Download our UPSC monthly Magazine in Hindi and English language. In this Magazine you will get monthly current affairs, The Hindu Analysis, PIB Analysis, toppers talk and ,many more thing. UPSC Magazine 2019, UPSC IQ provides the monthly UPSC Magazine for UPSC IAS CSE IPS Exams.
Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
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Financial Autonomy and Central-local relationship at Union Parishad Level in ...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
The origin of the root level local government bears a long history in this subcontinent. The existence of village councilors can be traced out from Kautillya’s Arthashastra during Mauriyan dynasty .
It is Union Parishad that is the grass root level administrative organ of the government in Bangladesh . It is known fact that the local body like union parishad should have autonomy in both financial and administrative decision making . But in fact , in Bangladesh, this important tier of local government is highly dominated and controlled by the central government .
As a part of academic curriculum, I was assigned to conduct a field work on financial autonomy , central-local relationship at union level in Bangladesh . The findings of my field work are discussed in this assignment .
Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
and also visit our website : www.iasnext.com
and follow for more on instagram and facebook
Financial Autonomy and Central-local relationship at Union Parishad Level in ...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
The origin of the root level local government bears a long history in this subcontinent. The existence of village councilors can be traced out from Kautillya’s Arthashastra during Mauriyan dynasty .
It is Union Parishad that is the grass root level administrative organ of the government in Bangladesh . It is known fact that the local body like union parishad should have autonomy in both financial and administrative decision making . But in fact , in Bangladesh, this important tier of local government is highly dominated and controlled by the central government .
As a part of academic curriculum, I was assigned to conduct a field work on financial autonomy , central-local relationship at union level in Bangladesh . The findings of my field work are discussed in this assignment .
These constitution-building primers
are intended to assist in-country
constitution-building or constitutionalreform
processes by: (i) helping
citizens, political parties, civil society
organizations, public officials and
members of constituent assemblies, to
make wise constitutional choices; and
(ii) helping staff of intergovernmental
organizations and other external
actors to give good, well-informed
and context-relevant support to local
decision-makers. The primers are
designed as an introduction for nonspecialist
readers, and as a convenient
aide-memoire for those with prior
knowledge or experience of constitutionbuilding.
Arranged thematically
around the practical choices faced by
constitution-builders, the primers aim
to explain complex issues in a quick and
easy way.
NATIONAL REPORT ON SLUMS CONDITIONS AND URBAN UPGRADING - Republic of Indonesia - First Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Slum Upgrading Working Group Tehran, 2-4 July 2012
Current affairs monthly magzine december vajiramVajiram Ravi
Vajiram & Ravi has introduced a new monthly current affairs magazine called ‘The Recitals’, which approaches current affairs through question and answers. ‘The Recitals’ deciphers current affairs in different section necessary for Prelims Current Affairs through Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), Mains Current Affairs Question & Answers and Interview Current Affairs. The current affairs magazine does not merely provide information, but focuses on the analysis on current issues necessary for the exam.
vision to construct new format of regional autonomy in Indonesia: keeping local authorities democratic through empowerment of local institution
The-12th Indonesian Scientific Meeting, Osaka University, September 6-7, 2003, held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
National Report on Slum Conditions and Shelter Policy: Iran 2012 - First Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Slum Upgrading Working Group Tehran, 2-4 July 2012
Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good GovernanceBilal yousaf
This presentation has discuss the importance of local government in democracy and good governance. The brief introduction of Local Government, Democracy and Good Governance are included with special focus on the importance of Local government.
These constitution-building primers
are intended to assist in-country
constitution-building or constitutionalreform
processes by: (i) helping
citizens, political parties, civil society
organizations, public officials and
members of constituent assemblies, to
make wise constitutional choices; and
(ii) helping staff of intergovernmental
organizations and other external
actors to give good, well-informed
and context-relevant support to local
decision-makers. The primers are
designed as an introduction for nonspecialist
readers, and as a convenient
aide-memoire for those with prior
knowledge or experience of constitutionbuilding.
Arranged thematically
around the practical choices faced by
constitution-builders, the primers aim
to explain complex issues in a quick and
easy way.
