the hypothesis of protien sysnthesis.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•1 view
fundamental biological principles but also fuels innovation in fields such as
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
00002 Jc Silva 2006 Mcp V5n1p144
This document describes a new method for absolute quantification of proteins using LC-MS/MS. The method is based on the discovery that the average MS signal response for the three most intense tryptic peptides per mole of protein is constant, regardless of protein. Given an internal standard, this relationship can be used to calculate a universal signal response factor to determine absolute protein concentrations without using protein-specific standards. The method was shown to accurately quantify both exogenous proteins in simple mixtures and endogenous serum proteins within 15% error. It also determined stoichiometries of known protein complexes in E. coli lysates.
Protein folding.pdf
This document discusses protein folding and misfolding. It begins by introducing how the three-dimensional structure of proteins, which is key to their function, is acquired through folding of the polypeptide chain. Changes to the chain through gene variations or modifications can alter the folding process and cause misfolding. The document then discusses how protein misfolding diseases can result from changes in cellular environment or overload of the protein quality control system. It provides examples of protein quality control systems and chaperones that assist folding, prevent aggregation, and eliminate misfolded proteins. The concept of a protein folding energy landscape is also introduced to explain how proteins search for their stable native state.
STRUCTURAL GENOMICS, FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS, COMPARATIVE GENOMICS
Structural genomics is a field that aims to determine the 3D structures of all proteins encoded by a genome. It involves determining structures on a large scale using techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR. This allows identification of novel protein folds and potential drug targets. Comparative genomics compares genomic features between organisms and provides insights into evolution and conserved sequences and functions. It is a key tool in fields like medicine and agriculture.
protein-protein interaction
The document discusses protein-protein interactions (PPIs), which occur when two or more protein molecules make physical contact with each other. It describes different types of PPIs such as homo-oligomers and hetero-oligomers, as well as transient and stable interactions. Methods for studying PPIs are also examined, including experimental techniques like yeast two-hybrid systems as well as computational approaches like structure-based modeling and sequence-based prediction. Protein docking is discussed as a way to model and analyze PPIs at the atomic level.
Functional proteomics, methods and tools
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
PROTEOMICS
FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
PROTEOMICS SOFTWARE
PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS
TOOLS FOR PROTEOM ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTS METHODS FOR STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
APLLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
Yeast two hybrid system
Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. Upon interaction between the bait and the prey, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity and a functional TF is reconstituted upstream of the reporter gene.
Angelman Syndrome
Here are the key points about sequence and structure of proteins:
- Protein sequences can be compared to determine similarity and relate unknown sequences to known protein families/categories. Sequence databases are searched for matches.
- Sequence alignment involves sliding two sequences past each other to find the position with the most matched residues. However, it misses some alignments.
- Gaps can be introduced in alignments to account for insertions/deletions between similar sequences from different genes. This increases matching possibilities.
- Beyond simple amino acid identity comparisons, there are two types of substitutions that better reflect evolutionary changes:
1) Conservative substitutions substitute amino acids within the same chemical property groups.
2) Semi-conservative substitutions substitute amino
APS abstract BrennanCull
This study simultaneously used circular dichroism, absorbance, and fluorescence spectroscopy to observe the unfolding of native and mutated horse heart cytochrome c proteins when exposed to increasing concentrations of the denaturant guanidine hydrochloride. By comparing the unfolding processes and thermodynamic properties of the native and mutated proteins, the study aimed to better understand the relative stability between native and mutated protein structures and gain insights into current scientific theories of protein unfolding.
Recommended
00002 Jc Silva 2006 Mcp V5n1p144
This document describes a new method for absolute quantification of proteins using LC-MS/MS. The method is based on the discovery that the average MS signal response for the three most intense tryptic peptides per mole of protein is constant, regardless of protein. Given an internal standard, this relationship can be used to calculate a universal signal response factor to determine absolute protein concentrations without using protein-specific standards. The method was shown to accurately quantify both exogenous proteins in simple mixtures and endogenous serum proteins within 15% error. It also determined stoichiometries of known protein complexes in E. coli lysates.
