The document discusses the importance of stakeholder mapping for businesses. It notes that the traditional view of stakeholders as shareholders, customers, and media is outdated, as the stakeholder network has expanded greatly online. Businesses risk facing crises if they do not properly map and engage with their full stakeholder network. The document advocates using digital tools and social media to identify influential stakeholders and develop relationships in order to build trust and reputational capital. It stresses the need to listen to stakeholders and engage in two-way dialogue through interactive online communications.

1. The hollow
CorporaTion
The aCTivisT sTakeholder and
The silenT MajoriTy

2. Introduction
Hollow corporations and organisations; that is, the ones who ignore their wider influ-
encer communities are easy to spot - you find them in major trouble across media
channels every day. Having few friends amongst their stakeholder communities they
have few resources or supporters to turn to when they get into trouble.
It was impossible to miss BP splashed across headlines in early 2010 following its oil
spillage disaster in the Mexican Gulf. With a 17% drop in market value in just one day
BP became the poster child for a business in crisis, and no-one was there to stand
up for it. US food manufacturer Kraft’s takeover of much-loved British chocolate
brand Cadbury motivated an interesting display of stakeholder backlash when Kraft’s
comms strategy overlooked significant portions of the Cadbury stakeholder network,
and as a result felt the brunt of community-spread outrage.
But this story is definitely not new; it’s not even in some ways different. It is testament
to the growing number of organisations falling prey to the repercussions of a
communications strategy focussed on sales generation and brand exposure, rather
than strengthening reputation within a wider community.
This wider community extends far beyond the traditional view of shareholder,
customer and media (SCM). Despite newspapers and businesses alike increasingly
seeking to have influence online, they often miss some of the most important, and
lucrative, portions of the stakeholder network. This can be fatal when trust in business
overall continues to sink and organisations who are already on the back foot are left
trying to gain status in an increasingly diversified stakeholder environment.
The good news is that rather than succumbing to this fate, businesses do still have
the ability and opportunity to map their stakeholder network and begin to develop
reputational capital in audience groups wholly or partially separate to the traditional
SCM trio but equal in importance, influence and visibility.
This study looks at the range of participants functioning in your wider community, the
extent of the buzz and support emanating from these groups, and the support you can
achieve by influencing followers and turning around your critics. With globalisation
and digitalisation just two of the factors impacting the diversity and complexity of the
stakeholder environment, having an effective method for stakeholder mapping has
become a keystone for effective communications.
ONE

3. People are buying my products
I’m safe!
Vivader-Cohen claims that rather than existing as an inherent property of an
organisation, reputation is a perceptual phenomenon emerging from observers’
collective judgements about an organisation’s performance over time in areas
observers deem to be important
There is a tendency among big business to believe that if your brand name is out
there and people are buying your products then your communications programme
is operating at its peak. In some ways this is correct, but it can prove a short-term,
isolated approach that lacks sustainability and has little depth to utilise in a crisis.
The rise of the internet, social media and the ease of geographical dispersion mean
that those interested in your product or service, and able to voice a point of view,
has expanded almost overnight. From your traditional, geographically stable SCM
group, you are now also accountable to an international selection of interest groups,
governments, activists and the list goes on. With digital interactive media everyone is
blessed with the ability to say exactly what they like when they like. A comms focus
directed solely at the SCM trio ignores the reality that reputation is contingency-based
and varies across different stakeholder groups depending on the extent to which each
group’s specific needs are listened to and met.
Celine Puff, managing director at Hotwire’s offices in France comments that this
ever-common oversight was recently epitomised by GAP. After underestimating the
power of its own image GAP fell victim to a lack of reciprocity with its stakeholder
audience(s) and was forced to retract the new logo amid negative backlash. In a
recent statement GAP admitted that “All roads were leading them back to the blue
box, so they made the decision not to use the new logo on gap.com any further”.
Celine comments that had GAP conducted small surveys among key friends/fans/
bloggers, and encouraged the participation of their stakeholder network in the
rebranding process, it could have introduced a new logo while optimising stakeholder
engagement and gaining acceptance.
But what does this mean for now and the future? With a stakeholder network that
has quickly outgrown the original mould many companies operating on the traditional
model are at risk of carrying all their eggs in one very limited basket; i.e. their fair-
weather friends’ baskets. There has long been a general consensus among business
that if a product is selling then the company is on track and functioning as it should
with support from the optimal people. Wrong!
From the 1990’s and picking up speed from 2000 onwards, company after company
has been burned by the fair-weather friend who when faced with a partnership or
agreement with a company with diminishing sales cuts its losses and heads for the
hills leaving the company to fend for itself. This so-called friend can be a supplier,
partner or media contact… basically anyone who benefits from your company being
on top form; but who can bail ship with little consequence when things get tough.
With this in mind we begin to witness one failing company at a time, with the fair
weather friend nowhere in sight and no other friends to draw support from an entity
left alone and struggling.
TWO

