Social factors and second language acquistionBibi Halima
This document discusses several social factors that influence second language acquisition: age, gender, social class, and ethnic identity. It summarizes several studies that examined how these factors impact learners' proficiency and accent in a second language. For example, some studies found that younger learners have an advantage in acquiring a native-like accent, while gender can also influence proficiency levels, with females sometimes outperforming males. Social class is also linked to achievement, as learners from middle-class backgrounds tend to perform better. Ethnic identity plays a role as well, as acquiring a new language can impact one's sense of self and cultural identity. Overall, the document examines how social and contextual variables shape the second language learning process
Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society. It studies how language influences and is influenced by factors like culture, identity, social status, and power dynamics. Sociolinguists investigate topics like language attitudes, the social meanings associated with linguistic variations, and how language use changes across different social contexts and interactions. The field has grown in importance as globalization increases interactions between diverse cultures and communities. Sociolinguistics provides insights into social and political issues by analyzing how language shapes and reflects dimensions of human behavior and social organization.
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
Types of linguistics items and Social Dialectzahraa Aamir
This document discusses different types of linguistic items and social dialects. It explains that pronunciation seems to vary more across regions and social groups than other linguistic aspects like grammar and vocabulary. Pronunciation is used to identify one's origins, while other items may indicate social status. Social dialects are influenced by factors like social class, gender, and age, not just geography. Pronunciation tends to show more regional variation among lower social classes. The document also provides examples of variation in Arabic dialects across countries and between social groups.
MAGLANA RESEARCH- Gender Fair Language in grade 8 high school modules.docxMelodinaSolis
Over the years men have reliably been placed in a platform and women are considered straightforward appendage even to the purpose for being non-existent. Gender equality never genuinely was a thing in the past not until the eighteenth century. Women begin to fight for their own spot in the general public. They needed to change the overall population by having their own affiliation. They struggled for a wide extent of issues like property freedoms, admittance to advanced education , equivalent compensation , testimonial and a lot more which a large number of the present ladies are campaigning for.
In the quest for equality, women needed to destroy all types of separation and generalizing particularly on the jobs they depict in the family or in the general public. They have likewise needed to further develop the language utilized in depicting or characterizing women and the utilization of words that trivializes women.
This document discusses research into differences in language use between men and women, known as sociolinguistics. It summarizes two important aspects sociolinguists study: differences in linguistic features used by each gender, and reasons for those differences. Two types of studies are described - those finding very clear gender differences, and those finding preferential use of certain speech features. Some languages have separate gender-exclusive varieties. Research also finds differences in word choice, vocabulary and morphology between genders. Women generally use more standard variants of language due to social status consciousness and their role as guardians of social values.
the influence of feminism on language by saraG.P.G.C Mardan
This document discusses the influence of feminism on language. It covers the history of feminism through three waves that addressed women's rights and equality. Historically, women were considered intellectually and physically inferior to men and did not have rights like voting or equal education and pay. Feminism challenged this patriarchal view and influenced language by addressing the sexism inherent in linguistic features like naming conventions, terms of endearment for women, and asymmetric categories for unmarried men and women. The document also examines differences in male and female language use and how feminism brought awareness to the exclusion and degradation of women in everyday English language.
کتیب الملخصات - المؤتمر الدولي السابع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
12-11 يونيو 2022 ، الأهواز
لمزید من المعلومات، ﯾرﺟﯽ زﯾﺎرة ﻣوﻗﻌﻧﺎ اﻹﻟﮐﺗروﻧﻲ : WWW.LLLD.IR
لا تتردد فی مراسلتنا للاجابة عن ای استفسارات.
اللجنة المنظمة للمؤتمر،
الأهواز / الصندوق البريدی 61335-4619:
الهاتف :32931199-61 (98+)
الفاکس:32931198-61(98+)
النقال و رقم للتواصل عبر الواتس اب : 9165088772(98+)
WWW.LLLD.IR، البريد اﻹﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﻲ: info@pahi.ir
Social factors and second language acquistionBibi Halima
This document discusses several social factors that influence second language acquisition: age, gender, social class, and ethnic identity. It summarizes several studies that examined how these factors impact learners' proficiency and accent in a second language. For example, some studies found that younger learners have an advantage in acquiring a native-like accent, while gender can also influence proficiency levels, with females sometimes outperforming males. Social class is also linked to achievement, as learners from middle-class backgrounds tend to perform better. Ethnic identity plays a role as well, as acquiring a new language can impact one's sense of self and cultural identity. Overall, the document examines how social and contextual variables shape the second language learning process
Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society. It studies how language influences and is influenced by factors like culture, identity, social status, and power dynamics. Sociolinguists investigate topics like language attitudes, the social meanings associated with linguistic variations, and how language use changes across different social contexts and interactions. The field has grown in importance as globalization increases interactions between diverse cultures and communities. Sociolinguistics provides insights into social and political issues by analyzing how language shapes and reflects dimensions of human behavior and social organization.
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
Types of linguistics items and Social Dialectzahraa Aamir
This document discusses different types of linguistic items and social dialects. It explains that pronunciation seems to vary more across regions and social groups than other linguistic aspects like grammar and vocabulary. Pronunciation is used to identify one's origins, while other items may indicate social status. Social dialects are influenced by factors like social class, gender, and age, not just geography. Pronunciation tends to show more regional variation among lower social classes. The document also provides examples of variation in Arabic dialects across countries and between social groups.
