Pelletzing technology has made peat fuel pellets as an efficient and advantageous fuel form. Quality peat pellet mill can make quality peat pellets for power plants, heating system or pellet stoves.
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Light is a major environmental factor that influences seedling development. During seed germination, light controls whether seedlings develop normally (de-etiolation) or abnormally in the dark (etiolation). In the dark, seedlings undergo etiolation with limited organ development and no chlorophyll production. When exposed to light, seedlings undergo de-etiolation where they develop properly with chlorophyll synthesis and organ development. This process of de-etiolation from the etiolated state to normal growth is triggered by light and involves photoreceptors such as phytochromes that detect light and induce changes in seedling development.
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How to make use of waste is always a troublesome questions for every country. This solution is one of effective ways to try. Hope people in this field can have a look and share it.
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iscanthus is a kind of perennial energy crop that grows over three meters tall, resembles bamboo and produces the crop every year without replanting. The rapid growth, low mineral content and high yield have made miscanthus emerging as biomass fuel.
We can customize a complete hops pellet production solution - from hops drying to hops pellets packing, either you are a craft brewer or commercial brewery, you can find suitable hops pellet mill.
Factors Affecting on Wood Pellet DurabilityJossie Xiong
Wood pellet durability is determined by many factors including feedstock size, moisture content, steam conditioning, die speed, gap between roller and die,etc.
Giant king grass is a perennial energy crop that can be grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It has a high yield of 167 tons per acre and energy content similar to corn straw. Giant king grass pellets can replace up to 20% of coal used in power plants. The pellets are made through a process of drying, crushing, pelletizing, cooling, and packaging the grass. One hectare of giant king grass produces an amount of energy equivalent to 60 tons of coal when burned. Giant king grass pellets provide a low-carbon, renewable alternative to coal and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an overview of spheronization as a process for producing spherical pharmaceutical granules. It defines spheronization and discusses the key advantages such as improved flow properties and uniform packing. The document describes the basic spheronization process which involves extrusion to form rods followed by spheronization to round the rods into spheres. It also outlines important machine parameters that influence the process like disc speed and pattern, as well as product parameters related to granule rheology.
The document discusses seed germination and provides information on what seeds are, the germination process, and conditions required for successful seed germination. It defines a seed as a miniature dormant plant containing food reserves and an embryo. The germination process involves imbibition of water, enzyme activation, radicle elongation, and emergence of the seedling from the seed coat. Required conditions for germination include water, warmth, and oxygen. The document also discusses seed starting supplies and describes various containers and media that can be used for germinating seeds.
Light is a major environmental factor that influences seedling development. During seed germination, light controls whether seedlings develop normally (de-etiolation) or abnormally in the dark (etiolation). In the dark, seedlings undergo etiolation with limited organ development and no chlorophyll production. When exposed to light, seedlings undergo de-etiolation where they develop properly with chlorophyll synthesis and organ development. This process of de-etiolation from the etiolated state to normal growth is triggered by light and involves photoreceptors such as phytochromes that detect light and induce changes in seedling development.
Optimum proposal of daily 300 ton waste disposalJossie Xiong
How to make use of waste is always a troublesome questions for every country. This solution is one of effective ways to try. Hope people in this field can have a look and share it.
Energy Crops Pellets: a Revolution for MiscanthusJossie Xiong
iscanthus is a kind of perennial energy crop that grows over three meters tall, resembles bamboo and produces the crop every year without replanting. The rapid growth, low mineral content and high yield have made miscanthus emerging as biomass fuel.
We can customize a complete hops pellet production solution - from hops drying to hops pellets packing, either you are a craft brewer or commercial brewery, you can find suitable hops pellet mill.
Factors Affecting on Wood Pellet DurabilityJossie Xiong
Wood pellet durability is determined by many factors including feedstock size, moisture content, steam conditioning, die speed, gap between roller and die,etc.