4. The media loves me… I swear!
Newspapers, magazines and even television and radio stations are beginning to lose
their fan base. New media channels have taken audiences by storm, offering a low
cost, 24 hour communication exchange where anyone, anywhere can have their say
and join the conversation. Importantly, and often overlooked, this change in the media
environment provides an excellent opportunity for businesses to head the pack and
begin to position their organisations with other key influencers within the stakeholder
network. This is not to say that everyone has thrown out their televisions and is jump-
ing online but it demonstrates a significant portion of the audience who is no longer
dedicating their time solely to these older mediums. Recent analysis of Facebook
revealed that 30+ million profiles have their status messages updated at least once
every day indicating an audience that is constantly online and commenting on their
experiences; whether it’s with friends, work, brands or leisure.
Over the past three decades especially, the blatant misrepresentation of facts and
opinions in some traditional media channels has culminated in negative audience
responses and an increase in the respect and credibility accredited to other lesser
business-recognised influencers in the stakeholder network.
Tom Kelly, director of communications, at the FSA, recently commented at the 2010
PRCA National Conference in Manchester on a new era of transparency in which
the need to communicate regularly is more important than ever, but where choosing
what to say only gets harder. Things have moved on from what is often recognised as
the Blair-Clinton era of comms where message discipline (ensuring that your ‘party’
speaks with one voice) was the key to success. We are now in a time that charac-
terises this previous era as an era of spin, with the backlash prompting a heightened
desire for transparency and engagement from stakeholders.
Where it appears that interactivity and increased stakeholder bargaining power is on
the uptake among audiences worldwide, the majority of businesses have been on the
back-foot, employing defensive strategies rather than developing strategies to attain
the short and long-term benefits of an interactive environment with a broader and
more dispersed influencer network. Andy West, managing director for Hotwire Inter-
national, applauds GAP who despite their stakeholder blunders demonstrated a re-
freshing and responsive corporate approach to stakeholder feedback by listening and
changing direction quickly and with transparency. This, West claims, is a testament to
the power of interactivity and encourages and ultimately shows the rewards of corpo-
rate honesty and humility.
THREE

5. I’m trustworthy, I promise!
A straw poll we conducted among business professionals for this paper found that only 17%
of respondents trusted business to protect the interests of shareholders and stakeholders.
This statistic is not surprising and is testament to the fact that trust has come to play an
important role in a business’ reputation and longevity. More alarming is the reality that
only 15% of 25-35 year olds and 18% of 34-54 year olds supported this conclusion. This
represents a significant lack of trust among a group that will be in work and influential
positions for the next 30-40 years. This statistic may seem gloomy, and resemble a high
hurdle for business to challenge but it also marks a significant opportunity. Businesses
have the chance to convert a significant portion of working professionals from ‘distrust in
businesses’ to a positive fan base.
So we have business operating on an international scale, a decline in face to face commu-
nication, social media forums and blogs dedicated to every interest group imaginable, and
an information flow travelling at the speed of light. And it has become increasingly difficult
to harvest and maintain meaningful relationships with people most important to your organi-
sation’s success; largely because the group itself is so exhaustive, dense and difficult to
navigate.
It seems hopeless…but there’s always a trick up the sleeve
An international study we announced earlier in 2010 found that as society has become
increasingly mobile, people’s interests and relationships are much more dispersed in
terms of geography. As a result, these interests are maintained through the use of digital
communications technologies such as mobile phones, social networks and profiles, blog
sites and Internet groups.
The survey revealed that only 18% of consumers surveyed choose to ignore
recommendations and information coming via their social networks and online
acquaintances. This leaves a huge 82% of respondents that are committed to investigating
the information, acting on it or passing it on to another acquaintance.
This is a massive opportunity for the business world - social networking websites for one
are an attempt at establishing and maintaining social presence with others when physical
presence becomes a problem. Social networking sites provide businesses with more
access than ever to personal information that can be used to identify stakeholders and
begin communication reach out.
Managing director for Hotwire in Germany, Ute Richter finds the stakeholder network an
area for impressive growth in corporate communications. “Stakeholder mapping provides
organisations with the ability to both identify and develop worthwhile relationships with
influencers that extends beyond the media. The press is facing increased competition from
FOUR

