This document summarizes a paper that explores the correlation between the 2000 stock market crash and the rise in students requiring special education services who were born around that time. It provides background on special education, the state of the economy in 2000, and how economic downturns can impact family life and child development. Data is presented showing the largest group of special education students in Massachusetts were born in 2000, mirroring the effects of the unstable economy during their early development. The conclusion is that environmental factors like lack of resources, nutrition, and parent involvement during critical brain development periods could help explain the increase in special education needs among those born in 2000.
This document provides an overview of Oxfam's research on the impacts of the global economic crisis in 12 developing countries. The research found that while national economies in some countries weathered the storm, certain export-dependent industries and workers were devastated. Women lost jobs in large numbers in the garment industry. Households had trouble putting food on the table. However, communities also demonstrated resilience through social networks, subsistence farming, remittances, and government social protections. The research highlights the need to strengthen resilience before crises through policies like social protections, fiscal space, labor laws, and gender-sensitive responses.
This document summarizes the effects of globalization on social inequality in China and the United States. It first provides background on each country prior to globalization, noting that both had stronger social welfare systems and more concern for social equality. As globalization began, each country responded by shifting policies to favor corporations, causing increasing inequality. Data supports that globalization changed political and economic priorities and reduced benefits for citizens in both nations.
This document summarizes a report on defining and examining the aspirations of the American middle class. It discusses various definitions of the middle class, including income-based definitions and multidimensional definitions that consider values and expectations. The report assumes middle class families aspire to home ownership, saving for retirement, providing a college education for children, health security, owning a car for each adult, and taking an annual family vacation. It then presents hypothetical budgets to show how families at different income levels might achieve these goals. A key finding is that planning and saving are critical but many families still find attaining a middle class lifestyle difficult, especially with rising costs of housing, health care, and college.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the diversity of families, including defining family, types of families (e.g. single-parent, two-parent), functions of families, parenting styles, father involvement, families in transition (e.g. divorce, blended families), poverty, homelessness, and programs that provide assistance. Respect and support from teachers and administrators can help diverse families achieve emotional well-being.
Evaluating welfare and economic effects of raised fertilityGRAPE
1) The document evaluates the welfare and economic effects of raising fertility rates through natalistic policies using an overlapping generations model.
2) It finds that while higher fertility leads to positive fiscal effects in the long run through increased tax revenues, the immediate costs of policies exceed these delayed benefits.
3) The model also finds that while the welfare effects of higher fertility are small, they are universally negative even with a higher population. The impacts depend on whether higher fertility occurs through more children per family or less childless families.
Income distribution refers to how a country's total national income is divided among individuals, groups, or factors of production. Unequal income distribution can harm economic performance by reducing productivity and increasing health and education costs for the poor. Theories of income distribution examine factors like functional income distribution between labor and capital as well as individual income size distribution. Common measures of inequality include the Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, and economic mobility between income quintiles. While some inequality may promote growth by incentivizing education and entrepreneurship, excessive inequality can concentrate power and resources, reduce opportunity, and increase economic and political instability.
Child Care Programs Help Parents Find and Keep Jobs: Funding ...pleasure16
The document analyzes the effects of changes to Israel's welfare policies for single parents between 1992 and 1995. It finds that expanding welfare benefits and eligibility criteria:
1) Reduced the labor force participation of single mothers as employment and hours worked declined and part-time work increased, contrasting with trends for married mothers.
2) Reduced poverty among single-parent families by increasing their dependence on the welfare system.
3) Had a particularly strong effect on mothers who had not previously worked, young mothers, and those with low education levels.
Economic development in developing countries has helped reduce inequality and expand global business opportunities. However, unrestrained economic growth can threaten ecosystems through overpopulation, overuse of natural resources, and persistent economic inequality. Overpopulation stresses countries' environments, while increased consumption generates unsustainable waste levels. Developing nations also depend on outside financial help instead of long-term economic planning. To promote sustainable development, countries must address these issues through better management of population growth, more efficient use of technology in industries, and investments to achieve self-sufficiency. International cooperation is needed to build a future that considers environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of Oxfam's research on the impacts of the global economic crisis in 12 developing countries. The research found that while national economies in some countries weathered the storm, certain export-dependent industries and workers were devastated. Women lost jobs in large numbers in the garment industry. Households had trouble putting food on the table. However, communities also demonstrated resilience through social networks, subsistence farming, remittances, and government social protections. The research highlights the need to strengthen resilience before crises through policies like social protections, fiscal space, labor laws, and gender-sensitive responses.
