In a country deeply polarized after three years of tumultuous change, Egyptian news websites have become very important media for free expression. This study looks at some of the pressures they are experiencing.
Study available in English and Arabic.
Russia and the Challenges of the Digital EnvironmentRussian Council
This working paper was written as part of the Russian International Affairs Council’s project “Information Security, Response to Cyber Threats and the Use of the Internet to Defend Russia’s National Interests on the International Scene.” In their articles, the authors expound on Russia’s presence in cyberspace and suggest the identification of a reference point from which to develop the discussion and seek an effective strategy for Russian participants in global internet processes. The materials place particular emphasis on the use of online tools to improve the quality of foreign policy.
In a country deeply polarized after three years of tumultuous change, Egyptian news websites have become very important media for free expression. This study looks at some of the pressures they are experiencing.
Study available in English and Arabic.
Russia and the Challenges of the Digital EnvironmentRussian Council
This working paper was written as part of the Russian International Affairs Council’s project “Information Security, Response to Cyber Threats and the Use of the Internet to Defend Russia’s National Interests on the International Scene.” In their articles, the authors expound on Russia’s presence in cyberspace and suggest the identification of a reference point from which to develop the discussion and seek an effective strategy for Russian participants in global internet processes. The materials place particular emphasis on the use of online tools to improve the quality of foreign policy.
China and the united states in commercial war at the confrontation for world ...Fernando Alcoforado
While China and the United States are waging their trade war, most economists assume that China will achieve global economic supremacy. After all, with a population four times larger than the United States and a program designed to catch up after centuries of technological stagnation, it is not inevitable that China will definitely assume the responsibility of being the hegemonic economic power.
Internet Rights are Human Rights Case BookletRajat Kumar
The IRHR Curriculum is a series of training modules concerned with the relationship between human rights, ICTs and the internet. These modules are intended to help those who work on human rights and/or ICTs, stakeholders with an interest in the issues and students, to understand ways in which the internet is affecting the enjoyment and protection of rights – now and in the future – and explore how these affect their work and lives.
Brief Discussion of Cyber Crime issues Fahad Saleem
This document briefly discuss about Cyber crime issue, its types and also the steps taken by Pakistani Government in order to mitigate this major issue. this document also discuss a short case study about the recent cyber crime case.
US Army: The Revolution Will Be TweetedOpenMatters
This is a presentation of the ebook - The Revolution will Be Tweeted - and was given to the Lichtenstein Royal Family, HBS, Suffolk University, Princeton University, US Army and at a number of public events.
An Overview of the Battle for the Control of the InternetDibussi Tande
Presentation to a joint/plenary session of the 16th Highway Africa Conference and the 3rd World Conference of the Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD) in Grahamstown, South Africa, September 10, 2012.
SHWE KOKKO BORDER KAYIN STATE PROJECT COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
ALL ABOUT SHWE KOKKO PROJECT KAYIN STATE COLLECTIONS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Kokko Shwe Kokko https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/shwe-kokko-a-paradise-for-chinese-investment/ Shwe Kokko: A paradise for Chinese investment SEPTEMBER 5, 2019 http://karennews.org/2020/03/shwe-koko-big-winners-burma-army-and-international-crime-syndicates-at-expense-of-karen-people-knu-community-groups-want-it-stopped/ Shwe Koko: Big Winners – Burma Army and international Crime Syndicates at Expense of Karen People – KNU, Community Groups Want it Stopped Karen News Send an emailMarch 26, 2020 https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/a-chinatown-mysteriously-emerges-in-backwoods-myanmar/ A Chinatown mysteriously emerges in backwoods Myanmar Shwe Kokko, a remote town along Myanmar's Moei River, is the latest odd and bold outpost of China's Belt and Road Initiative By BERTIL LINTNER MARCH 1, 2019 https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/305-commerce-and-conflict-navigating-myanmars-china-relationship https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/305-commerce-and-conflict-myanmar-china%20(1)_0.pdf Commerce and Conflict: Navigating Myanmar’s China Relationship Asia Report N°305 | 30 March 2020 https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chinas-thai-myanmar-border-investment-shwe-kokko-chinatown-mega-project CHINA’S THAI-MYANMAR BORDER INVESTMENT: Shwe Kokko Chinatown mega-project http://monnews.org/2020/03/28/gambling-away-our-land-kpsn-report-raises-questions-about-shwe-kokko-extension-project/ ‘Gambling Away Our Land’; KPSN report raises questions about Shwe Kokko Extension project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900Fzrn8DzY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlg2eYn7HM https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-mystery-man-behind-the-shwe-kokko-project/?f
C.P John, politician from Kerala, India, talks about how the process of political change is affected in the digital age and by the advent of websites like wikileaks, twitter, facebook etc
China and the united states in commercial war at the confrontation for world ...Fernando Alcoforado
While China and the United States are waging their trade war, most economists assume that China will achieve global economic supremacy. After all, with a population four times larger than the United States and a program designed to catch up after centuries of technological stagnation, it is not inevitable that China will definitely assume the responsibility of being the hegemonic economic power.