6. online bloggers alone and if companies are actively mapping the wider arena and
developing rapport with all influencers both on and offline they are developing an
abundance of reputational capital to draw from for future projects.”
If one can imagine a social networking website such as Facebook as a kind of con-
tinual conversation that helps to keep stakeholders together, it seems reasonable to
suggest that it is vital for businesses to also be part of that conversation, just as they
would like to be in offline environments.
So digital is where it’s at?
What is important about the digital landscape is that it not only provides the tools to
make a preliminary assessment on the stakeholder network but it also provides an
ongoing means to establish contact and maintain relationships. Given the dynamic
nature of the economic environment, having an eye on what stakeholders want and
understanding what they respond to through online mediums is now an important
business tool.
Observing the attitudes and feelings online and identifying key players in the field
enables a business to engage with the audience both through proactive as well as
reactive content. Social media hasn’t changed the fundamental principles of crisis
and issues management, but the expansion of social media and the new era of mass
engagement identified by Kelly means that brands must be active in the digital world.
Trust is fundamental to business success, and should brands encounter issues, as
most do along the way, your customers in the social media space will be looking for
your response. If you are not there to listen and engage in the social media world,
then trust in your brand will without doubt corrode even further.
It is unrealistic to believe (as many companies do) that a company can always be
proactive in disseminating messages that are beneficial in promoting the company
in a positive light. Embracing both the proactive and reactive nature of online
communications provides a very valuable exercise. Managing director for Hotwire in
Australia, Jörn Sanda advises any brand, in the past or in the future, to confirm the
right way of engaging by inviting your social media ‘fans‘ to become part of the
process. LISTEN to the social media to know how people are reacting and provide
content through it. DIALOGUE with your market is the greatest benefit of social
media. First listen, and then give feedback.
From this engagement the company develops an ability to network with key
influencers in the online space. By networking and expanding their reach the
company is able to identify key industries and roles in its stakeholder network that
may have previously been ignored. The simplicity of a word search to see who is
commenting on something relating to you has unbound consequence and provides a
very real insight into who cares, and who cares enough to voice their own opinions.
FIVE

7. But I can shout the loudest
Evidently, there can be no debate that the stakeholder universe today is vast,
growing, changing every day and no longer able to be reached by a press release
alone. Flemming Madsen of Onalytica explains that “understanding the stakeholder
universe is a major challenge for many organisations, both in terms of how influential
their traditional stakeholders are but also who is influential outside of their traditional
stakeholder group. Having clear answers to these questions helps when making the
best decisions on who to engage and how to engage them”.
Research suggests that when we determine who is most influential or relevant in
relation to a topic we tend to overrate those we are more familiar with or shout the
loudest and underrate those that are less familiar. As a result, we begin to recognise
a consequence in time, effort and the subsequent cost in engaging and gaining the
attention of those who are loudest but then turn out to be less influential than we
believed them to be.
What is often overlooked is the simple reality that to measure a stakeholder’s
popularity on a particular issue all one has to do is to count the number of other
individuals who reference that stakeholder in the appropriate context. In doing so
we regard all stakeholders as equally important; a “vote” carries the same weight no
matter who gives it.
Flemming comments that this is not the case when it comes to influence. “Here
the weight of a stakeholder’s ‘vote’ on how influential another stakeholder is, is
determined by the ’voting’ stakeholder’s own influence, whose influence in turn is
determined by the influence of those who vote for him or her and so on, and so on…”
So popularity is about how many listen to you whereas influence is more
about who listens to you!
SIX

8. So how can we identify the stakeholders with the most influence relevant to a
particular topic?
The answer is that you have to take the indirect influence into account. In the
academic community there is no real debate about how to measure influence. For
more than three decades academics have used ‘citation analysis‘ to measure the
influence of academic journals, researchers and universities. But regardless of the
method used to measure influence, for these measurements to be useful they must
be tied to a context (or brand, company). This is achieved by extracting only relevant
references. When calculating influence we make the basic assumption that a person
references another person if the former thinks the latter is relevant to the context.
Alex MacLaverty, managing director technology at Hotwire is a supporter of this
approach. “All too often we see large brands like BP invest in quick-fix solutions like
investing $3.6 million in Google Adwords in an attempt to protect its online reputation
and strengthen its name. What this approach fails to grasp is that reputation is no
longer about disseminating your message. It is about ensuring that other influencers
are disseminating your message to even more key influencers. This comes through
interaction and mutual respect alone. To find the influencer with the most authority is
a gold mine for stakeholder management.”
Making decisions based on the best of both worlds – expertise and science
Given that those who are popular are usually more difficult (and as a result more
costly) to influence it is very important for marketing and communications teams to
understand who is more influential than their popularity leads us (and everyone else)
to think.
If you want to know the real impact of engaging with them (or having them present a
particular view or story) you need to measure their topical influence. Once you have
their topical influence you can compare the relative impact of a potential engagement.
Factor in the cost of engaging with them and you can make your choice based on
expertise and science.
SEVEN