NATIONAL REPORT ON SLUMS CONDITIONS AND URBAN UPGRADING - Republic of Indonesia - First Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Slum Upgrading Working Group Tehran, 2-4 July 2012
Current affairs monthly magzine december vajiramVajiram Ravi
Vajiram & Ravi has introduced a new monthly current affairs magazine called ‘The Recitals’, which approaches current affairs through question and answers. ‘The Recitals’ deciphers current affairs in different section necessary for Prelims Current Affairs through Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), Mains Current Affairs Question & Answers and Interview Current Affairs. The current affairs magazine does not merely provide information, but focuses on the analysis on current issues necessary for the exam.
vision to construct new format of regional autonomy in Indonesia: keeping local authorities democratic through empowerment of local institution
The-12th Indonesian Scientific Meeting, Osaka University, September 6-7, 2003, held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
National Report on Slum Conditions and Shelter Policy: Iran 2012 - First Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Slum Upgrading Working Group Tehran, 2-4 July 2012
Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good GovernanceBilal yousaf
This presentation has discuss the importance of local government in democracy and good governance. The brief introduction of Local Government, Democracy and Good Governance are included with special focus on the importance of Local government.
This is a letter denouncing the recommendations of the Gupta Committee report establishing the argument for eliminating ecologically hostile usurious finance system for socially inclusive and ecologically safe India. The letter contain reasons for bring in urgently needed reform, explains the hurdles and offers solutions while calling upon national and international organisation to building solidarities for transforming international instituions such as World Bank, IMF and WTO recognising the need to address issues emerging out of the continuation of support for a paradigm that is energy intensive and ecologically unsafe and environmentally unsustainable.
A Promised Unfulfilled: A Critique of Land Reinvestigation Committee_English ...EthnicConcern
This research finds that existing laws do not protect farmers from land confiscation by Government bodies and the laws also do not give farmers rights to reclaim their land. Furthermore, where land is taken in the name of legitimate public interests (for example, development projects agreed by the elected Government) the law is too vague and open to interpretation, especially by the confiscating authorities. As a result, farmers do not receive adequate and just compensation or appropriate resettlement.
Parliamentary Supremacy Undermined? An Analysis of Parliamentary Debates in India on International Financial Institutions (1984-2009)
The Centre for Financial Accountability aims to strengthen and improve financial accountability within India by engaging in critical analysis, monitoring and critique of the role of financial institutions – national and international, and their impact on development, human rights and the environment, amongst other areas. For more information visit http://www.cenfa.org Get in touch with us at info@cenfa.org
We also publish Finance Matters, a weekly newsletter on the development finance. Archive can be accessed at http://www.cenfa.org/newsletter-archive/
To subscribe, email us at newsletter@cenfa.org
National Conference organized by ICAI - Cell Tower Radiation HazardsNeha Kumar
National Conference on Co-Operative Societies, Trusts, Organized by Institute of Chartered Accountants of India in Mumbai on August 3, 2013, Mumbai.
Ms. Neha Kumar gave a lecture on Cell phone/tower radiation hazards followed by interaction with Prof. Girish Kumar and Neha Kumar with more than 400 CAs from various parts of the country. Neha's presentation and first issue of Prof. Girish Kumar's Newsletter on Cell Tower Radiation Hazards are included in their proceedings
Presentation and first issue of Newsletter on Cell Tower Radiation are included in their proceedings Pg 48-70
Proceedings available at: http://cconpo.icai.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Background-Material-for-National-Conference-on-Co-Operative-Societies-Trusts-Redevelopment-of-Properties-Legal-and-taxation-Aspects-held-on-3rd-4th-August-2013.pdf
Event Schedule:
http://cconpo.icai.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/National-Conference-on-Co-Operative-Societies-Trustrs-Redevelopment-of-Properties-Legal-and-Taxation-Aspects-on-3rd-4th-August-2013-at-Mumbai2.pdf
Pictures available at: http://neha-wilcom.blogspot.in/2013/09/national-conference-organized-by.html
Entry Point Mapping: A Tool to Promote Civil Society Engagement on Health Fin...HFG Project
ivil society organizations (CSOs), particularly those working in the health sector, frequently seek opportunities to influence public health policy or share feedback on the quality or accessibility of health services. While these organizations may have important contributions to make, they often are not aware of the most effective and accessible entry points to use. Entry Point Mapping provides a methodology for systemic review and identification of mechanisms, forums and public platforms by which civil society organizations can participate in health sector policy formulation, program implementation, and oversight.
This paper presents an Entry Point Mapping Tool designed for CSOs with advocacy experience and public health officials seeking to expand civil society participation and contains a step-by-step guide for researching and analyzing legal entry points for civil society participation in governance of public health care facilities. Because CSOs have varied interests, the tool includes a series of steps for individual CSOs to determine the level of government at which to pursue their specific advocacy interest and the process of collecting targeted information on legally required points of entry for their civic engagement.