Internet Rights are Human Rights Case BookletRajat Kumar
The IRHR Curriculum is a series of training modules concerned with the relationship between human rights, ICTs and the internet. These modules are intended to help those who work on human rights and/or ICTs, stakeholders with an interest in the issues and students, to understand ways in which the internet is affecting the enjoyment and protection of rights – now and in the future – and explore how these affect their work and lives.
Brief Discussion of Cyber Crime issues Fahad Saleem
This document briefly discuss about Cyber crime issue, its types and also the steps taken by Pakistani Government in order to mitigate this major issue. this document also discuss a short case study about the recent cyber crime case.
US Army: The Revolution Will Be TweetedOpenMatters
This is a presentation of the ebook - The Revolution will Be Tweeted - and was given to the Lichtenstein Royal Family, HBS, Suffolk University, Princeton University, US Army and at a number of public events.
An Overview of the Battle for the Control of the InternetDibussi Tande
Presentation to a joint/plenary session of the 16th Highway Africa Conference and the 3rd World Conference of the Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD) in Grahamstown, South Africa, September 10, 2012.
SHWE KOKKO BORDER KAYIN STATE PROJECT COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
ALL ABOUT SHWE KOKKO PROJECT KAYIN STATE COLLECTIONS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Kokko Shwe Kokko https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/shwe-kokko-a-paradise-for-chinese-investment/ Shwe Kokko: A paradise for Chinese investment SEPTEMBER 5, 2019 http://karennews.org/2020/03/shwe-koko-big-winners-burma-army-and-international-crime-syndicates-at-expense-of-karen-people-knu-community-groups-want-it-stopped/ Shwe Koko: Big Winners – Burma Army and international Crime Syndicates at Expense of Karen People – KNU, Community Groups Want it Stopped Karen News Send an emailMarch 26, 2020 https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/a-chinatown-mysteriously-emerges-in-backwoods-myanmar/ A Chinatown mysteriously emerges in backwoods Myanmar Shwe Kokko, a remote town along Myanmar's Moei River, is the latest odd and bold outpost of China's Belt and Road Initiative By BERTIL LINTNER MARCH 1, 2019 https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/305-commerce-and-conflict-navigating-myanmars-china-relationship https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/305-commerce-and-conflict-myanmar-china%20(1)_0.pdf Commerce and Conflict: Navigating Myanmar’s China Relationship Asia Report N°305 | 30 March 2020 https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chinas-thai-myanmar-border-investment-shwe-kokko-chinatown-mega-project CHINA’S THAI-MYANMAR BORDER INVESTMENT: Shwe Kokko Chinatown mega-project http://monnews.org/2020/03/28/gambling-away-our-land-kpsn-report-raises-questions-about-shwe-kokko-extension-project/ ‘Gambling Away Our Land’; KPSN report raises questions about Shwe Kokko Extension project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900Fzrn8DzY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlg2eYn7HM https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-mystery-man-behind-the-shwe-kokko-project/?f
C.P John, politician from Kerala, India, talks about how the process of political change is affected in the digital age and by the advent of websites like wikileaks, twitter, facebook etc
AuthorityIs the page signed INCLUDEPICTURE httplib.nmsu.ed.docxikirkton
Authority
Is the page signed INCLUDEPICTURE "http://lib.nmsu.edu/instruction/checkbox.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET
Is there an author? ?
Is the author qualified? An expert?
HYPERLINK "http://www.factcheck.org" Who is the sponsor?Is the sponsor of the page reputable? How reputable?
Is there a link to information about the author or the sponsor?
If the page includes neither a signature nor indicates a sponsor, is there any other way to determine its origin?
Look for a header or footer showing affiliation.
