This document discusses the history of urban regeneration and the role of engineers. It notes that major changes to the UK political landscape in 2010 abolished regional development agencies and introduced local enterprise partnerships. The document then discusses the history of urbanization during the industrial revolution and the poor living conditions that resulted. It describes how public health crises drove governance changes and infrastructure projects in the 1800s to address sanitation and water supply issues. The role of engineers in projects like sewers and aqueducts is highlighted. The document then addresses the regeneration approaches of different time periods like the postwar new towns and challenges faced. It provides lessons learned from case studies and considers the current and future role of engineers in regeneration.

1. Chair Editorial Advisory Panel
Municipal Engineer
Eur Ing Ian Jenkinson
BSc MBA CEng FICE FIMechE MCMI

2. The family of ICE Journals

3. Municipal Engineer started 1873

4. Stoke-on-Trent Association of Engineers
November 2010
the engineer‟s role in
urban regeneration

5. Sea-change in UK ...?
 UK political landscape changed 2010
 RDAs (AWM & RENEW) abolished
 BURA placed in voluntary liquidation
 Regional planning targets ended
 LEPs created (including Staffordshire & Stoke LEP)
 Locality agenda (draft Bill expected December 2010)
 Big Society proposals (expected Nov 2010)

6. Regeneration, new fad or old idea?3
1853 a field
Garden
Manufactory
Housing
Car Park & Bus
station
Wilkinson
Ball‟s Yard 1930 and 2010

7. Industrial revolution & city growth1
London grew by 1.8 million 1801-1861
English & Welsh cities grew 2.5%pa 1821-31
50% families live in single room (Newcastle upon Tyne)
1884 Army reject 30,000 from 64,000 for
“physical weakness” (blamed upon poor housing, diet & work)
Lord Brabazon says he is a “head taller than
stunted figures” when walking in East End

8. Consequences for whole of society2
1831 1st cholera epidemic (55K died)
1848 cholera epidemic (London 14K died)
1853 cholera epidemic
1853 „Great Stink‟ closes Parliament
1854 half of urban population without an
independent water supply and toilet
1854 „Broad Street Pump Incident‟
1866 cholera epidemic

9. Governance as a driver for change2
1846 the „Cholera Act‟ (1832 Act assigned costs to Parish)
1847 Towns Improvement Clauses Act
1848 Public Health Act
1848 Sewers Act
1852 Metropolitan Water Act
1858 Local Government Act
1866 Sanitary Act
1867 Improvement Act

10. The role of the Engineer
John Frederic La Trobe Bateman, Manchester
Corporation's water engineer
1851 Longdendale reservoirs
1891 Thirlmere 96mile aqueduct (gradient 20”/mile)
55M gallons/day

11. Bazalgette, not just a sewer ... 2

12. William Yates 1775 Map 3

13. OS map 1895 3

14. Population and density growth 3
Census data:
1801 = 4,600
1901 = 17,000
Population x3.7
Area of town
similar 1801-1901
2001 = 4,453
Hick Street 1948 & 2010 (next
to Vue Cinema)

15. 1852, Board of Health plans 3

16. Sewers: Ironmarket & High Street 3

17. Governance & Legal powers to... 1
Bazalgette‟s sewers displaced 100,000
people 1820-1888
 Victoria, Charing Cross, Euston, St Pancras
stations and lines displaced 120,000 people
1840-1900
1874 Glasgow, 77 acres with 15,000 homes
demolished
1880‟s Glasgow city centre „urban renewal‟
displaces „tens of thousands‟

18. 1895 Borough Surveyors office 3

19. Corporation Cottages built 1915 3

20. Interwar period Regeneration stalled
1936 (?) Bulls Bank now under the A34 dual c/way opposite St Giles Church
3

21. Focus changed post-war, NewTown
Overspill towns
Green-field
development
Parker Morris
Standards
N Staffs many
new estates built
Renewal not
regen

22. Renewal moved to re-development
1960 Buchanan
Report = Hi-Rise
& ring roads
Demolish &
redevelop
Few survive
today ...

23. Garden Festivals - a mixed outcome
Liverpool 84
Festival Park 86
1986
Liverpool

24. Multiple deprivation <10%, Wards 4

25. NDC launched 1998; £50M to 39 areas
10,000 population 5
£1.56B over 10 years
6 key outcomes:-
Place: crime, housing
environment
People: worklessness,
health, education
32of36 indicators +ve
18of24 better than
national comparators
Salford
Oldham
Manchester
Liverpool
Knowsley
Birmingham A
Birmingham KN
Sandwell
Wolverhampton
Walsall
Luton
Coventry
Leicester
Norwich
Derby
Nottingham
Sheffield
Doncaster
Southampton
Bristol
Brighton
Rochdale
Hull
Bradford
Middlesbrough
Hartlepool
Newcastle
Sunderland
Plymouth
Islington Haringey
HackneyBrent
Newham
Lewisham
Tower Hamlets
Southwark
H'smith & Fulham
Lambeth

26. Regeneration, what programme? 7
How best to regenerate ?
Development or „greening‟ ?
Heritage versus demolish & rebuild ?
Large businesses or SME ?
Industrial versus Distribution ?
Commercial versus Retail Park ?
Residential, refurbish versus rebuild ?
Town Centre renewal versus Leisure?

