mg per day have shown benefits, though most Americans consume only 80mg daily.
3. Further research is still needed to better understand long term effects and interactions with medications, but initial animal and cell studies provide evidence that phytosterols may serve as a dietary intervention
Association between variations in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene an...
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Dr Kaumudi Joshipura explains the relation between Diabetes and Periodontal Disease.Dr Kaumudi presently works at a Dental School at Puerto Rico and is a MPH graduate Harvard School of Public Health.
Running Head ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1ADULT OBE.docx
Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
1
ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Adult Obesity Literature Review
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
January 22, 2017
Introduction
Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure, cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013).
This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected from different previous studies that have discussed adult obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this paper.
Literature Reviews
According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786 sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52 percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010).
This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa
.
In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to 68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This was common among the Maasai females as well as in individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness. High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011).
Report from the World Health Organization indicates that China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is at five
percent of ...
Hormone replacement therapy
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) involves using estrogen and progesterone medications to treat symptoms of menopause. Common symptoms include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and accelerated skin aging. Estrogen is the primary medication used, and progesterone is added when the uterus is still present to reduce cancer risks. HRT has benefits for many menopause symptoms but also increases risks for some conditions like blood clots and breast cancer, with risks varying depending on factors like age, time since menopause, and administration route. The risks and benefits of HRT continue to be studied and debated.
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HYPOGONADISM 1Clinical evaluation and management of hypogo
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
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Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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- 1. 1/1 Introduction Overweight and Obesity are conditions which are considered as major health risks all over the world. Obese people suffer from at least one disease, or from two or even more chronic diseases associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, gallbladder disease, and cancers [1]. Ageing process in men causes a gradual decline in serum testosterone levels and it’s connected to accumulation of the abdominal fats [2]. In men, obesity is the single most important factor associated with low testosterone, overriding the effects of age and co-morbidities. This decline in total testosterone levels is due to the obesity- associated lowering in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) [3]. Studies have shown that fat-derived adipokines and pro- inflammatory mediators may play a role in this central gonadal axis suppression. In addition, preclinical evidence has demonstrated that testosterone deficiency promotes adipose tissue accumulation. This bidirectional relationship between low testosterone levels and obesity is supported by clinical studies. Weight loss increases testosterone proportionally to weight loss and testosterone treatment reduces body fat making this hormone a potential treatment of overweight and obesity [4]. On the other hand, obesity is associated with hypogonadism. While this association is widely accepted, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Furthermore, obesity is a risk factor for hypogonadism and equally hypogonadism may be a risk factor for obesity. Morbidly obese men that underwent a Roux- en-Y gastric bypass operation noticed an improvement in their testosterone level with improvements in hypogonadal symptoms, which allowed discontinuation of exogenous testosterone therapy. This demonstrates reversal of hypogonadism following weight loss with restoration of gonadal function [5]. There is a significant evidence of testosterone importance in the development and treatment of obesity. Interventional studies offer potential answers to this relationship. These studies have shown that restoring testosterone levels have favorable effects on visceral adiposity and may improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles. It is no exaggeration to say that in modern medicine and in the science of endocrinology, testosterone is no longer a marginal hormone and can be used in prevention and treatment of obesity and its related health complications [6]. The fear that testosterone administration to elderly men may increase the risk of prostate cancer is not justified. It only requires prudence in clinical management and should only be recommended by health care provider with an extensive experience. References 1. Must A, McKeown NM (2012) The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al. (Eds.) Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.2000. 2. Stanworth, RD, Jones TH (2008) Testosterone for the aging male; current evidence and recommended practice. Clin Interv Aging 3(1): 25-44. 3. Fui MN, Dupuis P, Grossmann M (2014) Lowered testosterone in male obesity: mechanisms, morbidity and management. Asian Journal of Andrology 16(2): 223-231. 4. Muraleedharan V, Jones TH (2010) Testosterone and the metabolic syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 1(5): 207-223. 5. Zouras S, Stephens JW, Price D (2017) Obesity-related hypogonadism: a reversible condition. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 pii: bcr-2017-220416. 6. Saad F, Gooren LJ (2011) The Role of Testosterone in the Etiology and Treatment of Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. J Obes pii: 471584. Labban L* Department of Clinical Nutrition, Syria *Corresponding author: Labban L, FADA, CCN, CNC, RD, Professor of Clinical Nutrition, P. O. Box 30440, Damascus, Syria Email: Submission: September 15, 2017; Published: October 13, 2017 The Interrelationship between Overweight, Obesity and Hypogonadism among Men Glob J Endocrinol Metab Copyright © All rights are reserved by Labban L. 1(1). GJEM.000502. 2017. CRIMSONpublishers http://www.crimsonpublishers.com Abbreviations: SHBG: Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Perspective ISSN 2637-8019