Look at the URL. http://www.fbi.gov
Look at the domain. .edu, .com, .ac.uk, .org, .net
Rationale
1. Anyone can publish anything on the web.
2. It is often hard to determine a web page's authorship.
3. Even if a page is signed, qualifications are not usually provided.
4. Sponsorship is not always indicated.
Accuracy
Is the information reliable and error-free?
Is there an editor or someone who verifies/checks the information?
Rationale
1. See number 1 above
2. Unlike traditional print resources, web resources rarely have editors or fact-checkers.
3. Currently, no web standards exist to ensure accuracy.
Objectivity
Does the information show a minimum of bias?
Is the page designed to sway opinion?
Is there any advertising on the page?
Rationale
1. Frequently the goals of the sponsors/authors are not clearly stated.
Currency
Is the page dated?
If so, when was the last update?
How current are the links? Have some expired or moved?
Rationale
1. Publication or revision dates are not always provided.
2. If a date is provided, it may have various meanings. For example,
It may indicate when the material was first written
It may indicate when the material was first placed on the Web
It may indicate when the material was last revised
2. Often the Web serves as a virtual "Hyde Park Corner", a soapbox.
Coverage
What topics are covered?
What does this page offer that is not found elsewhere?
What is its intrinsic value?
How in-depth is the material?
Rationale
1. Web coverage often differs from print coverage.
2. Frequently, it's difficult to determine the extent of coverage of a topic from a web page. The page may or may not include links to other web pages or print references.
3. Sometimes web information is "just for fun", a hoax, someone's personal expression that may be of interest to no one, or even outright silliness.
110
Internet Activism
& the Party-State in China
Guobin Yang
GUOBIN YANG is Associate Pro-
fessor of Sociology and Commu-
nication in the Annenberg School
for Communication and the De -
partment of Sociology at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. His publi-
cations include The Power of the
Internet in China: Citizen Activism
Online (2009), Re-Envisioning the
Chinese Revolution: The Politics and
Poetics of Collective Memories in Re -
form China (edited with Ching Kwan
Lee, 2007), and China’s Red Guard
Generation: Loyalty, Dissent, and
Nostalgia, 1966–1999 (forthcoming,
Columbia Univers ...
ICTs investments in MENA countries are overtaking the rest of the world but they didn’t improve their cyber legislation systems. Cybercrime in the region is rising alarmingly and there no efforts to tackle this phenomenon. Lack of legislative and technical capabilities are common factors in most Middle East countries along with poor security awareness and education. I’m delighted to introduce my latest research to address these latest cybercrime issues in the region. This research includes extensive study for Internet penetration in MENA, country by country assessment, legal frameworks, and challenges facing legislators in the region.
30 recent Internet and Technology developments you may have missed
from – and/or potentially impacting on - Qatar and the Middle East, curated by ictQATAR's Damian Radcliffe.
Aims to introduce the current trends in Korean Internet communities, culture and research.Also, recommends the need for more “community capacity” research into online communities. Community capacity is a well-established concept that is frequently applied to community development and betterment in conventional community health sciences.Attempts to outline how community capacity research can illuminate aspects of Internet communities, particularly in the Korean context.
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Presented by Ting Wang
tammywt6@gmail.com
5th November 2009
Prepared for 2009 Graduate Seminar.
Information Society & Multiculturalism (Prof. Han Woo Park), at Yeungnam Univ. in S. Korea.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
1. Prepared for 2009 Graduate seminar Information Society & Multiculturism (prof. Han Woo Park) At Yeungnam Univ. in S. Korea The Internet in Iran : The Battle Over an Emerging Virtual Public Sphere byGholamKhiabanyand Annabelle Sreberny Presented by Ji-Young Parkheytreee@gmail.com 26November 2009
2. *Iran (Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn]) officially the Islamic Republic of Iranis a country in Western Asia The name Iran has been in use natively and came into inter-national use from 1935, before which the country was known internationally as Persia. Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran
3. Introduction After Iran`s Islamic Republic was established in 1979 all developments in relation to the Internet and cyberspace have occurred in a postrevolutionary and highly politicized environment, in which shiite Islam became the ideology of thedominant theocratic state. the central issue is not the obvious and crude divide between a “traditional” “religious” “modern” even “secular” technology
4. Introduction Two subtle line of tension running through Internet development in Iran that drive this chapter 1. centralizingstate`s desire to control expression in a "new technology" enviroment that is highyly conducive to widespread and popular participation. 2. centralizingstate`s desire to orchestrate and manage the slow development of the private sector and the inhibitions placed on entrepreneurial ICT activity in a field that has made Internet millionaires in other parts of the world.