This document summarizes the effects of globalization on social inequality in China and the United States. It first provides background on each country prior to globalization, noting that both had stronger social welfare systems and more concern for social equality. As globalization began, each country responded by shifting policies to favor corporations, causing increasing inequality. Data supports that globalization changed political and economic priorities and reduced benefits for citizens in both nations.
This document summarizes a report on defining and examining the aspirations of the American middle class. It discusses various definitions of the middle class, including income-based definitions and multidimensional definitions that consider values and expectations. The report assumes middle class families aspire to home ownership, saving for retirement, providing a college education for children, health security, owning a car for each adult, and taking an annual family vacation. It then presents hypothetical budgets to show how families at different income levels might achieve these goals. A key finding is that planning and saving are critical but many families still find attaining a middle class lifestyle difficult, especially with rising costs of housing, health care, and college.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the diversity of families, including defining family, types of families (e.g. single-parent, two-parent), functions of families, parenting styles, father involvement, families in transition (e.g. divorce, blended families), poverty, homelessness, and programs that provide assistance. Respect and support from teachers and administrators can help diverse families achieve emotional well-being.
Evaluating welfare and economic effects of raised fertilityGRAPE
1) The document evaluates the welfare and economic effects of raising fertility rates through natalistic policies using an overlapping generations model.
2) It finds that while higher fertility leads to positive fiscal effects in the long run through increased tax revenues, the immediate costs of policies exceed these delayed benefits.
3) The model also finds that while the welfare effects of higher fertility are small, they are universally negative even with a higher population. The impacts depend on whether higher fertility occurs through more children per family or less childless families.
Income distribution refers to how a country's total national income is divided among individuals, groups, or factors of production. Unequal income distribution can harm economic performance by reducing productivity and increasing health and education costs for the poor. Theories of income distribution examine factors like functional income distribution between labor and capital as well as individual income size distribution. Common measures of inequality include the Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, and economic mobility between income quintiles. While some inequality may promote growth by incentivizing education and entrepreneurship, excessive inequality can concentrate power and resources, reduce opportunity, and increase economic and political instability.
Child Care Programs Help Parents Find and Keep Jobs: Funding ...pleasure16
The document analyzes the effects of changes to Israel's welfare policies for single parents between 1992 and 1995. It finds that expanding welfare benefits and eligibility criteria:
1) Reduced the labor force participation of single mothers as employment and hours worked declined and part-time work increased, contrasting with trends for married mothers.
2) Reduced poverty among single-parent families by increasing their dependence on the welfare system.
3) Had a particularly strong effect on mothers who had not previously worked, young mothers, and those with low education levels.
Economic development in developing countries has helped reduce inequality and expand global business opportunities. However, unrestrained economic growth can threaten ecosystems through overpopulation, overuse of natural resources, and persistent economic inequality. Overpopulation stresses countries' environments, while increased consumption generates unsustainable waste levels. Developing nations also depend on outside financial help instead of long-term economic planning. To promote sustainable development, countries must address these issues through better management of population growth, more efficient use of technology in industries, and investments to achieve self-sufficiency. International cooperation is needed to build a future that considers environmental impacts.
Total Estimated Cost Of Child Abuse And Neglect In The U S 2007vc3jdcasa
This document summarizes an economic impact study that estimates the total annual cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States. The total cost is estimated to be $103.8 billion. This cost includes both direct costs, such as hospitalization, mental health care, and child welfare services, totaling $33.1 billion, as well as indirect costs to society over the long term, such as special education, juvenile delinquency, lost productivity, and adult criminality, totaling $70.7 billion. The costs are borne by victims, their families, and society as a whole.
This paper is a multi-county, multi-dimensional rigorous analysis of immensely critical and continuously expanding socio-economic crisis that has engulfed many developing countries which calls for immediate action to preserve our present and future. This paper is an embodiment of a study of all factors that are seriously
responsible for promoting child labor in most of the less-developed, low-income, emerging, middle-income countries. Based on empirical data, and other research articles, this paper investigates the problem from political, social and economic, and cultural aspects. This paper identifies the roots of the crisis and attempts to bridge the existing gap between policy and implementation so as to make theworld child labor free.