Protein folding.pdf
This document discusses protein folding and misfolding. It begins by introducing how the three-dimensional structure of proteins, which is key to their function, is acquired through folding of the polypeptide chain. Changes to the chain through gene variations or modifications can alter the folding process and cause misfolding. The document then discusses how protein misfolding diseases can result from changes in cellular environment or overload of the protein quality control system. It provides examples of protein quality control systems and chaperones that assist folding, prevent aggregation, and eliminate misfolded proteins. The concept of a protein folding energy landscape is also introduced to explain how proteins search for their stable native state.
STRUCTURAL GENOMICS, FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS, COMPARATIVE GENOMICS
Structural genomics is a field that aims to determine the 3D structures of all proteins encoded by a genome. It involves determining structures on a large scale using techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR. This allows identification of novel protein folds and potential drug targets. Comparative genomics compares genomic features between organisms and provides insights into evolution and conserved sequences and functions. It is a key tool in fields like medicine and agriculture.
protein-protein interaction
The document discusses protein-protein interactions (PPIs), which occur when two or more protein molecules make physical contact with each other. It describes different types of PPIs such as homo-oligomers and hetero-oligomers, as well as transient and stable interactions. Methods for studying PPIs are also examined, including experimental techniques like yeast two-hybrid systems as well as computational approaches like structure-based modeling and sequence-based prediction. Protein docking is discussed as a way to model and analyze PPIs at the atomic level.
Functional proteomics, methods and tools
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
PROTEOMICS
FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
PROTEOMICS SOFTWARE
PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS
TOOLS FOR PROTEOM ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTS METHODS FOR STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS
APLLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
Yeast two hybrid system
Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. Upon interaction between the bait and the prey, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity and a functional TF is reconstituted upstream of the reporter gene.
Angelman Syndrome
Here are the key points about sequence and structure of proteins:
- Protein sequences can be compared to determine similarity and relate unknown sequences to known protein families/categories. Sequence databases are searched for matches.
- Sequence alignment involves sliding two sequences past each other to find the position with the most matched residues. However, it misses some alignments.
- Gaps can be introduced in alignments to account for insertions/deletions between similar sequences from different genes. This increases matching possibilities.
- Beyond simple amino acid identity comparisons, there are two types of substitutions that better reflect evolutionary changes:
1) Conservative substitutions substitute amino acids within the same chemical property groups.
2) Semi-conservative substitutions substitute amino
APS abstract BrennanCull
This study simultaneously used circular dichroism, absorbance, and fluorescence spectroscopy to observe the unfolding of native and mutated horse heart cytochrome c proteins when exposed to increasing concentrations of the denaturant guanidine hydrochloride. By comparing the unfolding processes and thermodynamic properties of the native and mutated proteins, the study aimed to better understand the relative stability between native and mutated protein structures and gain insights into current scientific theories of protein unfolding.
Geomics proteomics
Genomics and proteomics have many applications in fields like medicine, biotechnology, and social sciences. Genomics allows for better understanding of disease bases and drug responses by integrating genomic data with other data types. Proteomics identifies protein structures, functions, and interactions through techniques like identifying biomarkers, studying post-translational modifications, and analyzing protein expression profiles. These 'omics technologies continue to provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential drug targets.
Methods to Detect Protein-Protein Interaction
For more information, you can visit https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/protein-post-translational-modification-analysis.htm. In this video, we introduce some commonly used methods to detect PPIs and techniques for proteome-scale interactome maps.
Immunohistochemistry based approach to detect synucleinopathy conformations i...
An Internship project review on the topic "Immunohistochemistry based approach to detect synucleinopathy conformations in parkinson"
00003 Jc Silva 2006 Mcp V5n4p589
This document summarizes a study that used label-free LC-MS to analyze changes in the proteome of Escherichia coli (E. coli) when grown in different carbon sources (glucose, lactose, acetate). E. coli is a commonly used model organism and understanding its response to environmental changes provides insights into microbial physiology. The LC-MS approach simultaneously identified and quantified proteins across conditions without isotopic labeling. Relative protein abundances ranged from 0.1- to 90-fold changes between conditions. The results correlated well with known E. coli biochemistry and previous transcriptional profiling studies. This label-free LC-MS method provides an effective way to characterize microbial proteomes.
basic of oncology awreness to general public for .ppt
Growth and differentiation are complex biological processes regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Growth involves an increase in size through cellular processes like cell multiplication, growth of components, and accretion of material. Differentiation is the process by which cells develop specialized phenotypes through regulated gene expression. Key aspects of growth and differentiation include organismal growth, morphogenesis, cell number control, and disorders that arise from deregulation like neoplasia. The precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression underlying differentiation and morphogenesis is critical for proper development and maintenance of tissues and organs.