5. A BRIEF REPRISE OF CONTEMPORARY IRANIAN HISTORY PRODUCING AN ISLAMIC REVOLUTION all Iranians over the age of 18, including women, who were enfranchised in the 1930s by Reza Shah, elect a president, as well as representatives to the Majles, or the Parliament Roozegar-e Ma (Our Time) are vivid explorations of contemporary political desires and imaginative possibilities, when even young women feel able to run for the presidency. http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&source=hp&q=Roozegar-e%20Ma&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv#
7. A BRIEF REPRISE OF CONTEMPORARY IRANIAN HISTORY PRODUCING AN ISLAMIC REVOLUTION The Islamic Republic of Iran was, and remains, a contradictory entity. - with Velayat-e-Faqihas the religious head of an Islamic polity. Ayatollah Khamenei Khomeini was, of course, the first, followed by Khamenei, the extant unelected leader.
8.
9. A BRIEF REPRISE OF CONTEMPORARY IRANIAN HISTORY PRODUCING AN ISLAMIC REVOLUTION An 8 year war with Iraq that produced colossal death, injury, and destruction, a lack of clear and coherent policies, and a very volatile political atmosphere Yet, the policies have been ad hoc and contradictory and therefore, the development and expansion of the Internet is constrained by confusion in government policies, varied institutional interests, and above all, the dialectical tension between the imperative of the market and the “revolutionary” claims of the state.
10. A BRIEF REPRISE OF CONTEMPORARY IRANIAN HISTORY PRODUCING AN ISLAMIC REVOLUTION The status of telecommunication in Iran demonstrates the rate of expansion and growth.
11.
12.
13.
14. INTERNET IN IRAN : NEW TECHNOLOGY, OLD PROBLEMS In Iran as elsewhere, access to media in general, and the Internet in particular, is regulated above all by disposable income. 1) :The High-tech boycott and lack of investment in importing hardware the cheapest computer in Iran costs around 4,500,000 Rials, or $450. 2) The average cost of Internet access is 350,000 Rials ($35.00) per month, and this does not include telephone line rentals. e.g) 1 Mpbs ADSL connection in London cost £80 / in Iran £92,00
15. INTERNET IN IRAN : NEW TECHNOLOGY, OLD PROBLEMS The cost of Internet access in general is linked to the density of a country`s Internet population and the distance from the main servers. In Iran, a computer costs twice the “average” monthly salary in urban areas and three times the “average” monthly salary in rural areas. (The “average” annual income of course suppresses the harsh realities of Iran even further by inflating real wages and obscuring the fact that many Iranian families are on incomes of less than $50 per month)
16. CONTRADICTORY POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS Iran, a number of other factor have prevented the more rapid penetration of the Internet 1. The political tension between the United States and Iran -The effect of the United States embargo. however, American embargoes prohibit software compa-nies, such as Microsoft, from doing business in Iran, a factor that contributes to widespread software piracy in the country, and is helped by the fact that Iran is not a signatory to international copyright convention.
17. CONTRADICTORY POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS Iran, a number of other factor have prevented the more rapid penetration of the Internet Despite clear tension between the two countries as well as America sanctions, Iranian companies and institutions are ready, as well as are American companies, to establish ventures through an intermediary. - DCI (Data Communication Company) of Iran`s agreement with GulfSat Kuwait - ISPs in Iran (Virayeshgar and Pars Supaleh) └ The American companies 3com and AT&T, respectively
18. CONTRADICTORY POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS Iran, a number of other factor have prevented the more rapid penetration of the Internet 2. Crucial aspect of the development of the Internet in Iran is the competing agendas and conflicting interests within Iran`s state apparatus.