11.the impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty problemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of macroeconomic policies in Nigeria on poverty from 1980-2002. Two regression models were used to examine the relationship between poverty, GDP, and other economic variables. The study found that:
1. Poverty in Nigeria increased substantially from 1980-2002, with the average poverty rate being higher after structural adjustment programs were introduced compared to before.
2. Key macroeconomic indicators like GDP growth, unemployment, and exchange rates deteriorated from 1980-2002, suggesting macroeconomic policies did not effectively address rising poverty.
3. Regression analysis found a relationship between rising poverty and factors like declining GDP, high inflation, unemployment, and exchange rate depreciation over
The impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty problemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty in Nigeria from 1980 to 2002. Two regression models were used to analyze the relationship between poverty and GDP. The study found that Nigeria's macroeconomic policies have not addressed the upward trend in poverty levels based on economic indicators like inflation, unemployment, and exchange rates. Some of the key causes of poverty identified included corruption, inconsistent macroeconomic policies, high population growth, and over-reliance on oil exports. The incidence of poverty in Nigeria increased from around 15% in 1960 to 28% in the 1980s.
Scott_Chad The Effects of Natural Resources on Education SpendingChad Scott
This document summarizes literature on the relationship between natural resource abundance and education spending. It finds that while natural resources can boost economic growth, they often lead to slower growth, known as the "resource curse." One potential mechanism is that natural resources negatively impact education levels, which are important for growth. The paper examines this relationship, hypothesizing that natural resource rents will have a negative parabolic relationship with education spending. It discusses indicators and data used to measure resource dependence, education spending, and control variables for analysis.
The document discusses poverty globally and strategies to address it. It notes that almost half the world lives on less than $2.50 a day, and poverty disproportionately impacts rural areas and children. It then compares global spending on issues like education, health and nutrition to show how little is spent addressing poverty's root causes. Several factors that drive and perpetuate poverty are described, including debt, inequality, lack of social mobility, and corruption. The document outlines some organizations and approaches working to reduce poverty, such as achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals and providing microfinance opportunities. It raises questions about the most effective strategies and whether poverty, inequality or debt should be prioritized.
Child labour refers to work that harms or exploits children physically, mentally, or morally, or blocks their access to education. There is no universally accepted definition. Not all child work is considered harmful; some may benefit children by teaching responsibility and skills. However, work that exploits children by not paying them is considered child labour. The vast majority of child labour occurs in Asia and Africa, mainly in agriculture and domestic work. Reasons for child labour include poverty, lack of access to education, cultural traditions, and exploitation by employers. Eliminating child labour requires addressing its root causes, especially poverty, as well as improving access to education and enforcement of laws.
The document discusses population growth in the Philippines, arguing that it is not the primary cause of poverty based on 4 main facts: global population growth is slowing, Philippine population growth is decreasing, there is no evidence high population impedes economic growth, and poverty is caused more by inequality and corruption than family size. The reproductive health bills are criticized for ignoring these root causes of poverty.
The document describes a campaign called "Imagine...a place called Home!" which was created by the 2015 UF Bateman Team to raise awareness about the issue of affordable housing in Gainesville, Florida. The campaign's goal was to engage key audiences like millennials, baby boomers, and young parents by connecting the importance of stable, affordable housing to broader societal benefits. Research showed these audiences were unfamiliar with housing issues and how they impact health, education, and the economy. The campaign theme and logo featured doors to represent how home opens opportunities. Messages emphasized how housing costs impact individuals and communities.
This document discusses the impact of crises on social programs and poverty. It notes that the current global economic crisis has led to a sharp decline in global GDP growth and industrial production in Turkey. Crises particularly hurt the poor, who have limited resources and coping abilities. An estimated 90 million more people will fall into extreme poverty by 2010 due to the crisis. The document also discusses lessons from previous crises, highlighting the need to anticipate social impacts and protect vulnerable groups from the early stages of crisis response. Effective crisis responses have been rapid, sizable, and focused on social safety nets and pro-poor policies.
This document summarizes opposing viewpoints on whether inequality matters for poverty reduction. It discusses the World Bank's perspective that inequality does not necessarily hinder poverty alleviation if economic growth occurs. However, Robert Wade and Simon Maxwell argue that inequality complicates anti-poverty efforts and should be reduced simultaneously with poverty. The author ultimately agrees with Wade and Maxwell, concluding that inequality and poverty are intertwined and comprehensive strategies are needed that incorporate both economic and human development factors to effectively reduce poverty and inequality.