Is it time to go back to burn heating oilJossie Xiong
Not only falling oil prices have limited impact on biomass pellet energy but also biomass energy will keep its market share with the steady growth compared to unstable petroleum source.
Pks pellets a good choice of biofuel pellets investmentJossie Xiong
Palm kernel shell pellets becomes hot in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand. High solid content, high calorific value, low ash, Palm kernel shell is you frist choice for fuel pellet production!
Feasibility analysis for making efb pelletsJossie Xiong
Compared with other waste in oil palm plantation, EFB is a better material for making biofuel pellets. Easier to collect and lower producing cost, EFB pellet promises a giant market of biofuels.
This document discusses pellet quality certification standards. It describes the DIN plus and EN plus certification systems, which are the two most popular standards accepted in Europe. DIN plus was developed in Germany in 2002 and focuses on high quality wood pellets. It has contributed to the residential pellet market in Germany. The EN plus system was introduced in Germany in 2010 and has since spread across Europe and to North America. Both standards establish parameters for pellet dimensions, density, moisture content, ash content and other factors.
Biomass co firing in coal power plantsJossie Xiong
Why choose wood pellets in co-firing plant with coal? Lowest cost renewable power and Relatively easy to implement features makes wood pellets more popular than other biomass for co-firing.
Analysis on municipal solid waste pellets makingJossie Xiong
The calorific value of raw MSW is around 1000 kcal/kg while that of fuel pellets is 4000 kcal/kg. On an average, about 15–20 tons of fuel pellets can be produced after treatment of 100 tons of raw garbage.
Chile has abundant forest resources that provide raw materials for its growing wood pellet industry. Three wood pellet plants have been established in Chile to produce pellets for domestic heating and international export. However, the industry faces challenges such as a small domestic market, long transport distances to major international markets, and reliance on old equipment. The government is implementing policies to regulate the wood market and reduce air pollution from wood burning to further develop the industry.
We provide turnkey solutions to making cotton stalk into biomass pellets. The cotton stalk making process including crushing, pelletizing, cooling and packing.
Make paper factory residue into fuel pelletsJossie Xiong
Making fuel pellets from paper factory residues is a proven and efficient method for paper mills to dispose their paper production residues. Fuel pellets can reduce paper mills energy cost dramatically.
Make pallet factory residue into fuel pelletsJossie Xiong
Pallet factory has lots of residues like sawdust, chips which are recycled wood wastes. Making fuel pellets from pallet residues can not only solve wood waste problem but also bring great profits.
Make wood residue into fuel pellets for plywood factoryJossie Xiong
The plywood waste pellet is a kind of bio-pellet mainly made of wood residue and offcut of the scrap plywood, the complete making process consist of chipping, drying, pelletizing, cooling, etc.
Each wood pellet production line is equipped with a set of biomass pellet mill and other auxiliary equipment; the workshop area is about 3,000㎡. Annual Profit for 40,000t per year is $1.942millon.
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
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Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
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Is it time to go back to burn heating oilJossie Xiong
Not only falling oil prices have limited impact on biomass pellet energy but also biomass energy will keep its market share with the steady growth compared to unstable petroleum source.
Pks pellets a good choice of biofuel pellets investmentJossie Xiong
Palm kernel shell pellets becomes hot in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand. High solid content, high calorific value, low ash, Palm kernel shell is you frist choice for fuel pellet production!
Feasibility analysis for making efb pelletsJossie Xiong
Compared with other waste in oil palm plantation, EFB is a better material for making biofuel pellets. Easier to collect and lower producing cost, EFB pellet promises a giant market of biofuels.
This document discusses pellet quality certification standards. It describes the DIN plus and EN plus certification systems, which are the two most popular standards accepted in Europe. DIN plus was developed in Germany in 2002 and focuses on high quality wood pellets. It has contributed to the residential pellet market in Germany. The EN plus system was introduced in Germany in 2010 and has since spread across Europe and to North America. Both standards establish parameters for pellet dimensions, density, moisture content, ash content and other factors.
