Tech Startup Growth Hacking 101 - Basics on Growth Marketing
The extent of indoor pollution in jamaica
1. The Extent of Indoor Pollution
in Jamaica
Prof. Homero Silva
President JOHPA
2. The Problem
• Buildings built after the late 1970s, when the
energy crunch was being felt at both the gas
pump and cooling costs, were designed to
maximize energy efficiency to help alleviate
spiraling energy costs.
• Two of the design changes that improved
energy efficiency included superinsulation
and reduced fresh air exchange.
9. The Problem
• Synthetic building materials, which are known to
emit or "off-gas" various organic compounds,
have been linked to numerous health
complaints.
• The office equipment and furnishings placed in
these buildings are also a contributing factor
because of the types of materials used in their
manufacture and design.
• Lack of maintenance of air conditioning ducts
may also be contributing to biological pollution.
12. Indoor biological Pollutants
• Bacteria, molds, pollen, and viruses are types of
biological contaminants.
• Biological contaminants are, or are produced by,
living things.
• Common biological contaminants include mold,
dust mites, pet dander (skin flakes), droppings
and body parts from cockroaches, rodents and
other pests or insects, viruses, and bacteria.
• Many of these biological contaminants are small
enough to be inhaled.
13. • We eat 1kg of food per day
• We drink 2 litres per day
• We breathe 25kg of air per day!
• A big part of the population lives and works in areas
where the rates of particles exceed WHO guidelines
regarding PM2,5 (10μg/m3/year)
15. Recommendation
• In order to achieve acceptable indoor air quality in office
environments, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) latest ventilation
standard (Standard 62-1999) raised the recommended
outdoor air ventilation rates from 5 cfm/occupant to 20
cfm/occupant. This four-fold increase in ventilation rates was
contrary to common energy conservation practices and has
raised a number of questions concerning the feasibility and
cost of implementing this standard.
• ASHRAE 62-2004 recommended minimum Outdoor Air Flow
– Range 15 - 60 cfm per person
– Most common range 15 - 35 cfm per person
– Average range 15 - 20 cfm per person
17. How much does electricity cost?
Average national electricity in US cents/kwh (2011)
45
41
40
38
35
35
30
Cost, US Cents/kWh
28
26
25
20
17
15
10
5
0
10 10 10
8
8
11
12
18
19
20
29
30
18. Cost of Electricty versus GDP per Capita
80000
70000
GDP per capita (US$)
60000
Canada
50000
USA
40000
30000
20000
10000
Jamaica
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Cost of Electricty (US Cents/kWh)
35
40
45
19.
20. Climate Change Impacts
• Higher temperatures
– 2 oC
• Higher Relative Humidity
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
– 2.2% from 1973 to 2003
Rising seas
Increased risk of drought, fire and floods
Stronger storms and increased storm damage
Changing landscapes
More heat-related illness and disease
Economic losses
Wildlife at risk
It is expected an increase of 1.5 to 2.8o Celsius increase in
temperature by 2050 and 2080
21.
22.
23. Temperature Increase “Heat Island”
• Increase in Temperature by “Heat Island”
– 5.8 a 8.0 oC, above present conditions
– an average of 6.9 oC
• Total Temperature Increase
– By 2050 1.5 + 6.9 = 8.4 oC
– By 2080 2.8 + 6.9 = 9.7 oC
24. Weak Economy
Energy Imports
• Value of all the island's exports from January
to August this year would fail to cover the
cost of importing petroleum products for the
same period.
• Total exports valued US$1.1 billion or J$97
billion, while imported petroleum products
valued US$1.6 billion or J$142 billion.
• This represents a US$500 million, or J$45 billion
trade deficit on petroleum products alone.
25. • Total imports, including petroleum products,
valued more than US$4.3 billion or J$382 billion.
• For every J$1,000 in exports earned, Jamaica
has to find J$3,900 to cover its import bill.
• The total deficit in 2012 stands at US$3.2 billion,
in excess of J$284 billion.
• Jamaica must find almost J$105,000 per citizen
to pay for all the imports the island has made in
this calendar year up to August 2012.
26. The cost of importation
Item
J$ Million
per Hour
Food
J$9.5
Machinery and transport equipment
J$9.3
Chemicals
J$7.9
Manufactured goods
J$6.4
Other items, including cigarettes, alcohol and
cardboard boxes
J$7.7
31. Number of Banks
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scotia Bank
National Commercial bank
First Caribbean Bank
First Global
RBC Royal
Sagicor
Citibank
Total
37
38
13
6
13
6
2
115
32. Labour Distribution By Sector
Goods Producing sector
Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing
Mining
Manufacturing
Construction/Installation
216500
9700
71200
110900
Services Producing Sectors
Electricity/Gas/Water
Wholesale/Retails/Hotels/Restaurants Services
Transport/Storage/Communication
Finance/Insurance/Real Estate/Business Services
Community/Social/Personal services
Industry Not specified
Total Emploted Labour Force
7600
269700
79700
74100
317700
1700
1158800
33.
34.