Functional proteomics, and tools
INTRODUCTION HISTORY FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS PROTEOMICS SOFTWARE PROTEOME MAPPING TOOLS FOR PROTEOME ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS OF PROTEOMICS CONCLUSION REFERENCES
Gene expresion
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional gene product like a protein or RNA. This process allows cells to control their structure and functions and gives rise to phenotypes. Gene expression can be measured by quantifying gene products like mRNA or proteins to understand processes like viral infection or drug resistance. It is regulated through mechanisms that control transcription, RNA processing, translation, and protein modifications.
STRING - Prediction of a functional association network for the yeast mitocho...
The document discusses predicting functional associations between proteins in the yeast mitochondrial system using the STRING database. It summarizes how STRING integrates genomic context, experimental data, and evidence from other species to infer functional links. It then describes applying these methods to predict mitochondrial proteins in yeast and build an association network for the yeast mitochondrial system, identifying functional modules within it.
Proteoimic presentation
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are important for many cellular functions. There are two main types of PPIs - transient interactions which are brief, and stable interactions which form multiprotein complexes. Crosslinking can capture both transient and stable PPIs by covalently binding interacting proteins. In vivo crosslinking studies PPIs in their native environment while in vitro crosslinking allows better reaction control. Pull-down assays use affinity purification to isolate stable protein complexes and identify binding partners of a bait protein. SDS-PAGE is commonly used to separate and visualize proteins isolated by techniques like pull-down.
STRING - Modeling of pathways through cross-species integration of large-scal...
The document discusses STRING, a database that integrates diverse evidence from genomic context, high-throughput experiments, and literature to build protein-protein interaction networks. It summarizes different methods used to infer functional modules and interactions, including phylogenetic profiles, gene fusion events, and conserved operons. Benchmarking scores against common references allows different data types to be combined. The document also describes using the integrated network to generate a model of the yeast cell cycle regulation.
overview of the protein protein interaction
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) refer to physical contacts between two or more proteins due to biochemical events and electrostatic forces. PPI networks are important in cell biology and represent how proteins interact with each other. Experimental methods like yeast two-hybrid systems and biophysical techniques can identify PPIs, but are low-throughput. Computational predictions of PPIs rely on characteristics like interacting domains and co-expression. Studying PPI networks can provide insight into genetic and molecular bases of disease by identifying disrupted interactions, new unwanted interactions, and disease-related subnetworks. PPI data can also help drug design by finding less connected protein targets.
molecular buzz!
The document discusses several topics related to proteins:
1) Proteins are essential to life and their malfunctions can cause disease, so medicine and biology research focuses on understanding and preventing protein failures.
2) Cancer occurs when cell regulation mechanisms controlled by proteins and enzymes are mutated, so designing certain proteins could allow controlling mutated expressions like in cancer.
3) Chaperone proteins help transport and insert newly synthesized proteins, including tail-anchored membrane proteins, to their correct destinations.
Microbial proteomics in biotechnology
Microbial proteomics helps to identify the proteins associated with microbial activity, microbial host-pathogen interactions, and antimicrobial resistant mechanism. Microbial activity of pathogens can be confirmed by using the 2-D gel-based and gel-free method with the combination of MALDI-TOF-LC-MS/MS.
Proteomic and metabolomic
This document summarizes proteomics and metabolomics techniques for mapping biochemical regulations. It discusses how proteomics uses techniques like gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry to separate and identify proteins on a large scale. Metabolomics similarly aims to analyze all metabolites in a biological system using techniques like fingerprinting, profiling, and integrating with other omics data. Together, proteomics and metabolomics provide multiple levels of insight into cellular processes by examining changes in gene expression, protein abundance, and metabolic activity.
