The following information is available for an enterprise’s security investments as of December 31, 2008: Valuation Market Original Allowance Value Investment Cost 12/31/2007 Classification 12/31/2008 Costco stock $ 40,000 $3,000 dr. SAS $ 39,000 Wal-Mart bonds $ 30,000 $ 2,000 cr. TS $ 32,000 The Wal-Mart bonds were purchased at par value. SAS = securities available-for-sale TS = trading securities What is the 2008 holding gain or loss recognized in 2008 earnings and directly to stockholders’ equity? a. Earnings: $4,000 loss Stockholders’ Equity: $4,000 loss b. Earnings: $4,000 gain Stockholders’ Equity: $4,000 gain c. Earnings: $4,000 loss Stockholders’ Equity: $4,000 gain d. Earnings: $4,000 gain Stockholders’ Equity: $4,000 loss .