35. Service Sector
•
•
•
•
•
In 2008, the services sector which consists mainly of:
i. transport, storage and communication;
ii. finance, insurance, real estate and business services;
iii. community, social and personal services;
iv. electricity, gas and water, v. wholesale and retail trades,
hotels and restaurant services)
• Employed an annual average of 748,800 persons
• Approximately 65% of the employed labour force
36. The Extent of the Problem
• 300,000 Micro, Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprises (MSMEs) in Jamaica
• 54,116 business
• 126,300 Government Employees
• 269,700 Wholesale/Retails/Hotels/Restaurants
Services
• 74,100 Finance/Insurance/Real Estate/Business
Services
37. The Extent of the Problem
• Health is considered the absence of disease
• Illness still not a disease just Discomfort.
Sensory irritation of the eyes, nose, throat;
skin irritation, etc.
• Lack of OHS safety in small and medium
enterprises
38. Some Household Products
• Air Freshener, Deodorizer, Odour
Remover
• All-Purpose Cleaner
• Fabric Softeners
• Bleach
• Carpet Cleaner
• Carpet Deodorizer
• Dishwashing Liquid (Hand)
• Dishwashing Detergent
(Automatic)
• Disinfectant
• Drain Opener
• Fabric Softener
• Floor Cleaner, Wax, Polish
• Floor and Furniture Polish
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Glass Cleaner
Heavy Duty Cleaner
Laundry Detergent Soap
Laundry Stain Remover
Laundry Starch
Lime or Mineral Remover
Metal Cleaner/Polish
Mould and Mildew Cleaners
Oven Cleaner
Scouring Powder
Sink, Tub and Tile
Spot Remover
Toilet Bowl Cleaner and
Deodorizer
• Upholstery Cleaner and
Protector
41. Some Known Cases
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•
•
•
Ministry of Health
Air Jamaica Building (2012)
St Joseph Hospital (Asbestos)
University of West Indies Hospital (Asbestos)
42.
43. Exposure to SHS from tobacco products in
Hospitality Workers in Jamaica
• Exposed to air pollution levels that are two times the
EPA annual average occupational exposure standard.
• Air quality measurements show that harmful
pollution is released in the air by cigarette smoking.
• The air quality in places where smoking was
observed exceeded the WHO Air Quality Guideline
by 9 times and is regarded as unhealthy and harmful
according to the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) standards.
44. • SHS contains 4,000 chemicals, of which at least 250 are known
to be harmful and 50 of which are toxic and can cause cancer;
• There is no safe level of exposure to SHS from burning
tobacco products which has been proven to be harmful to
both smokers and non-smokers
• Immediate health effects such as eye irritation, dizziness and
nausea and long term health effects including lung cancer,
heart disease, stroke and respiratory illnesses in adults; and in
children sudden infant death syndrome, ear infections, upper
respiratory infections and severe asthma
45. Exposure to SHS from tobacco products in
Hospitality Workers in Jamaica (2011)
• Thirty (30) locations were sampled during peak hours of business:
– 10 fast-food places,
– 10 bars,
– 7 restaurants and
– 3 clubs, Twenty nine (29) venues were used for data analysis
as one sample was statistically identified as an outlier.
46. Results of the study
Smoking Observed
Place
Locations
Bars
Clubs
Fast Foods
Restaurants
Air Pollution PM2.5 (µg/m3)
Number
14
9
2
2
1
94
%
48
90
67
22
14
Smoking not
Observed
Number %
15
52
1
10
1
33
7
78
6
86
18
• Air pollution was 8 times higher in locations where smoking was observed
than in the locations where smoking was not observed.
• The WHO sets an air quality PM2.5 guideline annual target mean of 10
μg/m3 to maintain good health.
• The air quality in places where smoking was observed exceeded the WHO
annual mean by 9 times.
• The calculated annual average occupational exposure of employees due to
their occupational exposure to tobacco smoke pollution is 21μg/m3, which
is 2 times higher than annual levels established by the EPA.
55. Green Walls
• A green wall is a wall of a building that is
partially or completely covered with
vegetation and a growing medium, planted
over a waterproofing membrane;
• surface of an exterior green wall is up to 10°C
cooler than an exposed wall,
• considerably less heat is radiated inward.
57. Energy Efficient Lamps: Light Emmiting
Diode (LED)
Increasingly used for lighting.
Visible, ultraviolet and infrared
2.3 W - lighting to read a book
Life expectancy 50K -100K hours
No Heat emission.
No UV or IR emissions
LED Lighting
58. Economic Benefits
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•
•
•
•
•
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Significant productivity gains,
Absenteeism ↓
Health problems ↓
Better sense of well-being
More content and comfortable,
Morale is higher
Concentration and productivity are negatively
effected when elevated levels of carbon dioxide
are present indoors
• 12 percent more productive and less stressed
59. Economic Benefits
• More innovative thinking, generating more ideas and
original solutions to problems in the office environment
that included flowers and plants. In these
surroundings, men who participated in the study generated
15% more ideas. And while males generated a greater
abundance of ideas, females generated more
creative, flexible solutions to problems when flowers and
plants were present.
• When reviewing 12 of the common symptoms most often
related to poor indoor air quality and 'sick building
syndrome,' there was a 23% lower complaint rate during
the period when the participants had plants in their offices.
• A significant reduction in neuro-psychological symptoms
and in mucous membrane symptoms, while skin symptoms
seemed to be unaffected by the plant intervention