27. Exhibition venue: Brindley Place

28. Sporting venue: Olympic Park
150 years use &
contamination
30Kt refuse & silt
90ML effluent
2.3M m3 treated
90% reused
4xHanley &
Newcastle town

29. Remediation & Legacy, key issues12

30. Canary Wharf: world class but ... 11

31. Night-time economy ... 8,9

32. What role for the Engineer?
Part of the „Development‟ team
Masterplanning (technical gatekeeper)
Soil remediation (contaminated ground)
Infrastructure provision (size & AMP)
Structural design & street detail
Procurement & Project Planning
Construction management
Life-time maintenance & servicing

33. RENEW programme area 6

34. Knutton & Cross Heath NMP 6

35. Lymedale: distribution park

36. Chatterly Valley: high spec unit

37. Rowhurst Close: manufacturing

38. New housing and refurbishment

39. Town centre: Leisure & Retail

40. But central direction can lead to...

41. But: every cloud a silver lining ...

42. NDC outcomes, what happened 5
Leverage: £1 NDC+£9 other=£10 outcome
Easiest to change the place
Most change with: large areas, big projects
wide-span Partnership Boards
Hardest to change the people outcomes
Least change in „traditional‟ areas at edge of
non-core cities
Community capacity building vital but ...
recognise resident vs professional tensions

43. Lessons from Brindley Place 10
1. Master planning is essential
2. Landscape design 1st; buildings 2nd
3. Transport linkages are crucial
4. Scheme must be „sensible‟ to stakeholders
5. Market conditions & timing are critical
6. Minimise delays (planning approval & build)
7. Flexibility with buildings & use consents
8. Major regeneration can‟t work everywhere

44. New Govt LEP=£1B; same agenda?

45. Sea-change in Govt policy but ... 13

46. West Mids vulnerable communities17

47. Localism = municipal renaissance ?

48. Where is the City Engineer? 11,13
As a non-statutory post the City Engineer &
County Surveyor have disappeared
CSS renamed ADEPT (2010); TAG „a shadow‟
Regeneration requires dealing with „fuzzy-
data‟, negotiation, partnership building
Few engineers have the „soft-skills‟ necessary
for top management (Kellogg Business School, Oct 2010)
Engineers must rebalance their skill sets and
embrace realpolitik to regain their position

49. References #1
1) Hunt T. Building Jerusalem (2004) Weidenfeld & Nicholson, UK
2) Fisher, Cotton, Reed. Public Health Reform: lessons from history (2006) Municipal Engineer 159(1)3
3) Staffordshire Archive Service http://www.views.staffspasttrack.org.uk (copyright maps & photo s)
4) DETR. Our Towns and Cities: the future (2000) HMSO, UK
5) Lawless P. NDC outcomes (2010) Sheffield Hallam University
http://www.shu.ac.uk/research/cresr/sp_paul_lawless.html
6) RENEW (2010) http://www.renewnorthstaffs.gov.uk/
7) Bristow P. Using heritage in regeneration (2010) Municipal Engineer 163(3)139
8) Roberts M, Eldridge A. Planning the Night-time City (2009) Routledge, London
9) Thompson R. Alcohol disorder zone . www.robertthompsoncartoons.com
10) Latham I, Swenarton M. Brindleyplace: a model for urban regeneration (1999) Right Angle Publishing,
London
11) Williams T . West Mids Regen Conference 10 Feb 2010, http://www.navigantconsulting.com
12) ODA, Olympic Park Plan (2010) ice.london@ice.org.uk
13) Centre for Cities, City Outlook 2009, www.centreforcities.org
14) Management World News and Views. Flattery‟s the Key (2010) Professional Manager 19(6)4

50. Reference #2
15 Costanza, R. 2000. Visions of alternative (unpredictable) futures and their use in policy analysis.
Conservation Ecology 4(1): 5. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss1/art5/
16 Schumpeterian growth
http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/images/Figure1.1.jpg&imgrefur
l=http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/NAONChapter1.4.aspx&h=379&w=545&sz=58&tbnid=8PCds77_S9OZ
bM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwaves%2Bof%2Binnovation&zoom=1&q=waves+of+inn
ovation&hl=en&usg=__d3zGuUdnhGeSPZyC-
iQpHDAakU4=&sa=X&ei=UqLRTIWeM5Oj4Qa2n4XZDA&ved=0CB0Q9QEwAQ
17 AWM Vulnerable Areas (2009)
http://www.wmro.org/resources/res.aspx?p=/CmsResource/resourceFilename/2713/AWM-Vulnerable-areas-
for-web_V1.0_Presentation_KB.ppt