MAGLANA RESEARCH- Gender Fair Language in grade 8 high school modules.docxMelodinaSolis
Over the years men have reliably been placed in a platform and women are considered straightforward appendage even to the purpose for being non-existent. Gender equality never genuinely was a thing in the past not until the eighteenth century. Women begin to fight for their own spot in the general public. They needed to change the overall population by having their own affiliation. They struggled for a wide extent of issues like property freedoms, admittance to advanced education , equivalent compensation , testimonial and a lot more which a large number of the present ladies are campaigning for.
In the quest for equality, women needed to destroy all types of separation and generalizing particularly on the jobs they depict in the family or in the general public. They have likewise needed to further develop the language utilized in depicting or characterizing women and the utilization of words that trivializes women.
This document discusses research into differences in language use between men and women, known as sociolinguistics. It summarizes two important aspects sociolinguists study: differences in linguistic features used by each gender, and reasons for those differences. Two types of studies are described - those finding very clear gender differences, and those finding preferential use of certain speech features. Some languages have separate gender-exclusive varieties. Research also finds differences in word choice, vocabulary and morphology between genders. Women generally use more standard variants of language due to social status consciousness and their role as guardians of social values.
the influence of feminism on language by saraG.P.G.C Mardan
This document discusses the influence of feminism on language. It covers the history of feminism through three waves that addressed women's rights and equality. Historically, women were considered intellectually and physically inferior to men and did not have rights like voting or equal education and pay. Feminism challenged this patriarchal view and influenced language by addressing the sexism inherent in linguistic features like naming conventions, terms of endearment for women, and asymmetric categories for unmarried men and women. The document also examines differences in male and female language use and how feminism brought awareness to the exclusion and degradation of women in everyday English language.
کتیب الملخصات - المؤتمر الدولي السابع حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
12-11 يونيو 2022 ، الأهواز
لمزید من المعلومات، ﯾرﺟﯽ زﯾﺎرة ﻣوﻗﻌﻧﺎ اﻹﻟﮐﺗروﻧﻲ : WWW.LLLD.IR
لا تتردد فی مراسلتنا للاجابة عن ای استفسارات.
اللجنة المنظمة للمؤتمر،
الأهواز / الصندوق البريدی 61335-4619:
الهاتف :32931199-61 (98+)
الفاکس:32931198-61(98+)
النقال و رقم للتواصل عبر الواتس اب : 9165088772(98+)
WWW.LLLD.IR، البريد اﻹﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﻲ: info@pahi.ir
Book of Abstracts - The Seventh International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
11-12 June 2022 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Please feel free to write if there is any query.
The Conference Secretariat,
Ahwaz 61335-4619 Iran
(+98) 61-32931199
(+98) 61-32931198
(+98) 916-5088772 (WhatsApp Number)
WWW.LLLD.IR, Email: info@pahi.ir
This document discusses the importance of teaching culture as part of language learning. It provides background on the historical debate around incorporating culture in language teaching. Several experts are cited arguing that language and culture are intrinsically linked, and that fully understanding a language requires understanding the cultural contexts and perspectives of its speakers. The document also summarizes several benefits of teaching culture according to experts, such as motivating students and helping them communicate more effectively with native speakers.
Language and communication patterns in Universities in Pakistan: creating som...Ayesha Majid
Language and communication patterns of different universities is what the paper aimed to explore and found answers to. Every country happens to have a distinct language culture which is represented by the majority of its population. Although, it is not possible to claim that University students form the largest chunk of Pakistan's population. Nonetheless, it would not be incorrect that these are the members of society who have been fully initiated in to the secondary level of language socialisation. They therefore, rightly depict the present-day association with language. The linguistic dilemma as faced by a country whose constitution declares that Urdu is the National language but, has several regional languages. On top of those indigenous tongues is English which, is propagated by the global need for its acceptance and to great extent by Elite of Pakistan. Hence, in this brewing hotpot of culture and linguistic heritage deciphering which language truly prevails becomes, an eminent question. The researchers have tried to provide insights and solution concerning the observation they have made regarding, the linguistic loophole in a multilingual society.
Modern problems of linguistics and methods of teaching English languageSubmissionResearchpa
The document discusses modern problems in linguistics and methods for teaching English. It focuses on the importance of background knowledge and culture in effective communication. Students often lack understanding of cultural references when studying abroad. The author advocates introducing students to cultural realities and traditions of English-speaking countries. This helps form sociocultural competence and overcome barriers to cross-cultural communication.
The document discusses three paradoxes in the Moroccan educational system regarding gender:
1. While the number of female students has increased, women's academic achievement decreases drastically in employment, especially in higher positions. This is reflected in classroom interactions where girls have smaller "linguistic space" and receive less feedback. Gender bias also differentially treats boys and girls.
2. Gender stereotyping is abundant in classrooms. Stereotypes simplify reality, are acquired indirectly, are often false, and resist change. Stereotypes impact girls' self-esteem and achievement.
3. The document examines how gender and education are shaped by sources of authority in Moroccan culture, with religion and urban-
How Culture And Perception Are Directly Influenced By...Tiffany Graham
Here are some key special factors and issues an EL professional faces in identifying if an EL student's problem indicates a special education issue or normal language acquisition:
- Lack of appropriate assessment tools that are culturally and linguistically relevant for EL students at different English proficiency levels. Standardized tests may not accurately reflect an EL student's skills.
- Difficulty distinguishing between a learning disability versus normal second language acquisition challenges. Features of SLA like errors in grammar/pronunciation can mask an underlying disability.
- Impact of sociocultural/linguistic differences that can place ELs at an academic disadvantage regardless of cognitive abilities. Cultural norms around learning may differ.