This document analyzes the crisis communication strategies used by Susan G. Komen and Planned Parenthood during Komen's controversial decision to defund Planned Parenthood in January 2012. It finds that Komen relied on instructing responses through statements, while Planned Parenthood leveraged social media to engage supporters and frame the issue. Planned Parenthood's preparedness and experience with crises allowed it to dominate the narrative. The crisis highlighted how Komen was unprepared to respond strategically and lost control of the conversation.
In preparation for the Central Asia Regional Risk Assessment meeting held in Almaty 14-15 April 2011, UNICEF sponsored a background paper to provide an overview of the social and economic vulnerabilities of families and assess the ability of national social protection systems to address these in the five Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The paper contributes to the discussion on social policy effectiveness particularly in terms of mitigating the impact of high food and energy prices on vulnerable households.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WOMEN IN DETERMINING THE CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN THE HOUSE...amita marwaha
This document summarizes a study on the significance of women in determining consumption patterns in households in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses different models of intrahousehold resource allocation, including unitary and collective models. It finds that women's decision-making power and control over resources positively impacts children's health and nutrition, especially for girls. Data from the National Family Health Survey in Uttar Pradesh shows inequalities between boys and girls in areas like breastfeeding duration, healthcare access, and survival rates. The study aims to determine if increasing women's power within households can help reduce gender discrimination and better equalize well-being for boys and girls.
Extended Essay on Sustainable DevelopmentDaniel Cox
This document discusses the problems that policymakers in developing countries face when committing to sustainable development. It outlines that sustainable development has no clear definition and leaves actors unclear on key issues. Policymakers are left with dilemmas around issues like sustainability without growth, imposing sustainability requirements, and defining and preserving natural resources. The document suggests policymakers address sustainability through environmental policy, growth and redistribution, and social equity to achieve social, ecological and economic sustainability.
What's the Problem? Policy Analysis of 1996 US Welfare ReformJulie Graber
This paper uses Bacchi's "What’s the Problem" policy analysis tool to examine the problem representations reflected in the 1996 US welfare reform as it was enacted and the implications of that representation in the development and implementation
This document outlines key concepts related to understanding the Philippine economy. It discusses the main sectors of the economy (public and private), the government's role in managing fiscal and monetary policy, the four sectors of the economy (households, businesses, government, foreign), macroeconomic goals, the economic cycle and its phases, types of economic indicators, and several Philippine economic organizations. The overall document provides an introduction and overview to important economic concepts for analyzing and understanding the Philippine economy.
1) Overemployment refers to workers wanting shorter hours but being unable to reduce their work time. Unemployment is a total lack of work, while underemployment is when workers are employed but not at their desired capacity or skill level.
2) Overtime refers to working beyond a standard workweek, such as 40 hours, with overtime pay required for additional hours worked.
3) Unemployment is defined as those without work who are available and seeking employment, while underemployment is considered a more serious problem in the Philippines as it affects more workers and families.
The document discusses various topics related to labour markets including:
- Labour is one of the four factors of production and its supply is determined by the number of able people and their willingness to work. Demand is determined by economic conditions.
- Labour markets exist at the international, national, local, and internal levels and labour can transfer between these markets.
- Unemployment rates are used to measure economic performance and are a target of macroeconomic policy, with different types of unemployment like frictional and structural unemployment.
- Current labour issues include topics like globalization, technological changes, job mismatches, and developing human capital with the right skills. The Philippine government addresses these through strategies in the Philippine Labor and Employment Plan.
Groups in Organisations and Group Dynamics.Harshr1501
Groups can be formal or informal. Formal groups are consciously created to serve organizational objectives, like work teams, while informal groups form spontaneously based on personal relationships or interests. Every group passes through stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. People join groups for benefits like security, status, goals, and interests. Factors like leadership, roles, norms, size, and task influence group dynamics and performance.
The Philippine Economy: Progress, Challenges, Strategies by Secretary Arsenio...nedaphils
Socioeconomic Planning Secretary and NEDA Director General Arsenio M. Balisacan's statement during the press briefing in Malacañang on February 17, 2014 on the Philippine economy and poverty reduction roadmap.