Seminar on gene regulation
This document summarizes a seminar on gene regulation. It discusses the importance of gene regulation for controlling gene expression and product levels in response to cellular conditions. It also compares gene regulation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, regulation typically occurs through operons and affects all genes in the operon simultaneously. In contrast, eukaryotic gene expression is regulated through more complex pathways that can control individual genes separately and at different life stages or locations within the cell. The summary highlights several key differences in the mechanisms and complexity of gene regulatory systems between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Pathogenesis And Endocytosis
The human papillomavirus (HPV) family consists of over 150 virus types classified into genera based on DNA sequence homology, with the alpha genus containing mucosal HPV types divided into high-risk and low-risk groups depending on their ability to cause cancer, in particular certain high-risk alpha HPV types are established causes of cervical and head/neck cancers.
Bioinformatics, application by kk sahu sir
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS
APPLICATIONS
DNA AND RNA LEVELS
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
"Bioinformatics" to refer to the study of information processes in biotic systems. This definition placed bioinformatics as a field parallel to biophysics or biochemistry (biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in biological systems).
the field of bioinformatics has evolved such that the most pressing task now involves the analysis and interpretation of various types of data. This includes nucleotide and amino acid sequences, protein domains, and protein structures.
Proteomics
Proteomics aims to comprehensively describe the biological systems of a species by obtaining a sufficient density of observations on all the proteins expressed by a cell or tissue. Initial goals were to rapidly identify all proteins expressed, but this has yet to be achieved for any species due to the large and complex nature of proteomes. Various technologies are used to study proteins including gene ontology, biochemical analysis, tagging, mass spectrometry, and protein interaction mapping to better understand protein functions, localizations, modifications, and connections within cellular pathways and systems.
Epigeneticsand methylation
Epigenetics is the study of gene expression and suppression, and how these phenomena affect genetic and other biological processes without changing DNA sequences. Methylation, one form of epigenetic inheritance, is the process of attaching a methyl group to cytosine in DNA, which can silence genes. Researchers have established databases like MethDB to organize DNA methylation data from experiments and make it available for analysis and comparison. Tools are also available to visualize methylation patterns and profiles in genomic sequences.
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA i.pdf
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA in producing the
characteristics of the individual have been developing for more than 150 years. Consider our
current state of knowledge. Link genetic characteristics to DNA structure. Explain how DNA
through the process of protein synthesis is responsible for the ultimate expression of the
characteristics in the organism. Describe how interference in protein synthesis can result in
disruption of cellular and bodily processes? How does the significance of one class of proteins,
the enzymes, relate to the importance of proper nutrition throughout life?
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA in producing the
characteristics of the individual have been developing for more than 150 years. Consider our
current state of knowledge. Link genetic characteristics to DNA structure. Explain how DNA
through the process of protein synthesis is responsible for the ultimate expression of the
characteristics in the organism. Describe how interference in protein synthesis can result in
disruption of cellular and bodily processes? How does the significance of one class of proteins,
the enzymes, relate to the importance of proper nutrition throughout life?
Solution
1.The gene encoding the production of protein is transcribed into the gene language required for
the next stage which is RNA. The RNA is then transcribed into protein for protection or the
function assigned. This is a simple illustration of how DNA can regulate expression of
characteristics.There are 2 parts to this process:translation and transcription.The gene for a
particular trait undergoes a process called transcription. This is a process in which the language
of the body\'s make-up is transcribed from one cell language to another (DNA to RNA) which
the body will recognize in order to carry out the next process. The next process is the translation
of the information from RNA to the actual product, which is the protein. Specific proteins play
specific roles so the body synthesizes the specific protein for the specific job at the specific time.
2.Errors in protein synthesis disrupt cellular fitness, cause disease phenotypes, and shape gene
and genome evolution.errors in protein synthesis reduce organism fitness: disruption of
translational fidelity with common antibiotics such as streptomycin and kanamycin kills bacteria;
cells with impaired translational proofreading ability display altered morphologies and suffer
severe fitness defects, as do cells with elevated rates of transcription errors in an essential gene;
defects in translational fidelity and in protein folding cause disease phenotypes in mouse
models.Synthesis and degradation of non-functional proteins may also be costly without being
obviously harmful. Ribosomal throughput dedicated to a polypeptide that will ultimately fail to
function represents an opportunity cost, particularly for fast-growing organisms. Expression of
quality control systems, .
the intersting chemistry of carbohydrates.pptx
At its core, a carbohydrate is a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone, or a substance that gives these compounds upon hydrolysis. Structurally, carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1. This basic composition forms the backbone for an astonishing array of molecular configurations and functions.