9. Stakeholder mapping- the machine
Digital mapping has revolutionised stakeholder research but your focus must be
directed away from the external environment where value is exchanged, to the
inside of the organisation where value is generated. By identifying the kind of value
you want to generate, i.e. whether it’s economic, cultural, or financial and matching
it to how your business functions you can begin to determine the segments of the
stakeholder map that warrant actions, ranging from proactive involvement through to
simple monitoring.
To map stakeholder networks Hotwire uses its Stakeholder Quadrant. The quadrant
enables a systematic review process that identifies and assesses the importance
of key people, groups of people, or institutions that may significantly influence the
success of your activity or project based on their visibility or importance.
• Manage: These are stakeholders who are highly visible and highly important.
Their happiness is key to the organisation.
• Acknowledge: These are stakeholders who are highly visible but less
important. The organisation should care about them on a regular basis.
• Monitor: Stakeholders who fall within the lower left quartile are not important
and not very visible. Monitoring their activities is however important should an
individual or group ‘break out’ and potentially become a problem or asset for
the organisation.
• Involve: Stakeholders that are of high importance but are not very visible
should be actively engaged with by the organisation. As they are not very
visible you don’t know what they are up to, which could become a problem!
High
I
m INVOLVE MANAGE
p
o
r
t
a
n
c MONITOR ACKNOWLEDGE
e
Low
Visibility High
EIGHT

10. The key to this entire process is to consider carefully the company’s values and
objectives, and who has a stake against each value or objective. Once we have
an insight into their location on the stakeholder quadrant we can focus on how to
effectively channel company resources to leverage this relationship. Obviously
it makes no business sense to try to interact with every stakeholder to the same
degree. This is why the four categories of interaction become so important as they
ensure that you are directing efforts and costs at the most beneficial segments of the
market.
High
Raw material Shareholder
supplier Media blogger
I Employees
Investor
Trade unions
m Coinvolgere
p Involve Manage
o
r City advisor
Industry analyst
t Senior manager Industry association
a Future employees
Employees’ families
n Whoelsalers Financial analyst
c Monitor Acknowledge
e
Industry regulator Past employees
Option holder
Manufacturer
Packaging supplier Company location
Industry community Competitor
association Employee communities
Landlord Professional association
Low High
Visibility
NINE

11. The other fact to consider is that while you will have the active stakeholder, like an
opinionated customer for instance, there will be a silent majority. Don’t focus solely
on the active minority; you also need to know how to reach the silent majority. They
won’t stay silent forever and this is something that company after company is learning
the hard way! The importance of which can be seen mapped on the stakeholder
quadrant - several stakeholders appear oddly out of place in the importance ranks as
opposed to the visibility; but fortunately or unfortunately that is the complex nature of
the stakeholder environment and a key reason why this method of mapping is such a
vital tool for business today.
TEN

12. Conclusion
The stakeholder landscape is highly diverse and now transcends digital and traditional
streams along with geographic locations and interests groups. It is easy to understand
why the likes of BP and Kraft are splashed across the front pages as a result of poor
stakeholder management.
The business world has transformed dramatically over the past 20 years, aided largely
by the growth of the digital world giving consumers and interested parties a platform to
raise and vent their thoughts across the globe. Every man and his dog now has a say
in your business and its actions; and more scarily operating in a landscape where their
thoughts can impact on your business success it becomes paramount to be outreaching
to all relevant influencers.
Although this seems challenging it represents an excellent opportunity for those
businesses willing to grab the bull by the horns and invest in stakeholder management.
With a rough 83.5% of the stakeholder network open to conversion, now is the optimal
time for businesses to map their network and outreach as appropriate.
Aided by social media, blog sites and special interest hubs, companies can now access
detailed information on their stakeholders globally. Add to this the increased probability
that your current fair-weather friends are on the lookout for the next best thing and we
reach a juncture where businesses can’t afford not to engage in stakeholder relations.
With globalisation, the digital world and many more developments impacting the
diversity and complexity of the stakeholder environment, stakeholder mapping has
become a keystone for effective communications.
ELEVEN