In addition, the Entry Point Mapping Tool offers guidance on analyzing the effectiveness on these entry points and coaches CSOs through the negotiation process of activating or expanding existing entry points, creating new ones, and winning overall collaboration with health officials on improving health policy and service delivery. This tool also documents the experience of CSOs implementing the entry point mapping methodology in Bangladesh and Cote d’Ivoire to demonstrate how the tool can promote increased civil society engagement on issues of health finance and governance.
PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC IN PUBLIC PROCUREME...CoretraLimited
The Kenya Alliance of Resident Associations (KARA) is the umbrella body representing the voice and proactive action of Resident Associations on consumers and taxpayers rights countrywide.
Similar to The Hindu Editorial Analysis- 11th April' 19 (20)
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The role of UN peacekeepers from India and other countries in thwarting attack by militants in Congo was lauded by UN officials.
The attack was carried out by Mouvement du 23 mars (M23) armed group, which is active in Eastern DR Congo.
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi has inaugurated India's biggest drone festival, Bharat Drone Mahotsav 2022 at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. for more Daily & Monthly or topic wise current affairs visit- https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/
Wild polio virus in Mozambique - Current affairs StudyiqStudyIQ Education
The first case of wild poliovirus Type 1 since 1992 was detected in Mozambique.
This is the second instance of imported case of wild poliovirus in Southern Africa this year. The first one was reported in Malawi.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
6. MCQ 1
1. Global Forum on Agricultural Research GFAR was established initially
by World Bank, IFAD, FAO, International Service for National
Agricultural Research | ISNAR and SDC on 31 October 1996
2. GFAR stakeholders launched in March 2012 the Gender in Agriculture
Partnership (GAP)
Choose correct
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Both
(D)None
7. • GFAR was established initially by World Bank, IFAD, FAO, International Service for
National Agricultural Research | ISNAR and SDC on 31 October 1996, triggered by
a major shift in thinking about development during that period. This entailed a new
recognition of the need to include all development stakeholders in development
processes, to make them more effective, owned by the intended beneficiary
countries and communities, self-driven and resilient.
• Recognizing this shift, the United Nations inter-governmental agriculture and food-
related development organizations FAO, IFAD, CGIAR partnership of
15 international agricultural research centres (IARCs), the national agricultural
research and development systems of countries from South and North through
their regional bodies and representatives of civil society, the private sector and
farmer organizations, came together to establish GFAR.
• The first gatherings for the stakeholders were the GFAR Triennial Conferences. The
first was held in Dresden, Germany, in May 2000, on "Strengthening research
partnerships in the globalized world of the turn of century". The second was held
in Dakar, Senegal, in 2003 with the theme "Linking Research and Rural Innovation
to Sustainable Development".
• The third was held in New Delhi, India, in 2006 with the theme
"Reorienting Agricultural Research to meet the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)".
• Subsequently, the meetings were replaced by Global Conferences on Agricultural
Research for Development (GCARD) along with the Annual General Meetings
of CGIAR
8. • The Global Forum on Agricultural Research and Innovation (GFAR)
is an inclusive global mechanism enabling all those concerned with
the future of agriculture and its role in development around the
world to come together and address key global needs. GFAR provides
an open forum for stakeholders across the agricultural spectrum—
from researchers and organizations to farmers—to participate in
collaborative discussion and action around the current and future
state of agriculture.
• Established in 1996, GFAR was formed as a project for resource
sharing—a commitment that remains the essential purpose of the
Forum today. GFAR facilitates collaboration, partnerships and sharing
of objectives along the complex pathways from research through to
development outcomes
• The Global Conference on Agricultural Research for
Development has been created to promote effective, targeted
investment and build partnership, capacities and mutual
accountabilities at all levels of the agricultural system so as to ensure
that today’s agricultural research will meet the needs of the
resource-poor end user.
9. • According to FAO, approximately 70% of all farmers in
the developing world are women. If access to new
technology, training and resources is made available to
these farmers, yields could increase by 20 to 30% and
could reduce the number of hungry people in world by
100 to 150 million people.
• In order to tackle this issue,
GFAR stakeholders launched in March 2012
the Gender in Agriculture Partnership (GAP) at the
first Global Conference on Women in
Agriculture (GCWA) in New Delhi, India.
• GAP’s vision is to ensure a transformed agriculture
where gender equity enables food, nutrition and
income security for the rural poor
10. MCQ 2
The River Periyar in Kerala is again witnessing the decolourisation.
The pollution control Board (PCB) has attributed the change in
colour to the poor quality of water as a result of eutrophication.
