The Height of Medieval Civilization (1050-1350)  Economic Patterns  Medieval Culture  Expanding Horizons

1. LESSON 1:
THE HEIGHT OF
MEDIEVAL
CIVILIZATION

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, we will be able to:
 Discuss the economic patterns;
 Identify the Medieval Culture;
 Analyze the Expanding Horizons.

3. Tournaments, contests between
knights in armor, were a lively
feature of the late Middle Ages.
 Held to celebrate religious
occasions or simply for
entertainment
Only the wealthiest nobles could
afford to sponsor tournaments
 Peasants could attend the
exciting contests
TOURNAMENT

4. The knight in armor has
become a symbol of the late
Middle Ages, from about 1050
to 1350.
 A stable feudal society
emerge
 The Church provided the
solid foundations of the society
TOURNAMENT

5. ECONOMIC
PATTERNS

6. During the eleventh and
twelfth centuries, warfare
declined.
 Manor economy
become more productive
 Peasants and nobles
became aware of the world
outside manor.

7. THE
REVIVAL
OF
TRADE

8.  Viking traders carried honey, furs, and rough woollen
cloths .
 In France and England, some trade continued along
ancient Roman roads.
 Wool was the basis for much of the early trade.
 The great roads of the Roman Empire were slowly
repaired.
 Both river traffic and coastal and overland travel
were charged for tolls by the feudal lords for crossing
his territory.
 The gradual appearance of coin money made trade
easier.

9. TRADE
FAIRS
AND THE
HANSEATIC
LEAGUE

10.  Annual trade fairs held in centrally located areas
were an early sign of economic revival.
 The fairs of Champagne in northern France became
the bustling market places of Europe.
 Traders from northern and southern Europe met in
Troyes and other towns to exchange goods.
 In Champagne fairs, Italian traders bought raw
wool, furs from Russia, and hides.
 The trade fairs became elaborate events.
 Languages, customs, and goods are introduced
 In the late 1200s, the Champagne trade fairs
declined because rents and taxes became too high.

12.  Hanseatic League was an association of about 80
large towns and cities in northern Germany that
banded together for protection and trade purposes.
 Members of the Hanseatic League had large
shipping fleets because their economies had originally
been based on the herring industry.
Member cities had immense power. They coined
their own money, negotiated treaties, and maintained
their own armies and warships.

14.  As trade increased, merchants
established permanent headquarters
in ancient Roman towns.
The growth of towns stimulated
local economies.
 Peasants sold food grown on the
manor to townspeople.
 As townspeople prospered, they
demanded imported products.
GROWTH OF TOWNS

15.  As towns grew, townspeople began to ask for charters,
written documents that guaranteed their rights.
 Townspeople paid fees to the local lord or abbot, however,
their obligations were unclear and disputed.
 Town charters usually allowed townspeople to pay the
lord a fixed money rent instead of many separate fees.
Important provision in many charters granted freedom to
serfs who spent a year and a day in a town.
GROWTH OF TOWNS
CHARTERINGA TOWN

16.  In France, townspeople were called the bourgeoisie; in
England they were called the burgesses, and in Germany,
the burghers.
 In medieval society, townspeople developed a social
hierarchy.
 In towns, wealth rather than hereditary titles or land
ownership usually determined a person’s status.
GROWTH OF TOWNS
A MIDDLE CLASS

17.  Guild, an association of
merchants and artisans that
governed the town.
 The first guilds, called
merchant guilds, governed prices
and wages in the towns.
 A merchant guild also
maintained standards of quality on
goods produced and sold in town.
MEDIEVAL GUILDS

18.  Craft guilds protected their
members and imposed standards
of quality to protect the public.
 Craft guilds also provided
money to their members.
 They established what was
considered a just price for their
goods.
MEDIEVAL GUILDS
CRAFTSGUILDS

19.  In the late 1200s, crafts guilds had begun restricting
membership, in part to prevent an over supply of goods.
 At the age of seven or eight, a boy could become an
apprentice.
After 3 to 12 years, the apprentice became a journeyman.
 The journeyman submitted a “masterpiece” or sample of his
work to the guild members.
Guilds protected their members by preventing competition.
MEDIEVAL GUILDS
TRAINING FOR MEMBERSHIP

21.  Medieval towns had only a few thousand of residents.
 The Church, the homes of the wealthiest citizens, and an open
square stood in the center of town.
 Medieval towns were always crowded and dangerous.
 Towns offered many attractions, like wrestling contests and
visiting jugglers.
 The main attraction of town life was the opportunity to make
money and to rise in society.
 As towns grew, they began to play a greater role in medieval life.
And contributed to the growth of medieval culture.
TOWN LIFE

23. MEDIEVAL
CULTURE

24.  In the late 1100s, towns
became the center of
cultural activity.
 Trade and commerce
expanded peoples’ horizons.
 The Church inspired and
supported the flowering of
medieval culture.