19. CONTRADICTORY POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS Iran, a number of other factor have prevented the more rapid penetration of the Internet The Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, as early as 1980, was to oversee general cultural policy. Given the specific tasks of managing and running the press, the Iranian News Agency Iranian Broadcasting(Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting(IRIB)) was Brought under the direct control of the Supreme Leader in 1989 Two major Iranian publishing firms ( Keyhan and Etela`at) -> “public property”
20. CONTRADICTORY POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS The tension within the state as well as between the state and private sectors, is one of the many faces of the “digital divide” in Iran. such tensions clearly illustrate the social dimension of the Internet. In particular, the concerns of the private sector and the “moderate”factions of the Iranian establishment echo recent global debates about the Internet as profoundly democratizing and competitive
21. CONTRADICTORY POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS Lack of resources, expertise, clear policies, commitment to privatization The private sector began to dominate the market In early 2000, as cyber-cafes (cafenet) began to mushroo-m in big cities competing with each other and the TCI, prices began to plummet, especially when some cafes began to offer “economy” or “saver” packages of ten- to twenty-hour blocks of Internet access (The TCI reported a $20 million profit in 1998 ->in 2002 loss of $32) Cheaper forms of communication http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/science/030510_h-banned-sites.shtml After 1997 ( with growing public access to the Internet)
22. CONTRADICTORY POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS Weblog Initially started in September 2000 via Persian instructio-ns posted by a young Iranian blogger has grown into a massive collective phenomenon A combination of factors paved the way for such a rapid growth of the blogosphere. The existence of an already dissatisfied young population challenging the Iranian state and actively seeking a new order. www.webnevesht.comis written by Mohammad Ali Abtahi, one of Iran`s six vice presidents during Khatami`s presidency. MehdiKahlji an August 2005 went as far as to call the holy city of Qom the ‘IT Capital of Iran’
23. CONTRADICTORY POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INTERESTS Weblog Many are locations for the presentation of individual lives, with family photos, love poems- , and all the accoutrements of bourgeois individualism that can be found on british or American blogger site. But, even the least-popular blogs are no longer about individuals as such, since even the most private and anonymous blogs have become part of a wider community of interests through the addition link. tahsilat.webialist.com http://womeniniran.net/
24. INTERNET POLICY AND CONTROL The dominant faction`s response to the Internet has been twofold. They have recognized the usefulness of the Internet as a tool for propaganda and furthering their policies and aims -The most fascinating examples come from religious centers in the holy cities of Qom and Mashhad, where websites are designed and launched to promote Islam and the teachings and values of the Islamic Republic. In one computer center in Qom, more than 2,000 Islamic texts were transferred onto CD-ROM, and later onto the Internet └ This new technology, as Rahimi has suggested, allows the clergy to spread Islam and provide their own tafsir(interpretation)
25. INTERNET POLICY AND CONTROL Beside the attempt to colonize the Internet with their own materials, including news and analysis, the conserv-atives have tried to block access, as well as censor undesirable content. - BBC announced that a list of 15,000 site had been drawn up by the government in 2003 and was sent to all Iranian ISPs for blocking http://stop.censoring.us/
26. INTERNET POLICY AND CONTROL Both IRIB(threatened by satellite channels and calls for the introduction of private channels) and the TCI (threatened by the private sector) not only kept their grip on their respected field, but were also given further opportunity to influence the development of the Internet in Inran Iran`s ISP Association (one of the newly established institutions of “civil society”) criticized the dicision requiring them to provide Internet access through the TCI
27. INTERNET POLICY AND CONTROL According to Iran Civil Society Organization (CSO) training and Research Center, there are two layers and three methods of Internet censorship in Iran. Two layer The Internet in Iran is controlled and censored via access service points that remain the monopoly of the TIC. As we have already argued, is the government regulation, which forces ICPs and ISPs to use filtering system, take notice of regulati-on, and update themselves with the lists for banned sites provided by authorities.
28. INTERNET POLICY AND CONTROL According to Iran Civil Society Organization (CSO) training and Research Center, there are two layers and three methods of Internet censorship in Iran. Three methods Close all ports that have been used by savvy Internet users to bypass filtering systems Censoring keywords in URLs, yet another obligation that ICPs and ISPs have to meet. -(such as “women”, the banning of “women” in particular generated a campaign supported by many bloggers that employed the slogan, “censorship is indecent, not women” Most Internet users still use dial-up services due to Limited availability and cost of broadband.
29. CONCLUSION In Iran, the notion of “the Internet” remains problematic, suppresses the diversity of technologies imbeded in “new media” - differential access (both socially and geographically) - different policies - Internationally, US sanctions and Iranian avoidance of copyright legislation have their impacts. - Internally, the state has faced different kinds of contestation. (by public demands for greater political and cultural openness, expressed most vehemently by intellectuals, women, and students)