Monosaccharides, the simplest form of carbohydrates, are the building blocks from which more complex carbohydrates are constructed. These sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, exist as either linear chains or cyclic structures in aqueous solutions due to their ability to form hemiacetals or hemiketals. The spatial arrangement of functional groups, particularly the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, determines their chemical properties and biological roles.
Joining monosaccharides through glycosidic linkages generates disaccharides and polysaccharides. Disaccharides, like sucrose and lactose, form through the condensation reaction between two monosaccharide molecules, liberating a water molecule. Polysaccharides, on the other hand, represent intricate macromolecular assemblies of monosaccharide units, often serving as energy reservoirs (e.g., glycogen and starch) or structural components (e.g., cellulose and chitin).
Chemical modifications of carbohydrates, such as oxidation, reduction, and glycosylation, expand their functional diversity. For instance, aldose and ketose sugars undergo oxidation-reduction reactions to yield sugar acids or sugar alcohols, respectively. Glycosylation, the attachment of sugar moieties to proteins or lipids, influences molecular recognition, signal transduction, and cell-cell interactions crucial for physiological processes.
Moreover, the stereochemistry of carbohydrates plays a pivotal role in their biological activity. Isomeric forms, such as D-glucose and L-glucose, exhibit distinct biological behaviors due to their differing interactions with enzymes and receptors.
In conclusion, the chemistry of carbohydrates underpins the intricacies of life by providing energy, structural support, and molecular recognition. From monosaccharides to complex polysaccharides, these molecules epitomize nature's elegance in molecular design and functionality, continually captivating scientists and driving advancements in fields ranging from medicine to materials science. Understanding their chemistry not only unravels the mysteries of life but also inspires innovations that harness their remarkable properties for the betterment of humanity.
More Related Content
Similar to the hypothesis of protien sysnthesis.pptx
Geomics proteomics
Genomics and proteomics have many applications in fields like medicine, biotechnology, and social sciences. Genomics allows for better understanding of disease bases and drug responses by integrating genomic data with other data types. Proteomics identifies protein structures, functions, and interactions through techniques like identifying biomarkers, studying post-translational modifications, and analyzing protein expression profiles. These 'omics technologies continue to provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential drug targets.
Methods to Detect Protein-Protein Interaction
For more information, you can visit https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/protein-post-translational-modification-analysis.htm. In this video, we introduce some commonly used methods to detect PPIs and techniques for proteome-scale interactome maps.
Immunohistochemistry based approach to detect synucleinopathy conformations i...
An Internship project review on the topic "Immunohistochemistry based approach to detect synucleinopathy conformations in parkinson"
00003 Jc Silva 2006 Mcp V5n4p589
This document summarizes a study that used label-free LC-MS to analyze changes in the proteome of Escherichia coli (E. coli) when grown in different carbon sources (glucose, lactose, acetate). E. coli is a commonly used model organism and understanding its response to environmental changes provides insights into microbial physiology. The LC-MS approach simultaneously identified and quantified proteins across conditions without isotopic labeling. Relative protein abundances ranged from 0.1- to 90-fold changes between conditions. The results correlated well with known E. coli biochemistry and previous transcriptional profiling studies. This label-free LC-MS method provides an effective way to characterize microbial proteomes.
basic of oncology awreness to general public for .ppt
Growth and differentiation are complex biological processes regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Growth involves an increase in size through cellular processes like cell multiplication, growth of components, and accretion of material. Differentiation is the process by which cells develop specialized phenotypes through regulated gene expression. Key aspects of growth and differentiation include organismal growth, morphogenesis, cell number control, and disorders that arise from deregulation like neoplasia. The precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression underlying differentiation and morphogenesis is critical for proper development and maintenance of tissues and organs.
Functional proteomics, and tools
INTRODUCTION HISTORY FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS PROTEOMICS SOFTWARE PROTEOME MAPPING TOOLS FOR PROTEOME ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS OF PROTEOMICS CONCLUSION REFERENCES
Gene expresion
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional gene product like a protein or RNA. This process allows cells to control their structure and functions and gives rise to phenotypes. Gene expression can be measured by quantifying gene products like mRNA or proteins to understand processes like viral infection or drug resistance. It is regulated through mechanisms that control transcription, RNA processing, translation, and protein modifications.
STRING - Prediction of a functional association network for the yeast mitocho...