- Scarcity of qualified EL professionals with expertise
English language teaching- "Sociolinguistic"Rinkal Jani
I m Rinkal jani student of Department of English from MK Bhavnagar University, here i am sharing my presentation on English language teaching and my topic is “Sociolinguistics’ It is a part of my Academic activity.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and discusses key concepts from seminal researchers in the field. It summarizes Basil Bernstein's theory of restricted and elaborated codes, explaining how working-class children may be disadvantaged by their habitual use of restricted code. It also summarizes Shirley Brice Heath's research comparing literacy practices and bedtime stories in three American communities, finding that middle-class children were better prepared for school due to experiences that mirrored classroom activities. The document concludes that the work of Bernstein and Heath suggests social class is fundamentally important in education, as schooling privileges certain literacy practices and types of knowledge associated with middle-class communities.
Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It examines how social structures influence language use and how language variations are used to convey social meanings. Sociolinguists collect data on linguistic variations and their social contexts through methods like observation, elicitation, interviews, and statistical analysis of large speech samples. Their goal is to understand the systematic social patterns underlying linguistic variation and language use.
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
Social Influences On Second Language Learning ( Applied Linguistics)zahraa Aamir
Social influences play an important role in language learning. The document discusses several social factors that can influence language acquisition, including gender, age, social class, ethnicity, and circumstances of learning. Gender differences in particular can impact language proficiency, as women may be more open to new linguistic forms while men tend to rely more on translation strategies. Younger learners are also generally more successful than older learners at acquiring a new language. The social context and relationships within a learning environment shape the input and output learners are exposed to. Together, social factors help determine an individual's developing interlanguage system as they learn between their first and second languages.
Tielke Vogt, Hauptstudium, LN
Svenja Follmann, Hauptstudium, LN
Julia Selzer, Grundstudium, TN
Meike Tadken, Grundstudium, LN
Judith Mertens, Hauptstudium, TN
Sonja Schröder, Grundstudium, TN
Language and Gender
Prof. Penelope Eckert
Prof. Sally McConnell-Ginet
This document outlines the contents of a course on language and gender, including sections on constructing gender, linking the linguistic to the social, organizing talk, making social moves, positioning ideas and subjects, and working the market use of varieties
The document discusses two main branches of linguistics:
1) Historical linguistics studies how languages change over time. It focuses on connections between languages and their historical development.
2) Descriptive linguistics investigates the structure of language at a single point in time without considering historical changes.
Historical linguistics and descriptive linguistics are interdependent, as the current state of a language is influenced by its history and synchronic variations can lead to diachronic changes.
The document discusses historical linguistics and how languages change over time. It covers two main branches - diachronic linguistics which studies how languages change through time, and synchronic linguistics which looks at languages at a single point in time. Languages undergo various types of changes including sound changes, grammatical changes, semantic changes, and borrowing of words from other languages. Both linguistic and non-linguistic factors can influence how and why languages evolve.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics studies language variation in society and how social factors influence language use. Some key points covered include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social attitudes are conveyed through language variations like accents and vocabulary.
- Language variation can be influenced by both internal structural changes and external social motivations.
- Different types of speech communities exist, including diglossia, bilingualism, and situations that can lead to language splits.
- Sociolinguistic research methods aim to objectively study language use across social groups like age, gender, and class.
This document discusses code switching between different social classes. It aims to study the differences in language switching between upper and middle class girls in conversations. A questionnaire was used to collect data from upper class girls attending college and middle class girls attending primary school. The study found that middle class girls showed moderate confidence in speaking English but were not perfect, while the upper class girls did less switching between languages compared to the lower class.
The Formation of Sociolinguistics as a Science and a Place in LinguisticsYogeshIJTSRD
The article examines the emergence of the science of sociolinguistics, role in the area of linguistics. About the researchers who contributed to the development of science and their scientific activities. Rayhona Numonovna Nuritdinova "The Formation of Sociolinguistics as a Science and a Place in Linguistics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38754.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/38754/the-formation-of-sociolinguistics-as-a-science-and-a-place-in-linguistics/rayhona-numonovna-nuritdinova
- Historical linguistics studies how languages change over time, focusing on the connections between languages, their historical development, and how they evolve through cultural contact.
- Descriptive linguistics investigates the structure of language at a specific point in time without considering changes over time.
- There is an interdependence between the diachronic (historical) and synchronic (descriptive) approaches, as the current state of a language is influenced by its history and synchronic variations can lead to diachronic changes.
Gender Fair Language: The Nascent Emergence for Gender Equity
Throughout this millennium the twentieth century remains the most productive era so far as the growth and development of English Language is concerned. In this century English language not only acquired the status of global communicative language, it stimulated the attention of professionals of various business class gentry also. Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation [LPG] gave English new heights, and on the track of information-superhighways this language could gel-well with the Information & Communication Technology [ICT]. The historic journey of this lingua-franca revolutionised every walk of human life where the very inherent masculine construct and inert established norms of this language couldn’t remain unchanged and unchallengeable. Many such apparently visible changes surfacing and various subtly deep invisible undercurrents consequently give birth to new varieties of English by transforming the holistic body of living and growing organism i.e. language.
As the feminist movements marched on from First Wave-to-Second Wave, and From Second Wave-to-Third Wave; various attempts to influence the morphological glossary structure of English language, and induct newly devised gender fair vocabulary were made ceaselessly. At the threshold of twenty first century the quest for gender fair language has emerged as one pivotal development to challenge the very masculine construct of the language by attacking the traditionally established norms. The present study attempts to investigate these emerging phenomena and identify various factors contributing to the birth, growth and development of Gender Fair Language which indisputably remains one of the nascent emerging varieties of English.