Biomass co firing in coal power plantsJossie Xiong
Why choose wood pellets in co-firing plant with coal? Lowest cost renewable power and Relatively easy to implement features makes wood pellets more popular than other biomass for co-firing.
Analysis on municipal solid waste pellets makingJossie Xiong
The calorific value of raw MSW is around 1000 kcal/kg while that of fuel pellets is 4000 kcal/kg. On an average, about 15–20 tons of fuel pellets can be produced after treatment of 100 tons of raw garbage.
Chile has abundant forest resources that provide raw materials for its growing wood pellet industry. Three wood pellet plants have been established in Chile to produce pellets for domestic heating and international export. However, the industry faces challenges such as a small domestic market, long transport distances to major international markets, and reliance on old equipment. The government is implementing policies to regulate the wood market and reduce air pollution from wood burning to further develop the industry.
We provide turnkey solutions to making cotton stalk into biomass pellets. The cotton stalk making process including crushing, pelletizing, cooling and packing.
Make paper factory residue into fuel pelletsJossie Xiong
Making fuel pellets from paper factory residues is a proven and efficient method for paper mills to dispose their paper production residues. Fuel pellets can reduce paper mills energy cost dramatically.
Make pallet factory residue into fuel pelletsJossie Xiong
Pallet factory has lots of residues like sawdust, chips which are recycled wood wastes. Making fuel pellets from pallet residues can not only solve wood waste problem but also bring great profits.
Make wood residue into fuel pellets for plywood factoryJossie Xiong
The plywood waste pellet is a kind of bio-pellet mainly made of wood residue and offcut of the scrap plywood, the complete making process consist of chipping, drying, pelletizing, cooling, etc.
Each wood pellet production line is equipped with a set of biomass pellet mill and other auxiliary equipment; the workshop area is about 3,000㎡. Annual Profit for 40,000t per year is $1.942millon.
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
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Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
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The feasibility of making peat fuel pellets
1. Azeus Machinery Co.ltd
Email: info@biopelletmachine.com
Website: www.biopelletmachine.com
Keywords
peat pellet,peat moss pellet machine,peat pellets mill,peat pellets manufacture factory,peat fuel
harvesting,milled peat,sod peat fuel
Abstract
Peat is accumulated dead and partly decayed plant matter and has been used for fuel for 2000
years. Since the implementation of pelletizing technology on processing peat fuel, peat fuel pellets
have been an efficient and advantageous fuel form and gain increasing popularity. Pelletzing
technology has made peat fuel pellets as an efficient and advantageous fuel form. Quality peat
pellet mill can make quality peat pellets for power plants, heating system or pellet stoves.
The Feasibility of Making Peat Fuel Pellets
Peat is dead and partly decayed plant matter that has accumulated in a wet environment. Annually
2. about 3 billion m3
of peat is produced worldwide, and this is about 120 times more than its
consumption. It is the early stage of coal and has been used for fuel for at least 2000 years.
I. Physical, Chemical and Fuel Properties of Peat for Energy Use
1.1 Physical Properties of Peat
Peat is composed by volume of 84% water, 2% ash or mineral material, 8% organic material, and
6% air. The main characteristics of peat are as following:
1. Bulk density increases from 3 to 20 lbs. per cubic foot as the organic matter becomes more
decomposed.
2. Water content in peat decreases with decomposition. Peat may contain 95% water when
saturated. Non-decomposed peat will drain more easily.
3. Ash content ranges from less than 2% to 25% for fibric peat and greater for sapric peat.
1.1.1 Decomposition degree of peat
The decomposition of peat is the proportion of the matter which has lost its cellular structure due
to the decomposition of plant residues. Depending on the water content, there are ten levels of
decomposition degree of peat.
H1: almost all the plant residues are still present; water in the peat is transparent.
H2: the plant residues are barely decomposed; water is transparent but with a light brown color.
H3: small amount of plant residues are decomposed; water is turbid and brown.
H4: small amounts of plant residues are decomposed; water is very turbid, but the peat cannot
flow between the fingers.