25.  Medieval art and architecture reflected the power and
influenced of the Church.
 Hundreds of churches and monasteries were built of
wood and stone particularly into building cathedrals.
 Architects, stonemasons, carpenters, and sculptors
working on a cathedral.
 During the Middle Ages, two distinct styles of Church
architecture developed: Romanesque and Gothic
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
ART AND ARCHITECTURE

26.  The Romanesque style flourished between about 1000
and 1150.
The massive churches built in this style showed the
influence of Roman architecture in the rounded arches and
the domed roofs.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
ART ANDARCHITECTURE

28.  The new Gothic architecture depended on the
inventions such as the flying buttress.
 The flying buttress was a graceful stone arm that
leaned against the outside wall to help support the weight
of the roof.
 Between 1150 and 1300, townspeople all over Europe
rushed to build new cathedrals in the Gothic style.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
ART AND ARCHITECTURE

30.  In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a new style of
literature emerged in Europe.
 New literature was written in the vernacular .
 The vernacular languages that developed in France, Spain,
Italy, and Portugal were strongly influenced by Latin. Today,
it is called Romance languages.
 In Germany, Scandinavia, and England, vernacular
languages were based in German. Today, it is called
Germanic languages.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
LITERATURE

31.  Popular vernacular literature was the chanson de geste. It
is a long, narrative poem, which portrayed the ideals of
chivalry.
 Song of Roland, describe the heroic death of Roland, a
knight in Charlemagne’s army.
 In Germany, Spain, and England, epic poems celebrated
heroes such as Siegfried, El Cid, and Beowulf.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
LITERATURE

32.  The chansons de geste and troubadour poems of love
influenced the manners of the nobles by encouraging chivalry
and courtesy.
 The famous medieval poet was Dante ( 1265- 1321).
 In typical medieval fashion, the Divine Comedy, combined
poetry, theology, and history.
 In the poem, Dante was guided by the Roman poet Virgil.
 His masterpiece was composed in Italian which was widely
read and help established the Italian vernacular.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
LITERATURE

33.  The English poet Geoffrey Chauser,
influenced vernacular literature.
 His work shows the influence of the
town life that developed in the Middle
Ages.
 In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer
wrote about the lives of everyday people
rather than legendary people.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
LITERATURE

34.  The town of the late middle ages
attracted many scholars.
 They studied the seven liberal arts:
grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry,
arithmetic, astronomy, and music.
 Oxford students formed a new
University at Cambridge.
 The University of Salerno in Italy
was known for medicine.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
CENTERS OF LEARNING

35.  Bologna was famous for
teaching Church and
Roman law.
 University of Paris
specialized in theology and
law.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
CENTERS OF LEARNING

36.  In the eleventh century, scholars from Bologna, Italy
traveled to Constantinople to bring back manuscript of
Roman law.
 They believed that church teachings were the final authority
on all questions.
 During the late Middle Ages, the most brilliant scholars
worked to resolve apparent differences between faith and
reason. Eventually, they developed a school of thought called
scholasticism.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 THE CHALLENGESOF THE NEW LEARNING

37.  The most medieval scholastic
thinker was Thomas Aquinas.
 In his work Summa
Theologica, Aquinas set out to
explain all Christian beliefs in
the light of reason.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 THE CHALLENGESOF THE NEW LEARNING

38.  The scientific knowledge of the
ancient world was largely lost or
forgotten in the early Middle Ages.
 Despite the lack of scientific
observation and experiment in early
Middle Ages, scholars made
important advances.
 In 19th century
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

39. MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY
HEAVY PLOW WATERWHEEL WINDMILL

40. MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY
FLYINGBUTTRESS LENSES FOR GLASSES
GLASS FOR WINDOW
AND MIRROR

41. MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY
A glider that flew about 600 feet (180 meters).

42.  Three hundred years later, Guido da
Vigevano, an Italian physician,
sketched plans for an automobiles
engine and a submarine.
 In the late Middle Ages, scientist
began to draw conclusions from
experiments. Experiments had a long
been used by alchemists.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLGY

43.  In the thirteen century, Roger
Bacon a prominent philosopher
and scientists noted the
importance of experiment.
 He predicted the invention of
car, flying machines, and fast
ship powered by engines
instead of sails or oars.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 SCINCE AND TECHNOLOGY

