Attendance at religious services has been declining significantly in the US, especially among younger generations. This poses an existential threat to traditional religious institutions and their business model of large congregations. However, like cord-cutting of cable TV, this does not mean people have abandoned their spiritual needs but are instead finding new ways to fulfill them outside traditional institutions. The document suggests religious institutions could learn from how the music and cable industries have been disrupted, by offering simpler, cheaper, and more personalized spiritual products and services through new models like on-demand content and the gig economy. This could help religious institutions adapt before they are disrupted by new spiritual entrepreneurs.

1. The great unbundling: Will organized religion go the same way as
cable TV?
by Irwin Kula and Craig Hatkoff
What could religion learn from cable television? A surprising amount, seeing as the younger generations are
turning away from both in huge numbers.
14 July, 2018
Paul McCartney once wrote, "Father McKenzie is writing the words to a sermon that no one will
hear," and that sentiment is coming true. With a few exceptions, church and synagogue attendance
in the U.S. has been declining at an “alarming” rate. Empty pews are upending the traditional
congregational bricks and mortar business model, even posing an existential threat for many of our
religious institutions. According to Harvard professor Robert Putnam, we are living through the
greatest social transformation in American history: “The disaffiliation and de-institutionalizing of
the American parishioner.” The forces of disruption are weighing heavily upon the religion
industry in America.
Alarming? Existential threat? Certainly, if you are the head of a congregation or a regular attendee
at worship services. But according to Pew Research, the fastest growing religious demographic in
America is “None.” That’s None, not Nun. If you are one of the Nones—people with no affiliation
(or disaffiliation) with a religious institution—this may well be a liberating experience. Not
affiliated or disaffiliated does not necessarily mean that Nones have no religious or spiritual needs
and yearnings. The Nones are taking matters into their own hands as they seek to fulfill their unmet
needs through innovations in the religious and spiritual domains.
There is a duality to Putnam’s cautionary tale. Do the current dynamics represent a crisis or a
golden opportunity? It’s enlightening to view this institutional disaffiliation through the lens of the
highly problematic cord-cutting that still plagues the Pay TV industry. Cord-cutting does not mean
these viewers, particularly the younger demos, aren’t consuming their favorite content. They are
consuming it in different ways and on different screens.
For the Nones, this very well might be less a matter of whether they are abandoning their religious
and spiritual needs and yearnings, and more a matter of
existing resources just not getting the job done. Perhaps
this demographic is just looking for new religious
products and services that are simpler, cheaper and more
accessible or a repurposing of the existing
portfolios. Like attendance, our attention spans are also
on the decline. Those of you familiar with Clayton M.
Christensen’s framework of disruptive innovation
theory might recognize the language. Better prepare
yourselves for disruptive spiritual innovation on a grand
scale.
An abandoned church. (Credit: Flickr user Rennet Stowe)
Economics 101
It is estimated that an additional 7,000-10,000 houses of worship will close this year for the tenth
year in a row. Vacant churches are now becoming weed-infested distressed properties. Some have
been converted into chic apartments, nightclubs, and indoor skateboarding parks—hardly scalable
solutions. As attendance dwindles, our incumbent religious leaders are facing the music.