The document discusses predicting functional associations between proteins in the yeast mitochondrial system using the STRING database. It summarizes how STRING integrates genomic context, experimental data, and evidence from other species to infer functional links. It then describes applying these methods to predict mitochondrial proteins in yeast and build an association network for the yeast mitochondrial system, identifying functional modules within it.
Proteoimic presentation
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are important for many cellular functions. There are two main types of PPIs - transient interactions which are brief, and stable interactions which form multiprotein complexes. Crosslinking can capture both transient and stable PPIs by covalently binding interacting proteins. In vivo crosslinking studies PPIs in their native environment while in vitro crosslinking allows better reaction control. Pull-down assays use affinity purification to isolate stable protein complexes and identify binding partners of a bait protein. SDS-PAGE is commonly used to separate and visualize proteins isolated by techniques like pull-down.
STRING - Modeling of pathways through cross-species integration of large-scal...
The document discusses STRING, a database that integrates diverse evidence from genomic context, high-throughput experiments, and literature to build protein-protein interaction networks. It summarizes different methods used to infer functional modules and interactions, including phylogenetic profiles, gene fusion events, and conserved operons. Benchmarking scores against common references allows different data types to be combined. The document also describes using the integrated network to generate a model of the yeast cell cycle regulation.
overview of the protein protein interaction
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) refer to physical contacts between two or more proteins due to biochemical events and electrostatic forces. PPI networks are important in cell biology and represent how proteins interact with each other. Experimental methods like yeast two-hybrid systems and biophysical techniques can identify PPIs, but are low-throughput. Computational predictions of PPIs rely on characteristics like interacting domains and co-expression. Studying PPI networks can provide insight into genetic and molecular bases of disease by identifying disrupted interactions, new unwanted interactions, and disease-related subnetworks. PPI data can also help drug design by finding less connected protein targets.
molecular buzz!
The document discusses several topics related to proteins:
1) Proteins are essential to life and their malfunctions can cause disease, so medicine and biology research focuses on understanding and preventing protein failures.
2) Cancer occurs when cell regulation mechanisms controlled by proteins and enzymes are mutated, so designing certain proteins could allow controlling mutated expressions like in cancer.
3) Chaperone proteins help transport and insert newly synthesized proteins, including tail-anchored membrane proteins, to their correct destinations.
Microbial proteomics in biotechnology
Microbial proteomics helps to identify the proteins associated with microbial activity, microbial host-pathogen interactions, and antimicrobial resistant mechanism. Microbial activity of pathogens can be confirmed by using the 2-D gel-based and gel-free method with the combination of MALDI-TOF-LC-MS/MS.
Proteomic and metabolomic
This document summarizes proteomics and metabolomics techniques for mapping biochemical regulations. It discusses how proteomics uses techniques like gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry to separate and identify proteins on a large scale. Metabolomics similarly aims to analyze all metabolites in a biological system using techniques like fingerprinting, profiling, and integrating with other omics data. Together, proteomics and metabolomics provide multiple levels of insight into cellular processes by examining changes in gene expression, protein abundance, and metabolic activity.
Seminar on gene regulation
This document summarizes a seminar on gene regulation. It discusses the importance of gene regulation for controlling gene expression and product levels in response to cellular conditions. It also compares gene regulation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, regulation typically occurs through operons and affects all genes in the operon simultaneously. In contrast, eukaryotic gene expression is regulated through more complex pathways that can control individual genes separately and at different life stages or locations within the cell. The summary highlights several key differences in the mechanisms and complexity of gene regulatory systems between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Pathogenesis And Endocytosis
The human papillomavirus (HPV) family consists of over 150 virus types classified into genera based on DNA sequence homology, with the alpha genus containing mucosal HPV types divided into high-risk and low-risk groups depending on their ability to cause cancer, in particular certain high-risk alpha HPV types are established causes of cervical and head/neck cancers.
Bioinformatics, application by kk sahu sir
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS
APPLICATIONS
DNA AND RNA LEVELS
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
"Bioinformatics" to refer to the study of information processes in biotic systems. This definition placed bioinformatics as a field parallel to biophysics or biochemistry (biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in biological systems).
the field of bioinformatics has evolved such that the most pressing task now involves the analysis and interpretation of various types of data. This includes nucleotide and amino acid sequences, protein domains, and protein structures.