44.  At the Universities of Salerno and
Montpelier, physicians received the
finest training available, and they
made some advances in medicine.
 Herbal Medicine
 Many people believed that illness
was the work of evil spirits or the
devil, surgery was sometimes
performed to released evil spirits.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 MEDIEVAL MEDICINE

45.  People also prayed to the
saints for cures. In cases
of serious illnesses, some
people made pilgrimages
to holy shrines, where
they prayed to a
miraculous cure.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE
 MEDIEVAL MEDICINE

46. EXPANDING
HORIZON

47.  During the Middle Ages, Europe was politically
divided, but the church was a powerful unifying force.
EXPANDING HORIZON

48.  During the Middle Ages, Christians
thought of Palestine and other
places connected with the life of
Jesus as the Holy Land.
 17th Century
 In the eleventh century, the Seljuk
Turks, a warlike people who had
recently converted to Islam, invaded
Arab lands.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 THE HOLY LAND

49.  In 1905, the Byzantine emperor
asked Pope Urban II for some
knights to help fight the Muslim
Turks.
 In 1054, the Christian Church had
split into two churches: the eastern
or Orthodox, Church in the
Byzantine Empire and the Roman
Catholic Church in Western Europe.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 THE HOLY LAND

50.  At the Council of Clermont in southern France, Urban preached
a crusade, a military expedition against enemies of the Church.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 THE CRUSADESBEGIN

51.  He promised that those who died on a crusade
would gain salvation. “Undertake this journey for
the remission (forgiveness) of your sins,” the pope
declared, “with assurance of everlasting glory in the
kingdom of Heaven”.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 THE CRUSADESBEGIN

52.  He hoped a crusade would help
reunite the Christian Church. Also,
a successful crusade would increase
the prestige of the Church.
 Thousand of peasants and knights,
sewed crosses to their clothes. They
were called crusaders, people who
take up the cross.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 THE CRUSADE BEGIN

53.  Before the pope could organize an
army of knights for the long trip to
Palestine, thousands of poor,
unarmed peasants from France and
Germany set off for the Holy Land.
 Most believed that a barefoot
preacher named Peter the Hermit
was leading them to heaven.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 THE CRUSADE BEGIN

54.  In 1096, the first crusade
crossed from Constantinople
into Asia Minor.
 In 1099, they took Jerusalem.
 The crusaders set up four
feudal states in Palestine and
Syria: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli
and Jerusalem.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 THE CRUSADE BEGIN

55.  For 200 years, a steady stream of pilgrims, merchants, and
knights traveled back and forth across the Mediterranean.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 LATER CRUSADES

56.  Bernard of Clairvaux (Klehr VOH), called for a second
crusade.
 In 1187, Muslim armies commanded by the able Saladin
captured Jerusalem.
 In the Third Crusade, which lasted from 1189 to 1192, King
Richard of England reconquered some land could not win
back Jerusalem.
 The Fourth Crusade assembled In Venice.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 LATER CRUSADES

57.  In 1212, about 20,000 French and German children
set out for the Holy Land in what became known as
the Children Crusades.
 In 1291, they seized Acre, the last Christian
stronghold in the Holy Land.
 After 200 years of bitter fighting, the Holy Land was
again under Muslim rule.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 LATER CRUSADES

58.  The pope launched crusades against Muslims in Spain and
against heretics in other parts of Europe.
 The Crusades began just as Europe was emerging from
the isolation of the early Middle Ages.
 Increased trade and travel influenced the way Europeans
saw the world.
 In the 1270’s, Marco Polo, an Italian merchant, traveled
overland to China.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 RESULTSOF THE CRUSADES

59.  During 1200s, the use of coined money became more
widespread in Europe.
 Some merchant also began to lend money for interest.
This practice was called usury.
 By the 1300s, wealthy Italian families who made loans to
merchants, kings, and popes had become Europe’s first
bankers. They provided useful banking services such as Bill
of Exchange.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 NEW ATTITUDESTOWARDHEALTH

60. EXPANDING HORIZON
 NEW ATTITUDESTOWARDHEALTH

61.  The increased and the development of a money economy
made the manor less self-sufficient.
 Between about 1050 and 1350, other changes took place on
the manor.
 The relationship between feudal lords and the townspeople
was often strained.
 Yet the most powerful feudal lords benefited from the
money economy.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 ECONOMICCHANGE AND FEUDAL SOCIETY

62.  The religious fervor and economic changes of the
late Middle Ages affected the Jewish people in Europe.
 During the Crusades however, religious feeling ran
strongly against Jews. Fanatical preachers accused
Jews of Killing Christian children.
 In the late Middle Ages, popular resentment led to
laws expelling Jews from many parts of Western
Europe.
EXPANDING HORIZON
 JEWISH COMMUNITIESIN EUROPE

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