Total Estimated Cost Of Child Abuse And Neglect In The U S 2007vc3jdcasa
This document summarizes an economic impact study that estimates the total annual cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States. The total cost is estimated to be $103.8 billion. This cost includes both direct costs, such as hospitalization, mental health care, and child welfare services, totaling $33.1 billion, as well as indirect costs to society over the long term, such as special education, juvenile delinquency, lost productivity, and adult criminality, totaling $70.7 billion. The costs are borne by victims, their families, and society as a whole.
This paper is a multi-county, multi-dimensional rigorous analysis of immensely critical and continuously expanding socio-economic crisis that has engulfed many developing countries which calls for immediate action to preserve our present and future. This paper is an embodiment of a study of all factors that are seriously
responsible for promoting child labor in most of the less-developed, low-income, emerging, middle-income countries. Based on empirical data, and other research articles, this paper investigates the problem from political, social and economic, and cultural aspects. This paper identifies the roots of the crisis and attempts to bridge the existing gap between policy and implementation so as to make theworld child labor free.
11.the impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty problemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of macroeconomic policies in Nigeria on poverty from 1980-2002. Two regression models were used to examine the relationship between poverty, GDP, and other economic variables. The study found that:
1. Poverty in Nigeria increased substantially from 1980-2002, with the average poverty rate being higher after structural adjustment programs were introduced compared to before.
2. Key macroeconomic indicators like GDP growth, unemployment, and exchange rates deteriorated from 1980-2002, suggesting macroeconomic policies did not effectively address rising poverty.
3. Regression analysis found a relationship between rising poverty and factors like declining GDP, high inflation, unemployment, and exchange rate depreciation over
The impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty problemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty in Nigeria from 1980 to 2002. Two regression models were used to analyze the relationship between poverty and GDP. The study found that Nigeria's macroeconomic policies have not addressed the upward trend in poverty levels based on economic indicators like inflation, unemployment, and exchange rates. Some of the key causes of poverty identified included corruption, inconsistent macroeconomic policies, high population growth, and over-reliance on oil exports. The incidence of poverty in Nigeria increased from around 15% in 1960 to 28% in the 1980s.
Scott_Chad The Effects of Natural Resources on Education SpendingChad Scott
This document summarizes literature on the relationship between natural resource abundance and education spending. It finds that while natural resources can boost economic growth, they often lead to slower growth, known as the "resource curse." One potential mechanism is that natural resources negatively impact education levels, which are important for growth. The paper examines this relationship, hypothesizing that natural resource rents will have a negative parabolic relationship with education spending. It discusses indicators and data used to measure resource dependence, education spending, and control variables for analysis.
The document discusses poverty globally and strategies to address it. It notes that almost half the world lives on less than $2.50 a day, and poverty disproportionately impacts rural areas and children. It then compares global spending on issues like education, health and nutrition to show how little is spent addressing poverty's root causes. Several factors that drive and perpetuate poverty are described, including debt, inequality, lack of social mobility, and corruption. The document outlines some organizations and approaches working to reduce poverty, such as achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals and providing microfinance opportunities. It raises questions about the most effective strategies and whether poverty, inequality or debt should be prioritized.
Child labour refers to work that harms or exploits children physically, mentally, or morally, or blocks their access to education. There is no universally accepted definition. Not all child work is considered harmful; some may benefit children by teaching responsibility and skills. However, work that exploits children by not paying them is considered child labour. The vast majority of child labour occurs in Asia and Africa, mainly in agriculture and domestic work. Reasons for child labour include poverty, lack of access to education, cultural traditions, and exploitation by employers. Eliminating child labour requires addressing its root causes, especially poverty, as well as improving access to education and enforcement of laws.
The document discusses population growth in the Philippines, arguing that it is not the primary cause of poverty based on 4 main facts: global population growth is slowing, Philippine population growth is decreasing, there is no evidence high population impedes economic growth, and poverty is caused more by inequality and corruption than family size. The reproductive health bills are criticized for ignoring these root causes of poverty.