2. Unfavorable demographics and changing consumer behavior up the ante for sheer survival as
religion is increasingly becoming a hit-driven business model with only tent-pole holidays—
Christmas, Easter, Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, and a small handful of others—that sell out. The
rest of the calendar is full of empty seats; low utilization rates result in many churches permanently
operating well below break-even with few solutions on the horizon.
So, what’s gone wrong? One explanation is the current portfolios of religious products and services
just aren’t getting the job done for more and more Americans. It
might be wise for the incumbent religious institutions to look at
two unexpected phenomena that shook up the pay-TV and music
industries: cord cutting and unbundling, respectively.
Cut cords. (Credit: Flickr user Scott Swigart)
The great unbundling
Last year, 20-plus million American consumers disconnected their expensive cable and satellite
services. This ongoing trend of cord-cutters, coupled with an additional 20 million cord-nevers, has
shaken the industry to the core. The pay-TV cable and satellite customer gets almost 200 channels,
yet they only watch on average 18 or so—but they have been paying for the other 90% they don’t
watch. And why did pay TV charge so much? Because they could. Through bundling, which
severely limited the options for the consumer. That is... until now. The once-dominant HBO is now
being challenged by Netflix and Amazon.
Similarly, the major music labels suffered greatly from the advent of the MP3 file which they
dismissed as unviable. They believed the sound quality was unacceptable to the consumer. Napster
quickly established the MP3 proof of concept but was deemed to violate copyright laws, was
deemed illegal and quickly failed—but not before attracting the attention of Steve Jobs whose epic
vision for the iTunes and iPhone juggernaut was the coup de grace for the music industry’s
business model. Music downloads and subscription streaming services have fundamentally changed
the entire business model for the music industry. For the music and cable industries, the raft of
technological innovations, management missteps and unanticipated changes in consumer behavior
caught the incumbents off guard. And Apple controls 70% of the digital download music business
with the streamers, Spotify and Pandora, growing rapidly.
But it was Jobs' brute force that led to the unbundling of the standard album that was once the
mainstay of the industry; now consumers could buy the one or two singles they really wanted for
99 cents rather than having to buy the entire album for $17.99. Another force at hand was
consumers could now become creators using software and relatively inexpensive equipment in
home studios. Remixes and mashups were commonplace. Discovery of new artists started to

3. displace the stranglehold of the Top 20 gatekeepers and the A&R mavens at the labels; these days,
everyone is a curator and hot playlists create a new
form of status, and Scooter Braun discovered Justin
Bieber, one of the biggest artists of the 21st century
(like it or not) on YouTube. The cable industry found
that their once-untouchable bundles, much like albums,
could also be dissembled. VOD, a-la-carte, and skinny
bundles, when coupled with cord cutting, are posing a
real threat to their once-stable business models.
A pastor, pastoring. (Credit: Björn Eichenauer, Creative Commons)
Could this happen with religion?
At first blush, innovation in religion might seem counter-intuitive or even oxymoronic. Yet over the
millennia, religion, writ large, had developed a powerful set of accountability technologies (think
heaven and hell) and a robust set of moral apps (the Ten Commandments, Christmas, rosary beads,
the Sabbath, last rites, Gregorian chants)—products and services that were supposed to get a job
done. But over time the traditional products and services embedded in the rituals, dogma and creed
became too inaccessible, too complicated and lost sight of the fundamental task or goal to be
accomplished. These products and services were no longer particularly useful for increasingly large
numbers of people and have almost completely lost their grip on Gen Y and Z.
The cable and music industries can offer some valuable lessons for our traditional religious
institutions. They too are facing cord-cutting (at least figuratively speaking) and the unbundling
phenomena. Today any religious practice, text or piece of wisdom can now also be mixed, mashed
up, shared on social media—unbundled with great ease with no intermediaries or authorities
involved. Linear religious programming, i.e. services on Sunday at 10:00 a.m., is being supplanted
by non-linear consumption in both time and space. Can binge-watching be far behind?
This unbundling by the consumer, and the ensuing mash-ups that cross religious and spiritual
boundaries, is becoming commonplace. The disaffected customer seeking spiritual nourishment is
increasingly taking matters into their own hands, becoming curators and creators in the religious
spheres as well becoming religious and spiritual DJs. New spiritual ecosystems are starting to
emerge as new business models are being formulated in real time. While the iPhone may have
already become a sacred object, one can easily foresee an iTunes model for religion and
spirituality. The gig economy now also applies to the religious sole practitioners, be they rabbis,
priests, scientists, artists or new age shamans.
A new breed of religious leaders will need to re-engineer their skill sets, cultivate new communities
and re-imagine the sacred practices and spaces. But the consumers’ new-found power that comes
with curation, personalization, and customization comes with a new level of responsibility and
accountability to assure that they understand the job to be done: building community and helping
people flourish. If these new products and services are good enough to get the job done then
disruption and, in many cases, a decimation of the religious incumbents will not be far behind. The
incumbents must learn to disrupt themselves—a very tall order—or be disrupted by a rabbi and
priest in a garage.
https://bigthink.com/offwhite-papers/the-great-unbundling-will-organized-religion-go-the-same-way-as-cable-tv