Key Terms-- Gender Fair Language, New Varieties of English, Gender Neutral Language & Feminizing Language
Thrust Area-- Gender Equity: New Varieties of English Language
Track-- Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences
The influence of phraseological material on the motivation for learning forei...SubmissionResearchpa
This article discusses the study of phraseology and the impact of phraseological material on the motivation for learning foreign languages, improving vocabulary of learners, identifying differences and features of cultures of different nations. The study of the influence of phraseological material on motivation is necessary to identify the role of phraseological turns in the process of teaching foreign languages. Therefore, the subject of our research will be the process of mastering phraseological units. Since this is of great importance for the methodological base of the school. In our time, knowledge of one or several foreign languages is necessary and prestigious. There are many methods of accelerated, but not always effective learning of foreign languages. Therefore, it is necessary that the level of teaching foreign languages at school increases, and for this, new teaching methods should be sought. The study of phraseological units maintains interest in the study of foreign languages. It follows that motivation will increase and become stronger if we introduce such elements as phraseological phrases, proverbs and sayings. Moreover, the article explains the main classification of phraseological units in order to use them correctly in speech. by Rano Akhmedova Ashurovna 2020. The influence of phraseological material on the motivation for learning foreign languages. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 169-173. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.614. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/614/586 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/614
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Book of Abstracts - The Seventh International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
11-12 June 2022 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Please feel free to write if there is any query.
The Conference Secretariat,
Ahwaz 61335-4619 Iran
(+98) 61-32931199
(+98) 61-32931198
(+98) 916-5088772 (WhatsApp Number)
WWW.LLLD.IR, Email: info@pahi.ir
This document discusses the importance of teaching culture as part of language learning. It provides background on the historical debate around incorporating culture in language teaching. Several experts are cited arguing that language and culture are intrinsically linked, and that fully understanding a language requires understanding the cultural contexts and perspectives of its speakers. The document also summarizes several benefits of teaching culture according to experts, such as motivating students and helping them communicate more effectively with native speakers.
Language and communication patterns in Universities in Pakistan: creating som...Ayesha Majid
Language and communication patterns of different universities is what the paper aimed to explore and found answers to. Every country happens to have a distinct language culture which is represented by the majority of its population. Although, it is not possible to claim that University students form the largest chunk of Pakistan's population. Nonetheless, it would not be incorrect that these are the members of society who have been fully initiated in to the secondary level of language socialisation. They therefore, rightly depict the present-day association with language. The linguistic dilemma as faced by a country whose constitution declares that Urdu is the National language but, has several regional languages. On top of those indigenous tongues is English which, is propagated by the global need for its acceptance and to great extent by Elite of Pakistan. Hence, in this brewing hotpot of culture and linguistic heritage deciphering which language truly prevails becomes, an eminent question. The researchers have tried to provide insights and solution concerning the observation they have made regarding, the linguistic loophole in a multilingual society.
Modern problems of linguistics and methods of teaching English languageSubmissionResearchpa
The document discusses modern problems in linguistics and methods for teaching English. It focuses on the importance of background knowledge and culture in effective communication. Students often lack understanding of cultural references when studying abroad. The author advocates introducing students to cultural realities and traditions of English-speaking countries. This helps form sociocultural competence and overcome barriers to cross-cultural communication.
The document discusses three paradoxes in the Moroccan educational system regarding gender:
1. While the number of female students has increased, women's academic achievement decreases drastically in employment, especially in higher positions. This is reflected in classroom interactions where girls have smaller "linguistic space" and receive less feedback. Gender bias also differentially treats boys and girls.
2. Gender stereotyping is abundant in classrooms. Stereotypes simplify reality, are acquired indirectly, are often false, and resist change. Stereotypes impact girls' self-esteem and achievement.
3. The document examines how gender and education are shaped by sources of authority in Moroccan culture, with religion and urban-
How Culture And Perception Are Directly Influenced By...Tiffany Graham
Here are some key special factors and issues an EL professional faces in identifying if an EL student's problem indicates a special education issue or normal language acquisition:
- Lack of appropriate assessment tools that are culturally and linguistically relevant for EL students at different English proficiency levels. Standardized tests may not accurately reflect an EL student's skills.
- Difficulty distinguishing between a learning disability versus normal second language acquisition challenges. Features of SLA like errors in grammar/pronunciation can mask an underlying disability.
- Impact of sociocultural/linguistic differences that can place ELs at an academic disadvantage regardless of cognitive abilities. Cultural norms around learning may differ.
- Scarcity of qualified EL professionals with expertise
English language teaching- "Sociolinguistic"Rinkal Jani
I m Rinkal jani student of Department of English from MK Bhavnagar University, here i am sharing my presentation on English language teaching and my topic is “Sociolinguistics’ It is a part of my Academic activity.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and discusses key concepts from seminal researchers in the field. It summarizes Basil Bernstein's theory of restricted and elaborated codes, explaining how working-class children may be disadvantaged by their habitual use of restricted code. It also summarizes Shirley Brice Heath's research comparing literacy practices and bedtime stories in three American communities, finding that middle-class children were better prepared for school due to experiences that mirrored classroom activities. The document concludes that the work of Bernstein and Heath suggests social class is fundamentally important in education, as schooling privileges certain literacy practices and types of knowledge associated with middle-class communities.
Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It examines how social structures influence language use and how language variations are used to convey social meanings. Sociolinguists collect data on linguistic variations and their social contexts through methods like observation, elicitation, interviews, and statistical analysis of large speech samples. Their goal is to understand the systematic social patterns underlying linguistic variation and language use.