The document describes a campaign called "Imagine...a place called Home!" which was created by the 2015 UF Bateman Team to raise awareness about the issue of affordable housing in Gainesville, Florida. The campaign's goal was to engage key audiences like millennials, baby boomers, and young parents by connecting the importance of stable, affordable housing to broader societal benefits. Research showed these audiences were unfamiliar with housing issues and how they impact health, education, and the economy. The campaign theme and logo featured doors to represent how home opens opportunities. Messages emphasized how housing costs impact individuals and communities.
This document discusses the impact of crises on social programs and poverty. It notes that the current global economic crisis has led to a sharp decline in global GDP growth and industrial production in Turkey. Crises particularly hurt the poor, who have limited resources and coping abilities. An estimated 90 million more people will fall into extreme poverty by 2010 due to the crisis. The document also discusses lessons from previous crises, highlighting the need to anticipate social impacts and protect vulnerable groups from the early stages of crisis response. Effective crisis responses have been rapid, sizable, and focused on social safety nets and pro-poor policies.
This document summarizes opposing viewpoints on whether inequality matters for poverty reduction. It discusses the World Bank's perspective that inequality does not necessarily hinder poverty alleviation if economic growth occurs. However, Robert Wade and Simon Maxwell argue that inequality complicates anti-poverty efforts and should be reduced simultaneously with poverty. The author ultimately agrees with Wade and Maxwell, concluding that inequality and poverty are intertwined and comprehensive strategies are needed that incorporate both economic and human development factors to effectively reduce poverty and inequality.
This document analyzes the crisis communication strategies used by Susan G. Komen and Planned Parenthood during Komen's controversial decision to defund Planned Parenthood in January 2012. It finds that Komen relied on instructing responses through statements, while Planned Parenthood leveraged social media to engage supporters and frame the issue. Planned Parenthood's preparedness and experience with crises allowed it to dominate the narrative. The crisis highlighted how Komen was unprepared to respond strategically and lost control of the conversation.
In preparation for the Central Asia Regional Risk Assessment meeting held in Almaty 14-15 April 2011, UNICEF sponsored a background paper to provide an overview of the social and economic vulnerabilities of families and assess the ability of national social protection systems to address these in the five Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The paper contributes to the discussion on social policy effectiveness particularly in terms of mitigating the impact of high food and energy prices on vulnerable households.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WOMEN IN DETERMINING THE CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN THE HOUSE...amita marwaha
This document summarizes a study on the significance of women in determining consumption patterns in households in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses different models of intrahousehold resource allocation, including unitary and collective models. It finds that women's decision-making power and control over resources positively impacts children's health and nutrition, especially for girls. Data from the National Family Health Survey in Uttar Pradesh shows inequalities between boys and girls in areas like breastfeeding duration, healthcare access, and survival rates. The study aims to determine if increasing women's power within households can help reduce gender discrimination and better equalize well-being for boys and girls.
Extended Essay on Sustainable DevelopmentDaniel Cox
This document discusses the problems that policymakers in developing countries face when committing to sustainable development. It outlines that sustainable development has no clear definition and leaves actors unclear on key issues. Policymakers are left with dilemmas around issues like sustainability without growth, imposing sustainability requirements, and defining and preserving natural resources. The document suggests policymakers address sustainability through environmental policy, growth and redistribution, and social equity to achieve social, ecological and economic sustainability.
What's the Problem? Policy Analysis of 1996 US Welfare ReformJulie Graber
This paper uses Bacchi's "What’s the Problem" policy analysis tool to examine the problem representations reflected in the 1996 US welfare reform as it was enacted and the implications of that representation in the development and implementation
This document outlines key concepts related to understanding the Philippine economy. It discusses the main sectors of the economy (public and private), the government's role in managing fiscal and monetary policy, the four sectors of the economy (households, businesses, government, foreign), macroeconomic goals, the economic cycle and its phases, types of economic indicators, and several Philippine economic organizations. The overall document provides an introduction and overview to important economic concepts for analyzing and understanding the Philippine economy.
1) Overemployment refers to workers wanting shorter hours but being unable to reduce their work time. Unemployment is a total lack of work, while underemployment is when workers are employed but not at their desired capacity or skill level.
2) Overtime refers to working beyond a standard workweek, such as 40 hours, with overtime pay required for additional hours worked.
3) Unemployment is defined as those without work who are available and seeking employment, while underemployment is considered a more serious problem in the Philippines as it affects more workers and families.
The document discusses various topics related to labour markets including:
- Labour is one of the four factors of production and its supply is determined by the number of able people and their willingness to work. Demand is determined by economic conditions.
