The document discusses the layers of the Earth and tectonic plate movement. It then summarizes the effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The Earth consists of a crust, mantle, and core. The crust is made up of tectonic plates that move and cause earthquakes or volcanic eruptions at fault lines. Earthquakes can damage buildings and cause tsunamis or landslides. Volcanic eruptions produce lava flows and ash that impact the environment, climate, and human structures.

1. THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

8. THE EARTH

9. THE DIFFERENT LAYERS OF THE EARTH

12.  It is the central layer of the earth
 It is the hottest layer
 Inner core is made up of solid, iron, and nickel
 Outer core is made up of liquid, iron, and nickel

13.  The earth consists of different layers. Its surface belongs to the first layer called the crust. This layer is made
up of several large and small plates.
 The middle layer is called the mantle. It is the thickest layer of the earth and is mostly made up of magma.
 The central layer is called the core and is divided into a liquid layer called the outer core and a solid layer
called the inner core.
 The movement of plates on the crust is often accompanied by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

14. Plates
Tectonic Plates

20. Faults are cracks in the earth’s crust between two huge plates

26. PART 2
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

36. PHIVOLCS Earthquakes Intensity Scale

37. PHIVOLCS Earthquakes Intensity Scale

38. PHIVOLCS Earthquakes Intensity Scale

39. PHIVOLCS Earthquakes Intensity Scale

40. PHIVOLCS Earthquakes Intensity Scale

41. PART 3
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

43. Fissure

44. Building Destruction

45. Tsunami

46. Landslide

47. Oil and Gas Extraction

48. Geothermal Energy Extraction

49. Internal Structure of the Earth

50. Volcanic Earthquake

52. PART 4
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

54. Mt. Mayon in Albay, Bicol

56. Mt. Pinatubo in Angeles

58. Mt. Hibok-hibok in Camiguin Island

59. Taal Volcano in Taal Batangas

60. volcano vent
Magma chamber

65. Lava

67. Volcanic ashes cause potential
hazards to plants and people.

68. Lava flows destroy plants in its
path.

69. Volcanic eruptions can influence
climate and global temperature.

70. Lahar flow buried houses and
other structures

75. What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is the sudden movement or vibration of the crust. It is caused when rock masses shift to a
new position, the energy stored in the rock masses is transmitted onto the surface in the form of seismic
(earth vibration) earthquake waves.
Earthquakes usually happen along faults. Faults are cracks in Earth’s crust between two huge plates.
The plate on each side of a fault grinds against each other with tremendous force.
The motion of the ground during an earthquake is measured by an instrument called a seismograph.