3. H5: the plant residues are somewhat decomposed, but the organisms can still be discerned; water
is brown and very turbid; small part of the peat can flow between the fingers.
H6: large quantities of the plant residues are decomposed; about 1/3 of the peat can flow between
the fingers, and the remains of plants left in the hand can still be discerned.
H7: the plant residues are highly decomposed and bout 1/2 of the peat can flow between fingers;
the water is clear in color.
H8: the plant residues are highly decomposed and 2/3 of the peat can flow through the fingers;
plant remains in the hand are hydrolyzed root stocks and woody material.
H9: fully decomposed; all parts are fluid and the organisms cannot be discerned.
H10: fully decomposed; the peat is all washed away with water.
Decomposition-degree-of-peat
1.1.2 Main elements in peat based on the decomposition degree of peat
Element Peat H1-2 Peat H5-6 Peat H9-10
Carbon 48-50 53-54 58-60
Hydrogen 5.5-6.5 5-6 5.0-5.5
Nitrogen 0.5-1 1-2 1-3
Oxygen 38-42 35-40 30-35
1.2 Chemical and Fuel Properties of Peat
Chemical composition
Carbon Weight % 50-60
Hydrogen Weight % 5-7
Oxygen Weight % 30-40
Nitrogen Weight % 0.5-2.5
Sulphur Weight % 0.1-0.4
Fuel properties
Volatile matter Weight % 60-70
Ash Weight % 2-15
Melting point of ash ℃ 1100-1300
Bulk density kg/m3
300-400
Effective calorific value of
dry substance
MJ/kg 20-23
II. Applications of Peat Fuel
It is mainly used as an alternative fuel to firewood for cooking and heating in temperate and boreal
regions of Europe, particularly in Ireland, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Poland,
Finland and the USSR.
Peat fuel has a variety of applications for power generation and heating purposes.
4. ♦ Large scale electricity generation stations mainly in Ireland, Finland and Eastern Europe.
♦ Medium scale biomass power plants and co-generation industrial facilities;
♦ Small scale district energy and heating systems in remote communities of Northern Canada;
♦ Since the implementation of pelletizing technology on processing peat fuel, peat pellets have
been an efficient and advantageous fuel form used in pellet stoves for home heating and gain more
and more popularity in North America.
III. Peat Fuel Processing from Peat Harvest to Peat Pelletization
3.1 Peat Harvesting
Peat harvesting involves a basic series of procedures. Drainage is the essential first step to dry the
peatland and make it more manageable to extract. After drainage of the peat area, the peat can be
removed. The presently used peat harvesting technology are sod peat harvesting and milled peat
harvesting.
3.1.1 Sod peat harvesting
Sod peat harvesting is to lift peat from the peatland at a depth of 0-60cm and the peat is dried on
the production field. The product of sod peat extraction is sod peat. Sod peat can be manually or
mechanically compressed into cylindrical or brick shapes. Hand-cut sod peat is about
125*125*300mm, whereas mechanically compressed sod peat is 10-30cm long and 5-10cm in
diameter. Moisture content of sod peat is usually about 38-40%, ash content is about 4-5% and net
calorific value is about 12 GJ/mt. The sod peat can be used directly or mixed together with other
biofuels in power plants and heating plants.
5. 3.1.2 Milled peat harvesting
Milling method of peat harvesting is to remove the peat from the surface of the peatswamp. The
cutting depth of peat is 0.5-2.0 cm and the cut peats are spread uniformly across the surface of the
peatland and dried in the wind and sun. Milling method can be applied to all types of peat deposits.
The product of milling method is milled peat. The particle size of milled peat is 3 to 8 mm, varied
with the production method, peat type and decomposition degree. The moisture content of milled
peat varies from 40-55%. Due to the low bulk density and relatively high moisture content , the
heating value of milled peat is low. Thus milled peat is mainly mechanically compressed into
briquettes by biomass briquette machine or pellets by using biomass pellet machine.