- Labour markets exist at the international, national, local, and internal levels and labour can transfer between these markets.
- Unemployment rates are used to measure economic performance and are a target of macroeconomic policy, with different types of unemployment like frictional and structural unemployment.
- Current labour issues include topics like globalization, technological changes, job mismatches, and developing human capital with the right skills. The Philippine government addresses these through strategies in the Philippine Labor and Employment Plan.
Groups in Organisations and Group Dynamics.Harshr1501
Groups can be formal or informal. Formal groups are consciously created to serve organizational objectives, like work teams, while informal groups form spontaneously based on personal relationships or interests. Every group passes through stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. People join groups for benefits like security, status, goals, and interests. Factors like leadership, roles, norms, size, and task influence group dynamics and performance.
The Philippine Economy: Progress, Challenges, Strategies by Secretary Arsenio...nedaphils
Socioeconomic Planning Secretary and NEDA Director General Arsenio M. Balisacan's statement during the press briefing in Malacañang on February 17, 2014 on the Philippine economy and poverty reduction roadmap.
The IPO Model of Evaluation (Input-Process-Output)Janilo Sarmiento
The first IPO model is calculating the commission earned from two states' sales based on a commission rate. It takes in the sales amounts for each state and the commission rate as input. It then calculates the total sales by adding the two states' sales together, and calculates the commission by multiplying the total sales by the commission rate. It outputs the total commission.
The second IPO model is calculating the squared value of a number. It takes a single original number as input. It first checks if the number is less than or equal to zero, and if so displays an error message. If the number is greater than zero, it calculates the squared value by multiplying the original number by itself. It then outputs the squared value.
Group dynamics can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Groups are composed of two or more individuals who come together to achieve objectives. Groups progress through various stages of development from forming to performing. Key aspects of group dynamics include roles, norms, cohesiveness, and processes like groupthink that influence member behaviors and the group's effectiveness.
This document defines group dynamics and discusses the formation and types of groups. It states that group dynamics is the study of forces operating within a group and the interaction between group members. Groups are formed for different reasons, including a sense of security, status, and goal achievement. The document outlines various theories of group formation and discusses the stages of group development from forming to adjourning. It also classifies groups into formal/informal, primary/secondary, and discusses reasons for group dynamics and functions of groups.
The document describes a theoretical framework for a study examining the self-care ability of hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease. It involves collecting input data on patients' demographics and social support. A questionnaire and descriptive survey will be used to process the data, along with statistical analysis. The output will be an assessment of patients' self-care ability prior to treatment, to inform the development of a teaching plan to improve self-care. Tables and charts are presented to explain the statistical treatment and presentation of results.
Group Dynamics refers to the study of human behavior in groups. There are primary and secondary groups, command and task groups, and in-groups and out-groups. Groups can be deliberately created to perform tasks, with hierarchies and rules guiding behavior. Informal groups form the company grapevine to ease stress. Group dynamics involve stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Effective group decision making uses techniques like brainstorming, nominal groups, Delphi, and dialectic methods. Roles in groups include task roles like information giving and seeking, and relationship roles like encouraging participation and relieving tension.
Group dynamics refers to how groups are formed, structured, and function. The document defines a group as two or more people acting interdependently toward common goals. It discusses factors that influence group dynamics like common motives, hierarchical roles, and communication. The roles of the nurse manager in group dynamics include supervising staff performance, achieving goals, employee development, and identifying solutions to problems. Understanding group dynamics is important for nurse managers to improve leadership and facilitate effective group functions.
The document defines groups and group dynamics, discussing types of groups, roles within groups, stages of group development, and processes like communication, problem solving, and leadership. It notes that a group requires a minimum of two people, common goals, interdependence, and self-identification as members. Group dynamics examines how groups form and develop over multiple stages, focusing on elements like roles, communication, decision-making, influence, and relationships between task completion and social bonds.
This document discusses group dynamics and summarizes key aspects of group formation and development. It defines group dynamics as the social process of how people interact face-to-face in groups. It notes group dynamics involves how personality, power, and behavior influence the group process. The document also outlines Tuckman's five stages of group development - forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning - and discusses factors like group size, norms, and cohesiveness that impact group processes.