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
Social Influences On Second Language Learning ( Applied Linguistics)zahraa Aamir
Social influences play an important role in language learning. The document discusses several social factors that can influence language acquisition, including gender, age, social class, ethnicity, and circumstances of learning. Gender differences in particular can impact language proficiency, as women may be more open to new linguistic forms while men tend to rely more on translation strategies. Younger learners are also generally more successful than older learners at acquiring a new language. The social context and relationships within a learning environment shape the input and output learners are exposed to. Together, social factors help determine an individual's developing interlanguage system as they learn between their first and second languages.
Tielke Vogt, Hauptstudium, LN
Svenja Follmann, Hauptstudium, LN
Julia Selzer, Grundstudium, TN
Meike Tadken, Grundstudium, LN
Judith Mertens, Hauptstudium, TN
Sonja Schröder, Grundstudium, TN
Language and Gender
Prof. Penelope Eckert
Prof. Sally McConnell-Ginet
This document outlines the contents of a course on language and gender, including sections on constructing gender, linking the linguistic to the social, organizing talk, making social moves, positioning ideas and subjects, and working the market use of varieties
The document discusses two main branches of linguistics:
1) Historical linguistics studies how languages change over time. It focuses on connections between languages and their historical development.
2) Descriptive linguistics investigates the structure of language at a single point in time without considering historical changes.
Historical linguistics and descriptive linguistics are interdependent, as the current state of a language is influenced by its history and synchronic variations can lead to diachronic changes.
The document discusses historical linguistics and how languages change over time. It covers two main branches - diachronic linguistics which studies how languages change through time, and synchronic linguistics which looks at languages at a single point in time. Languages undergo various types of changes including sound changes, grammatical changes, semantic changes, and borrowing of words from other languages. Both linguistic and non-linguistic factors can influence how and why languages evolve.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics studies language variation in society and how social factors influence language use. Some key points covered include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social attitudes are conveyed through language variations like accents and vocabulary.
- Language variation can be influenced by both internal structural changes and external social motivations.
- Different types of speech communities exist, including diglossia, bilingualism, and situations that can lead to language splits.
- Sociolinguistic research methods aim to objectively study language use across social groups like age, gender, and class.
This document discusses code switching between different social classes. It aims to study the differences in language switching between upper and middle class girls in conversations. A questionnaire was used to collect data from upper class girls attending college and middle class girls attending primary school. The study found that middle class girls showed moderate confidence in speaking English but were not perfect, while the upper class girls did less switching between languages compared to the lower class.
The Formation of Sociolinguistics as a Science and a Place in LinguisticsYogeshIJTSRD
The article examines the emergence of the science of sociolinguistics, role in the area of linguistics. About the researchers who contributed to the development of science and their scientific activities. Rayhona Numonovna Nuritdinova "The Formation of Sociolinguistics as a Science and a Place in Linguistics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38754.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/38754/the-formation-of-sociolinguistics-as-a-science-and-a-place-in-linguistics/rayhona-numonovna-nuritdinova
- Historical linguistics studies how languages change over time, focusing on the connections between languages, their historical development, and how they evolve through cultural contact.
- Descriptive linguistics investigates the structure of language at a specific point in time without considering changes over time.
- There is an interdependence between the diachronic (historical) and synchronic (descriptive) approaches, as the current state of a language is influenced by its history and synchronic variations can lead to diachronic changes.
Gender Fair Language: The Nascent Emergence for Gender Equity
Throughout this millennium the twentieth century remains the most productive era so far as the growth and development of English Language is concerned. In this century English language not only acquired the status of global communicative language, it stimulated the attention of professionals of various business class gentry also. Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation [LPG] gave English new heights, and on the track of information-superhighways this language could gel-well with the Information & Communication Technology [ICT]. The historic journey of this lingua-franca revolutionised every walk of human life where the very inherent masculine construct and inert established norms of this language couldn’t remain unchanged and unchallengeable. Many such apparently visible changes surfacing and various subtly deep invisible undercurrents consequently give birth to new varieties of English by transforming the holistic body of living and growing organism i.e. language.
As the feminist movements marched on from First Wave-to-Second Wave, and From Second Wave-to-Third Wave; various attempts to influence the morphological glossary structure of English language, and induct newly devised gender fair vocabulary were made ceaselessly. At the threshold of twenty first century the quest for gender fair language has emerged as one pivotal development to challenge the very masculine construct of the language by attacking the traditionally established norms. The present study attempts to investigate these emerging phenomena and identify various factors contributing to the birth, growth and development of Gender Fair Language which indisputably remains one of the nascent emerging varieties of English.
Key Terms-- Gender Fair Language, New Varieties of English, Gender Neutral Language & Feminizing Language
Thrust Area-- Gender Equity: New Varieties of English Language
Track-- Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences
The influence of phraseological material on the motivation for learning forei...SubmissionResearchpa
This article discusses the study of phraseology and the impact of phraseological material on the motivation for learning foreign languages, improving vocabulary of learners, identifying differences and features of cultures of different nations. The study of the influence of phraseological material on motivation is necessary to identify the role of phraseological turns in the process of teaching foreign languages. Therefore, the subject of our research will be the process of mastering phraseological units. Since this is of great importance for the methodological base of the school. In our time, knowledge of one or several foreign languages is necessary and prestigious. There are many methods of accelerated, but not always effective learning of foreign languages. Therefore, it is necessary that the level of teaching foreign languages at school increases, and for this, new teaching methods should be sought. The study of phraseological units maintains interest in the study of foreign languages. It follows that motivation will increase and become stronger if we introduce such elements as phraseological phrases, proverbs and sayings. Moreover, the article explains the main classification of phraseological units in order to use them correctly in speech. by Rano Akhmedova Ashurovna 2020. The influence of phraseological material on the motivation for learning foreign languages. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 169-173. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.614. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/614/586 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/614
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The impact of sex discriminative language upon elt
1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.5, No.25, 2014
The Impact of Sex Discriminative Language Upon Elt
Viktorija Petkovska
Faculty of Technical Sciences, Bitola7000 Bitola, Republic of Macedonia Tel: +38971222382
*E-mail: vpet40@yahoo.com
Abstract
In the last two decades Macedonia has been literally striving through a process of long-lasting and tiresome
transition, which caused the old, statically defined, unchangeable relations to undergo numerous crucial changes
reflected on almost all vital social levels, ranging from the institutionalized forms of living and all the way
through to the family and personal life.