Eutrophication is,
A. Change in oxygen levels in water body
B. Rise in Dead bodies of aquatic animals
C. Rise in nutrients level in water body
D. High BOD condition in water body
11. MCQ 3
The National Institutional Ranking Framework
(NIRF) rankings have been released by
A. Presidential secretariat
B. MHRD
C. NITI Aayog
D. UGC
12. • The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) was approved by
the MHRD and launched by Honourable Minister of Human Resource
Development on 29th September 2015.
• This framework outlines a methodology to rank institutions across the
country. The methodology draws from the overall recommendations
broad understanding arrived at by a Core Committee set up by MHRD,
to identify the broad parameters for ranking various universities and
institutions. The parameters broadly cover “Teaching, Learning and
Resources,” “Research and Professional Practices,” “Graduation
Outcomes,” “Outreach and Inclusivity,” and “Perception”.
13. MCQ 4
President Trump Administration of US has announced its intent to
designate the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and its
Quds Force, as a foreign terrorist organisation (FTO) in accordance
with Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act. This force
is elite force in
A. Syria
B. Afghanistan
C. Yemen
D. Iran
14. MCQ 5
1. Paramilitary forces are debarred from voting through proxy
voters. There will be separate voting for PMFs
2. All other service voters can vote through proxy voter who can be
any citizen of India
(A)Only 1
(B)Only 2
(C)Both
(D)None
15.
16. Trickeries of the money bill
The judgment in the tribunals case could have a
profound bearing on India’s constitutional
arrangements
The Supreme Court has now heard oral arguments in Revenue Bar Association
(RBA) v. Union of India, in which the validity of the Finance Act of 2017, insofar as
it affects the structure and functioning of various judicial tribunals, is under
challenge. At first blush, a dispute over the apparent inscrutabilities of a tribunal’s
working might strike us as uninteresting and, perhaps, even unimportant. But, as
the RBA’s arguments show us, how the court decides the case will likely have a
profound bearing on India’s constitutional arrangements.
Untrammelled Power
Ordinarily, the Finance Act, which is enacted at the beginning of every accounting
year, seeks to give effect to the government’s fiscal policies. In 2017, however, the
state wielded the statute like a blunderbuss. It not only set the fiscal agenda for
the year ahead but it also toppled the existing regime governing the working of 26
different judicial bodies. Until recently, each of these panels was governed by a
separate statute, and those laws individually contained a set of principles
providing for, among other things, the criteria employed to select and remove
members to and from these bodies, and for salaries, allowances and other such
service conditions of the members.
17. • But, in one fell swoop, the Finance Act not only abolished some of the tribunals but also
altogether repealed the standards provided in the different statutes. In their place, the
law vested in the Central government an absolute, untrammelled power to make rules to
effectively govern the operation of the tribunals.
• The petitioners argued that this move runs sharply athwart judicial independence. The
new law, in their belief, deputed to the executive what was really an essential legislative
function.
• Many of these tribunals, which included the National Green Tribunal (NGT), the
Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, and
the Industrial Disputes Tribunal, they pointed out, performed roles that were
originally undertaken by the higher judiciary.
• To assign to the executive’s whims the task of establishing the criteria employed in
selecting members to the panels and to provide for the members’ service
conditions was, therefore, pernicious to the basic principle of separation of powers.
Consider one of the consequences.
• Despite the Supreme Court’s previous ruling that the chairperson of a judicial
tribunal ought to be equivalent to the Chief Justice of the high courts, as a result of
the rules now made in furtherance of the Finance Act, in 13 different tribunals,
a person who is merely qualified to be appointed as a judge of a high court
can be selected as the presiding officer.
• The RBA’s case, though, goes beyond questions concerning delegation of power. Of equal
concern is the enactment of these stipulations through the wangled mechanism of the
Finance Act. Substantive matters concerning the governing of tribunals, one would think,
can scarcely be considered as a fiscal measure. Yet the draft law which introduced these
provisions was classified as a money bill, and the sanction of the Rajya Sabha was
altogether dodged. Although this too might appear on first glimpse to be a quarrel over
esoteric matters of procedure, the consequences are enormous, travelling, as they do, to
the heart of India’s democratic apparatus.
18. • The Need For The Minutiae
• In B.R. Ambedkar’s vision, the Constitution embodied not only a charter
of rights but also a foundation for republican governance. His worries
that democracy in India was “only a top-dressing on an Indian soil, which
is essentially undemocratic”, saw him lay stress on a need to diffuse
constitutional morality among India’s citizens. Citing the classical
historian, George Grote, while moving the draft Constitution on
November 4, 1948, Ambedkar said constitutional morality had to be
seen as representing “a paramount reverence for the forms of the
Constitution”. Since such reverence had to be cultivated, he thought it
imperative that the Constitution commend the minutiae of
administration rather than leave such matters purely to the
legislature’s wisdom. In the absence of such prescriptions, democracy,
he feared, would wallow in decline.