Proteomics
Proteomics aims to comprehensively describe the biological systems of a species by obtaining a sufficient density of observations on all the proteins expressed by a cell or tissue. Initial goals were to rapidly identify all proteins expressed, but this has yet to be achieved for any species due to the large and complex nature of proteomes. Various technologies are used to study proteins including gene ontology, biochemical analysis, tagging, mass spectrometry, and protein interaction mapping to better understand protein functions, localizations, modifications, and connections within cellular pathways and systems.
Epigeneticsand methylation
Epigenetics is the study of gene expression and suppression, and how these phenomena affect genetic and other biological processes without changing DNA sequences. Methylation, one form of epigenetic inheritance, is the process of attaching a methyl group to cytosine in DNA, which can silence genes. Researchers have established databases like MethDB to organize DNA methylation data from experiments and make it available for analysis and comparison. Tools are also available to visualize methylation patterns and profiles in genomic sequences.
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA i.pdf
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA in producing the
characteristics of the individual have been developing for more than 150 years. Consider our
current state of knowledge. Link genetic characteristics to DNA structure. Explain how DNA
through the process of protein synthesis is responsible for the ultimate expression of the
characteristics in the organism. Describe how interference in protein synthesis can result in
disruption of cellular and bodily processes? How does the significance of one class of proteins,
the enzymes, relate to the importance of proper nutrition throughout life?
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA in producing the
characteristics of the individual have been developing for more than 150 years. Consider our
current state of knowledge. Link genetic characteristics to DNA structure. Explain how DNA
through the process of protein synthesis is responsible for the ultimate expression of the
characteristics in the organism. Describe how interference in protein synthesis can result in
disruption of cellular and bodily processes? How does the significance of one class of proteins,
the enzymes, relate to the importance of proper nutrition throughout life?
Solution
1.The gene encoding the production of protein is transcribed into the gene language required for
the next stage which is RNA. The RNA is then transcribed into protein for protection or the
function assigned. This is a simple illustration of how DNA can regulate expression of
characteristics.There are 2 parts to this process:translation and transcription.The gene for a
particular trait undergoes a process called transcription. This is a process in which the language
of the body\'s make-up is transcribed from one cell language to another (DNA to RNA) which
the body will recognize in order to carry out the next process. The next process is the translation
of the information from RNA to the actual product, which is the protein. Specific proteins play
specific roles so the body synthesizes the specific protein for the specific job at the specific time.
2.Errors in protein synthesis disrupt cellular fitness, cause disease phenotypes, and shape gene
and genome evolution.errors in protein synthesis reduce organism fitness: disruption of
translational fidelity with common antibiotics such as streptomycin and kanamycin kills bacteria;
cells with impaired translational proofreading ability display altered morphologies and suffer
severe fitness defects, as do cells with elevated rates of transcription errors in an essential gene;
defects in translational fidelity and in protein folding cause disease phenotypes in mouse
models.Synthesis and degradation of non-functional proteins may also be costly without being
obviously harmful. Ribosomal throughput dedicated to a polypeptide that will ultimately fail to
function represents an opportunity cost, particularly for fast-growing organisms. Expression of
quality control systems, .
Similar to the hypothesis of protien sysnthesis.pptx (20)
Immunohistochemistry based approach to detect synucleinopathy conformations i...
Immunohistochemistry based approach to detect synucleinopathy conformations i...
basic of oncology awreness to general public for .ppt
basic of oncology awreness to general public for .ppt
STRING - Prediction of a functional association network for the yeast mitocho...
STRING - Prediction of a functional association network for the yeast mitocho...
STRING - Modeling of pathways through cross-species integration of large-scal...
STRING - Modeling of pathways through cross-species integration of large-scal...
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA i.pdf
Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA i.pdf
More from AtharShaikh20
the intersting chemistry of carbohydrates.pptx
At its core, a carbohydrate is a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone, or a substance that gives these compounds upon hydrolysis. Structurally, carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1. This basic composition forms the backbone for an astonishing array of molecular configurations and functions.
Monosaccharides, the simplest form of carbohydrates, are the building blocks from which more complex carbohydrates are constructed. These sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, exist as either linear chains or cyclic structures in aqueous solutions due to their ability to form hemiacetals or hemiketals. The spatial arrangement of functional groups, particularly the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, determines their chemical properties and biological roles.