These changes have an inevitable reflection in the language as one of the most sensitive and truthful human
cultural “mirrors”. In spite of the fact that awareness of linguistic sex discrimination has only begun to develop
gradually in Macedonia in the recent years, it is a process which is still not entirely completed but which has the
potential to affect certain language teaching aspects, both in Macedonian and English. The contact with English
has only reinforced this process and stressed the need to make Macedonian native speakers aware of the
existence of this phenomenon and its implication upon teaching and learning English.
This paper looks into some instances of sex discriminative language in Macedonian and English and their
implications in preparing prospective English language teachers to deal with them successfully thus helping
English language students to develop their awareness of this phenomenon and its impact upon increasing their
communicative competence.
Key words: Sex, Gender, Language, Culture, English language teaching
Introduction
The goal of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, it tries to demonstrate the reflection of the change of sex roles in
contemporary Macedonian society in Macedonian language. Secondly, it attempts at diagnosing the influence
that awareness of this phenomenon may have upon teaching and learning English, particularly with regard to the
negative transfer from the mother tongue.
Until the World War II women in Macedonia were mainly occupied with their home, performing all the
household chores and, in the rural regions, a great deal of the hard work in the fields. In addition to this, they
were responsible for bringing up their children. They seldom participated in the community social life, except
when accompanying their male relatives or husbands on particular occasions (such as weddings, balls, various
performances and alike) to complement males’ pleasure and amusement with their appearance and beauty. All
the decisions concerning their personal lives were made by men, including their marriage, bearing children etc.
World War II, a point of major breakthrough in sex relations, brought about two major changes in female role.
They occupied posts that became vacant because of male mobilization in the army and, even more importantly,
joined the partisans, fighting shoulder to shoulder with men. The undeniable biological sex differences became
almost “invisible”, with females being treated as equal to men. But, immediately after the war, biological
differences reemerged, placing the females closer to home and domestic chores rather than positioning them
highly on the societal scale. Some of the important, decision –making positions remained almost exclusively
male-represented, with only few exceptions. Even today, decades after the war, there is still a lot of evidence that
female societal inclusion has not yet reached the sex equality level propagated as one of the National liberating
war core values. The mere fact that we today, in the second decade of the 21st century, still focus on females’
societal role and inclusion, speaks enough for itself about the real achievements in this area.
Research questions
The research questions focus on the existence of sex discriminative language in Macedonian, the awareness of
Macedonians of the presence of this phenomenon and its implication in teaching and learning English,
particularly considering the negative transfer from the mother tongue which would, in this case, account for the
wider use of gender determined nouns and expressions, because of the existence of grammatical gender in
Macedonian.
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Vol.5, No.25, 2014
1.Natural vs. grammatical gender
One of the most striking differences between English and Macedonian is the existence of grammatical gender in
Macedonian as opposed to the non-existence of such grammatical category in English. The former case accounts
for the derivation of an indefinite number of feminine nouns and adjectives whereas in the latter case such a
derivation appears to be irrelevant. This is why in the English-speaking world linguistic sex discrimination
became widely addressed as the non-existence of grammatical gender made the reference of personal, possessive
and relative pronouns and possessive adjectives somewhat ambiguous. English language speakers thus became
bewildered as to which gender the following underlined pronouns/adjectives could refer:
The teacher should rely on his/her experience.
The students looked at the teacher as he/she explained the rules.
The students used their computers and the teacher used hers/his.
Similar cases in Macedonian would never need further clarification as the use of pronouns/adjectives would be
unambiguously determined by the grammatical gender noun ending.
2. Linguistic reflections of contemporary societal state
2.1.Sex and gender specific lexical material
One single adjective can be seen to genuinely reflect the biological sex inequality. Namely, the adjective
pregnant or the phrase give birth can never occur to describe a state of a noun in masculine. Thus, we never
speak of a “pregnant man”, or a one that “gave birth’. Naturally, there are also other lexemes that are highly
sex/gender specific and restricted. Here, the emphasis is particularly on many sex specific body organs, which
are inherent to only one particular sex. Besides, there are other gender specific lexemes that don’t appear in
feminine (such as for e.g. бербер, фудбалер).
2.2 Addressing
The concept of “comradeship” so widely introduced and insisted upon after the National liberation war, is slowly
but surely fading and left behind. In other words, it belongs to history. In both formal and non-formal
communication, females are today referred to by the nouns: госпоѓа or госпоѓица, depending on their marital
status. In addition, females may be formally addressed by adding their second name to the above mentioned
lexemes, as opposed to the commonly held, but today quite unusual practice of addressing women with the
derivative of their husbands’ names (such as for e.g. Trajanica, Petrejca, Stojanica), which was a practice most
vividly speaking of the treatment of women as men’s asset and possession.