• The Constitution’s verbosity has been a source of antipathy to many.
Too long, too rigid, too prolix, Sir Ivor Jennings, a preeminent British
constitutional expert, reportedly said, of the document, in a lecture
delivered at the University of Madras in 1951.
• But only years later Jennings was lauding India for representing the
region’s most successful constitutional experiment. This volte face, as it
happened, was occasioned by those provisions of administrative
intricacies, which Jennings had initially found so troubling, and which
Ambedkar had thought indispensable. And it is those provisions that
are today under siege.
19. Some Trickery
• One such clause, Article 110(1), grants to the Lok Sabha Speaker the authority to certify a
draft law as a money bill so long as such legislation deals only with all or any of the matters
specifically listed in the provision. These include subjects such as the imposition or abolition
of a tax, the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated
Fund of India, and, significantly, also any matter otherwise incidental to the subjects specified
in Article 110.
• The ensuing clause clarifies that a draft law will not be a money bill for the reason that it
also provides for the imposition or abolition of a tax. In other words, substantive laws, which
are not merely incidental to the subjects enlisted in Article 110(1) cannot be finagled into a
bill that also happens to contain taxing rules. It is precisely such trickery that the petitioners
contended the Finance Act of 2017 indulges in.
• The Union government, for its part, argued that the Speaker of the Lok Sabha was not only
correct in making the classification, but that, in any event, her decision was beyond judicial
review. To this end, the government relied on Article 110(3), which states that in cases where
a dispute arises over whether a bill is a money bill or not, the Speaker’s decision shall be
considered final. But, as the Supreme Court has repeatedly held, the finality accorded to the
Speaker’s decision does not altogether oust the court’s jurisdiction.
• The irrevocability of such decisions operate only within the realm of Parliament. For the
Constitution expressly vests in the Supreme Court and in the high courts the power to review
governmental actions, and issue prerogative writs every time those actions exceed the
Constitution’s remit.
• Ultimately, the Speaker derives her power from the Constitution. In classifying a draft law as
a money bill, therefore, her decision has to be demonstrably justifiable. An immunity from
judicial scrutiny would effectively allow the government to elude the Rajya Sabha’s
constitutional checks by simply having the Speaker classify a draft law as a money bill
regardless of whether it, in fact, meets the conditions stipulated in Article 110(1) or not.
20. • From A Parliamentary Custom
• The idea behind a money bill is derived from British
parliamentary custom. But unlike in Britain, where judicial
review of the Speaker’s opinion is unambiguously prohibited,
in India, Article 110 avoids creating any such bar.
• Money bills exist simply to ensure that the Rajya Sabha isn’t
allowed to bring down a government by refusing it access to
the exchequer for everyday governance.
• To use it as a means to nullify the Upper House’s democratic
role in making substantive legislation denigrates the
Constitution’s form which Ambedkar and the Constituent
Assembly considered inviolate.
• As the lawyer Gautam Bhatia wrote in these pages (“The
imperial cabinet and an acquiescent court”, March 8, 2019),
the Supreme Court has already squandered at least two
opportunities in recent times to provide a sense of sanctity to
the Constitution’s carefully structured arrangements. The
dispute over the Finance Act of 2017, therefore, assumes
particular significance. In deciding the case, the court will do
well to pay heed to Ambedkar’s warnings, by recognising that
the niceties of constitutional form are not a matter of trifles.
21.
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26.
27. MCQ 1
President Ram Nath Kovind recently launched ‘Veer Parivar App’, a mobile
application for families of CRPF personnel killed in the line of duty.
1. The application will act as an interface between the Central Reserve
Police Force (CRPF) authorities and the next of kin of the slain personnel.
2. The Android-based app will be installed by the force’s officials securely on
the phone of the families and will be available over the app stores.
Choose correct
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Both
(D) None
28. MCQ 2
In WTO process what is the S&D treatment
A. Its sustainable development issues of trade
B. Its regarding securing the data domestically
C. Its special and differential treatment for developing
nations
D. None
29. MCQ 3
1. Defence of india act was brought up after Jallianwala bagh
massacre
2. Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew were killed in the massacre
Choose correct
(A)Only 1
(B)Only 2
(C)Both
(D)None
30. Thank you all !
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