Joining monosaccharides through glycosidic linkages generates disaccharides and polysaccharides. Disaccharides, like sucrose and lactose, form through the condensation reaction between two monosaccharide molecules, liberating a water molecule. Polysaccharides, on the other hand, represent intricate macromolecular assemblies of monosaccharide units, often serving as energy reservoirs (e.g., glycogen and starch) or structural components (e.g., cellulose and chitin).
Chemical modifications of carbohydrates, such as oxidation, reduction, and glycosylation, expand their functional diversity. For instance, aldose and ketose sugars undergo oxidation-reduction reactions to yield sugar acids or sugar alcohols, respectively. Glycosylation, the attachment of sugar moieties to proteins or lipids, influences molecular recognition, signal transduction, and cell-cell interactions crucial for physiological processes.
Moreover, the stereochemistry of carbohydrates plays a pivotal role in their biological activity. Isomeric forms, such as D-glucose and L-glucose, exhibit distinct biological behaviors due to their differing interactions with enzymes and receptors.
In conclusion, the chemistry of carbohydrates underpins the intricacies of life by providing energy, structural support, and molecular recognition. From monosaccharides to complex polysaccharides, these molecules epitomize nature's elegance in molecular design and functionality, continually captivating scientists and driving advancements in fields ranging from medicine to materials science. Understanding their chemistry not only unravels the mysteries of life but also inspires innovations that harness their remarkable properties for the betterment of humanity.
Thesis Presentatdfgdfgdfdfgdionsdsds.pptx
This study compared the effectiveness of local application of Cochleria Armoracia mother tincture along with indicated homeopathic medicine versus indicated homeopathic medicine alone in treating 46 patients with dandruff over 6 months. Results showed that 91.3% of patients improved when using Cochleria Armoracia along with the medicine, compared to 74% improvement for medicine alone. Statistical analysis supported that Cochleria Armoracia combined with the medicine was more effective. The most common affected scalp areas were found to be frontal and temporal. The study concluded that Cochleria Armoracia applied locally along with the indicated medicine is far more effective for managing dandruff than medicine alone.
CHAPTER 12 (SOUND 9th central board).pptx
1. Sound is a form of energy that travels as longitudinal waves, causing variations in pressure and density in a medium.
2. A sound wave is characterized by properties like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. The speed of sound depends on the medium and is calculated as wavelength multiplied by frequency.
3. Sound waves can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed. The reflection of sound leads to echoes and is used in applications like enhancing sound in concert halls.
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OsuF LIFE CLASS IXx.ppt
Cells are the fundamental unit of life. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane and many membrane-bound organelles. Cells contain various organelles that carry out specific functions necessary for cell survival like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and chloroplasts in plant cells.
10th cbse exam timetableeeeeeeeeeee.docx
The document contains exam timetables for 10th CBSE, 10th SSC, 12th HSC, and 10th CBSE Prelims exams taking place between January and March 2024. It lists the dates, times, days of the week, subjects, and any holidays in between for each set of board exams.
More from AtharShaikh20 (6)
Recently uploaded
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS). Parc Taulí. Sabadell
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recently uploaded (20)
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
the hypothesis of protien sysnthesis.pptx
- 1. The fidelity of protein synthesis relies on the accuracy of this molecular recognition, governed by the genetic code's dege Moreover, the process of translation is finely regulated to coordinate the synthesis of proteins in response to cellular dem The hypothesis of protein synthesis not only elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying gene expression but also In conclusion, the hypothesis of protein synthesis represents a pivotal paradigm in molecular biology, providing a compre
- 2. The fidelity of protein synthesis relies on the accuracy of this molecular recognition, governed by the genetic code's dege Moreover, the process of translation is finely regulated to coordinate the synthesis of proteins in response to cellular dem The hypothesis of protein synthesis not only elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying gene expression but also In conclusion, the hypothesis of protein synthesis represents a pivotal paradigm in molecular biology, providing a compre
- 3. The fidelity of protein synthesis relies on the accuracy of this molecular recognition, governed by the genetic code's dege Moreover, the process of translation is finely regulated to coordinate the synthesis of proteins in response to cellular dem The hypothesis of protein synthesis not only elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying gene expression but also In conclusion, the hypothesis of protein synthesis represents a pivotal paradigm in molecular biology, providing a compre