2.3.Feminatives
Theoreticians have still not reached a full agreement over the use of feminatives in Macedonian, particularly
those used to designate functions. On the one hand, it is believed that these derivatives are not natural, but on the
other, it is argued that it is through their use that a better grammatical concordance of sentence parts is easily
achieved. It is even recommended that these forms should be used to prevent the likelihood of female
“invisibility”. A number of functions and positions occupied by female representatives have, however, still not
been lexicalized. So, in spite of forms such as ректорка, деканка, директорка, менаџерка, шефица,
раководителка, судика, докторка, професорка, презентерка, feminine counter pairs for хирург, гинеколог,
пилот, механичар,сервисер, etc have as yet not been lexicalized. Part of the reason for this is that these nouns
refer to occupations that are still occupied only by male representatives, but even when they are not, the
lexicalization could have interfered with other grammatical rules, or it simply hasn’t occurred because of other
linguistic reasons. The case of the noun секретарка (feminine of секретар) should also be pointed out. Namely,
the feminine form refers to the occupation of a secretary to the director, manager, dean etc. whereas the
masculine form refers to secretary general in a firm, organization, institution etc. This form is used to refer to a
secretary general of both sexes without taking into account the sentence grammatical concordance. Thus,
sentences such as: Генералниот секретар на универзитетот, г-ѓа Трајковскa, укажала на потребата од
донесување нови акти.. аre common and acceptable in spite of the fact that the subject is in masculine and the
verb has a suffix used to denote feminine.
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Methodology
For the purposes of this paper, an interview was conducted to observe the sex discrimination awareness,
approach and attitude towards this phenomenon in various interviewees and to collect relevant data that could
shed some light on this issue.
Participants
There were 20 participants in this interview. They were chosen to represent adequately and genuinely several
categories of citizens regarding age, education, occupation, marital status and place of living. The following
parameters were represented by the interviewees:
Age
The sample consisted of 20 males aged between 25-60 years. (Table 1).
Table 1: Age groups
25-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years 51-60 years
Interviewees 10 5 2 3
% 50% 25% 10% 15%
Education
The sample included interviewees with various levels of education. (Table 2).
Table 2: Education
195
University
degree
% Not
graduated
% Master’s
degree
%
25-30 years 5 25% 5 25%
31-40 years 2 10% 3 15%
41-50 years 2 10%
51-60 years 3 15%
Occupation
The sample varied in relation to occupation. (Table 3).
Table 3: Occupation
University degree Not graduated Master’s degree
25-30
years
31-40
years
41-50
years
51-60
years
25-30
years
31-40
years
41-50
years
51-60
years
25-30
years
31-40
years
41-50
years
51-60
years
Primary teacher 50%
(3)
Secondary teacher 20%
(2)
Unemployed 20%
(1)
50%
(5)
Administration 20%
(1)
60%
(3)
University teacher 20%
(1)
Retired 20%
(1)
4. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.5, No.25, 2014
Marital status
Only three of the interviewees had never married, whereas seven are divorced. The rest of them are currently
married.
Table 4: Marital status
196
25-30
years
% 31-40
years
% 41-50
years
% 51-60
years
%
Single 3 15%
Divorced 2 10% 3 15% 2 10%
Married 10 50% 5 25% 2 10% 3 15%
Place of living
Three interviewees live in rural areas. The rest of them live in urban places.
Table 5: Place of living
25-30
years
% 31-40
years
% 41-50
years
% 51-60
years
%
Rural
area
2 10% 1 5%
Urban
places
10 50% 5 25% 2 10% 3 15%
3. Interview
The interview consisted of the following questions:
1.When you need to refer to an unknown woman, which criterion is decisive in deciding which title (Mrs, Miss,
or Ms) you would use:
a) her physical appearance; b) her age; c) her social status (if known)
All of the participants agreed that they would base their decision on the age criterion; only one of them
mentioned that however, social status would also be important.
Table 6: When you need to refer to an unknown woman, which criterion is decisive in deciding which title (Mrs,
Miss, or Ms) you would use:
25-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years 51-60 years
Primary teacher
Physical appearance
Secondary
teacher
Unemployed
Administration
University
teacher
Retired Social status
2. When referring to a familiar married female, which name you would prefer:
5. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.5, No.25, 2014
a) her first name; b) her second name; c) a derivative from her husband’s name (such as for e.g.
Trajanica, Petrejca, Dimejca etc.)
15 of the interviewees would use the first name (8 in the first group- 80%, 3 in the second- 60%, and 2 in each of
the remaining groups-40%).
Table 7: When referring to a familiar married female, which name you would prefer:
197
25-30
years
% 31-40
years
% 41-50
years
% 51-60
years
%
No 8 80% 3 60% 2 40% 2 40%
3. Do you consider feminine derivations of nouns representing occupations should always be used (to refer to
female representatives) rather than nouns in masculine (e.g. dekanka, ministerka, parlamentarka, sudika, ).
a) yes b) no c) not certain
All 20 interviewees answered positively.
Table 8: Do you consider feminine derivations of nouns representing occupations should always be used (to refer
to female representatives) rather than nouns in masculine
Yes No
Interviewees 20
% 100%
4. Doеs Macedonian phrase секој човек comprise female representatives as well?
a)yes b)no c) not certain
Only two of the employed participants were not certain (2 in the second group-40%).
Table 9: Doеs Macedonian phrase секој човек comprise female representatives as well?