3.2 Peat Pelletization
As we have mentioned in the previous text, milled peat is a good resource for making peat pellets.
The processing of the milled peat from its arrival in the pellet plant as far as the pelleting and
storage stages go through these procedures: refining, grinding, drying, pelletizing, cooling,
screening and packaging process. The preparation technique of peat pelleting is the same as that of
wood pelleting.
3.2.1 Refining of milled peat
Before milled peat are delivered to the pellet processing plant, it is refined on the screening
machine to remove the foreign materials, like rocks, roots of tree, grasses, etc.
6. 3.2.2 Grinding of milled peat
Milled peat are ground in the hammer mill to reduce the particle size into less than 6mm, and then
they are sent to the next processing stage-drying.
3.2.3 Drying of ground milled peat
The moisture content of peat should be 8%-12% to be pelletized by fuel pelletizer. Due to the high
explosibility of peat powder, the drying of peat should be indirect. Rotary drum drying machine
is mainly used to dry powdered peat in large quantity. After the drying process, the dry powdered
peat is ready to be fed into the peat pellet mill.
3.2.4 Pelleting of dry powdered peat
Pelleting process is the core part of the peat pellet production. Dry powdered peat is delivered into
the peat pellet machine and compressed into cylindrical pellets, and no additives are needed. There
are two types of peat pellet machine for peat fuel pellet production: Flat Die Pellet Mill and Ring
Die Pellet Mill. Flat die pellet mill is for small scale production whereas ring die pellet mill is for
medium and large scale production.
7. 3.2.5 Cooling of peat pellets
Peat pellets, as they leave the die, are quite hot and wet, so they must be cooled by pellets cooling
machine to get hard and durable pellets.
3.2.6 Screening of peat pellets
In order to get quality peat pellets, pellet screening machine is needed to remove the peat dust and
unqualified peat pellets. Then the qualified peat pellets are going to the pellets packaging machine.
3.2.7 Packaging of peat pellets
For the easy storage, transportation and sale, peat pellets are usually packaged in bags and then
sold to the end users.
IV. Peat Pellets
Peat pellets are a fuel produced from dried powdered peat by compression of peat pellet machine.
They have low moisture content and similar heat and combustion characteristics to coal.
Furthermore, peat pellets have a price advantage over coal and oil.
4.1 Technical performance of peat pellets
Moisture Content: 5-10%
Ash Content: 1%-5% max
Sulphur Content: 0.06%
Calorific Value: 17-21 GJ/t
Dia. of Peat Pellets: 6mm, 8mm. 10mm, 12mm
Bulk Density: 700-750 kg/m3
4.2. Applications of peat pellets
Peat pellets can be used in power and heating plants to replace coal. In power plants the easiest
8. way to use peat pellets is to mix them with another fuel at the reception bay. However, if you want
to achieve the highest efficiency, you can have a separate small feeder silo to dose peat pellets into
the fuel feed system just before the boiler. If peat pellets are used in smaller pellet heating boiler,
the boiler should be designed for using peat pellets due to its higher ash content than wood pellet
and the combustion temperature has to be controlled more exactly than with a wood pellet boiler.
4.3 Benefits of peat pellets as fuel
● Without chemical additions;
● Low sulphur content;
● Low ash content;
● No component containing resin;
● Environmental friendly;
● Compact form and uniform size make peat pellets easy to handle, transport and store;
● High heating value. The heating value of 1 ton of peat pellets is the same as 4 tons of wood,
475m3
of gas, 500 liters of diesel, or 685 liters of oil fuel.
V. Wise Use of Peat
Peat is a very slowly renewable natural resource. Nature needs about a century to make peat moss
5 cm thick and peat accumulation is limited to about 0.5-1mm per year. Although a big part of
peatland is unutilized, the exploitation of peat as fuel should be moderate to protect the ecological
balance.
Azeus Machinery Co.ltd
Email: info@biopelletmachine.com
Website: www.biopelletmachine.com