25-30
years
% 31-40
years
% 41-50
years
% 51-60
years
%
Not
certain
2 40%
5.Can you derive nouns in feminine for the following borrowings:
Masculine (машки род) feminine (женски род)
Бизнисмен _____________________
Брокер _____________________
Портпарол _____________________
Бармен _____________________
Полицаец _____________________
Скипер _____________________
Фудбалер _____________________
Агент _____________________
Дилер _____________________
пироман _____________________
Seven participants could not derive nouns in feminine for some of the above borrowings (5 in the first group-
50 %, 1 in the second-20% and one in the last group-20%).
6. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.5, No.25, 2014
Table 10: Can you derive Macedonian nouns in feminine for the following borrowings
198
25-30
years
% 31-40
years
% 41-50
years
% 51-60
years
%
Deriving
nouns in
feminine for
given
borrowings
5 50% 1 20% 1 20%
6. How do you feel when your superior is a female?
None of the participants thinks this is problematic.
Table 11: How do you feel when your superior is a female?
25-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years 51-60 years
The interviewees do not consider female superior as an issue.
7. Is your highest criterion to judge females only based on their physical appearance? If not, what other criteria
do you apply?
Seven of the participants (5 in the second-100% and 2 in the third group- 40%) said they tend to judge the
females by their looks. For the rest of them, factors such as: intelligence, communication skills and honesty were
more important.
Table 12: Is your highest criterion to judge females only based on their physical appearance? If not, what other
criteria do you apply?
25-30
years
% 31-40
years
% 41-50
years
% 51-60
years
%
Judging
females by
their
physical
appearance
5 100% 2 40%
8. Circle the phrase you’d tend to commonly use:
А)дами и господа б)господа и дами
А)колеги и колешки б)колешки и колеги
А) тој и таа б)таа и тој
А)Георги и Мира б) Мира и Георги
А)мажи и жени б)жени и мажи
А)машко и женско б)женско и машко
А)момче и девојка б)девојка и момче
А)татко и мајка б)мајка и татко
Only 8 participants (in the first group- 80%) said they would always use the noun in feminine first.
7. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
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Vol.5, No.25, 2014
Table 13: Circle the phrase you’d tend to commonly use:
199
25-30
years
% 31-40
years
% 41-50
years
% 51-60
years
%
Always
use the
noun in
feminine
first
8 80%
Could use
the noun
in
masculine
first
2 40%
9. What is your opinion about men wearing “typically“female jewelry, accessories etc…
In the first age group this was not a problematic issue, whereas for the rest of the age groups this was not
justified
Table 14: What is your opinion about men wearing “typically“female jewelry, accessories etc…
25-30 years 31-40 years 42-50 years 51-60 years
Not a problematic
issue
It’s not justified for
men to wear female
jewelry, accessories
etc…
10. Circle the sentences in which females are included in the noun functioning as an object:
1. Се молат гледачите да влезат во салата.
2.Се известуваат пациентите со себе да носат здравствена картичка.
3.Се известуваат студентите дека професорот ќе доцни.
4.Се молат кандидатите да ги исклучат своите мобилни телефони.
5.Се известуваат учениците дека часот започнува во 7.30
6.Се повикуваат членовите да ја платат членарината.
7.Се известуваат станарите дека утре ќе има прекин во снабдувањерто со електрична енергија.
8. Се бараат волонтери.
9. Се повикуваат спортистите да земат учество на оваа манифестација.
10. Се бараат архитекти.
All participants thought all nouns functioning as objects included female representatives.
The interview clearly points out that linguistic sex discriminative awareness is in direct proportion to the age,
degree of education and employment, whereas factors such as the place of living and marital status seem to have
little or no influence upon this phenomenon. It goes without saying that the number of interviewees is quite
restricted and that the findings would probably be different with varied parameters and numbers of participants.
Findings and discussion
The conducted interview leads to a conclusion that the male population is aware of the existence of linguistic sex
discrimination and that in most cases participants have established a sound understanding of it and try to take a
fair approach towards the female population and their societal participation. More importantly, they are aware of
the necessity to apply non-sex based criteria in recognizing and evaluating female social and professional
8. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.5, No.25, 2014
accomplishments.
Implications in ELT
The first step towards raising linguistic sex discrimination awareness in EL students is the adequate preparation
of prospective El teachers. In order to achieve this important goal, teacher educators should:
-point out and discuss the need for balanced societal sex relations and make an attempt to detect the degree to
which this need is met in Macedonian society;
-observe cases of linguistic sex discrimination in Macedonian;
-raise students’ awareness of linguistic sex discrimination in English and compare it to their native language;
-point out and discuss possibilities for avoiding use of sex discriminative language;
-find/devise language teaching techniques that prevent the use of sex discriminative language;
-train prospective teachers to develop a high degree sensibility towards assessing linguistic sex discriminative
nuances present in language teaching materials and
-teach them how to cope with sex discriminative language in existing teaching materials and create their own
teaching materials in which such language is maximally reduced or, whenever possible, entirely avoided.
Conclusion
In spite of the undeniable fact that sex relations are undergoing positive changes in the contemporary
Macedonian society, some burning open issues still present a serious hindrance to their advancement.
Linguistic reflections of sex roles and relations in Macedonian language currently point to the nonexistence of
equality and in some cases, to female ‘invisibility “. But, as it always happens in all languages, balancing the sex
roles and relations will certainly result in newly lexicalized language material that will accurately reflect this
balance.
It is of great importance that teacher educators raise prospective English language teachers’ awareness of these
issues and communicate relevant knowledge about coping with them successfully in the EL classroom.
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Кон родово рамноправна Македонија. Центар за истражување и креирање политики
www.crpm.org.mk/.../...
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