The document discusses different types of computers including palmtop, laptop, and mainframe computers. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer and software as programs that run on hardware. The main hardware components are the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input devices, output devices, and storage devices. The CPU consists of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit. Memory includes both random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Software includes operating systems, application software, and utility software. An operating system controls the computer and allows other programs to run.
This document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks. It defines a theoretical framework as providing rationale for relationships between variables in a research study, analogous to the frame of a house. A conceptual framework outlines courses of action or preferred approaches. The document describes developing frameworks by selecting concepts and relationships, and defining concepts operationally. Frameworks guide entire research studies by informing hypotheses, observations, designs, and interpretations. Theories can be descriptive, explanatory, or predictive and are tested through different research types. Nursing frameworks contribute unique perspectives on persons, environments, health, and nursing. Frameworks should be clearly identified and defined, with logical relationships supported by literature.
This document defines key terms related to theoretical and conceptual frameworks, including concepts, constructs, variables, conceptual framework, and theoretical framework. It explains that a conceptual framework consists of concepts and proposed relationships between concepts, while a theoretical framework is based on existing theories. The purposes of conceptual and theoretical frameworks are to clarify concepts, propose relationships between concepts, provide context for interpreting findings, and stimulate further research and theory development.
The document discusses group dynamics and provides information on key concepts such as what constitutes a group, types of groups, reasons people join groups, group structure, stages of group formation, and principles of group dynamics. It summarizes that group dynamics is concerned with the interactions between group members and the forces that influence their behavior within a social situation. The goal is to understand how groups develop and function, and their impact on individuals and the organizations they are part of.
The document discusses factors that can affect children and child poverty in Australia. It addresses three main factors - economic, cultural, and social - that can impact children. These factors are related to the "birth lottery" and where a child is born. The document also discusses the challenges of a social action campaign aimed at raising awareness about child poverty in Australia, noting it was difficult to promote the issue to others. The experience relates to research that social actions can be difficult and their goals may prove too hard to attain, requiring a shift in strategies.
The document discusses the main causes of child poverty in Lancashire, including income-related poverty, worklessness, welfare dependency, health and educational disadvantages, family structure, and lack of social abilities. Child poverty rose in the 1980s and started declining in the 2000s. Income poverty has a huge effect, as working families on low incomes struggle to provide for their children. Children living in poverty face implications like long-term health issues and difficulties in education. The government needs new social policies and welfare reforms to better understand and address the causes of child poverty.
The document discusses the main causes of child poverty in Lancashire, including income-related poverty, worklessness, welfare dependency, health and educational disadvantages, family structure, and lack of social abilities. Child poverty rose in the 1980s and started declining in the 2000s. Income poverty has a huge effect, as working families on low incomes struggle to provide for their children. Children living in poverty face implications like long-term health issues and difficulties in education. The government needs new social policies and welfare reforms to better understand and address the causes of child poverty.
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The document discusses the trend of rising youth unemployment in the United States since the 1940s and its implications. It notes that while youth unemployment increases during recessions, the overall rate has been trending upward. If this continues, it could have detrimental social and economic effects like lower wages, delayed milestones, and increased costs to social programs. Addressing the issue will require cooperation between public and private institutions.
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Early childhood poverty has detrimental effects on several adult attainment outcomes like earnings and work hours according to a study using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The study found statistically significant negative impacts of poverty between birth and age 5 on later adult earnings and work hours, but not on behavioral outcomes like criminal arrests. Most effects were indirect, operating through impacts on adult work hours rather than direct effects. The study controls for later childhood income and demographic factors to obtain relatively unbiased estimates of early childhood poverty's total effects on adult outcomes.
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Similar to The Effect of the Economy in 2000 on Special Education Today (10)
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ABSTRACT
Nature vs. nurture is a common debate in regards to human behavior; do people act the
way they do because of their genetic makeup or because of environmental factors? Although
genetics do undoubtedly play a role in an individual’s development, it is important to recognize
the great impact the environment can have as well. Uri Brofenbrenner, a well-known
psychologist, studied the effect systems can have on a child’s development by exploring the
proximity of different environmental spheres and the strength of their impact on an individual.
Currently, there are a very large number of students in special education programs that
were born in 2000. Were there any environmental distractions that could have contributed to a
higher number of students in special education born in or shortly after this year? The stock
market crash of 2000 had an effect on the overall economy and family system. This paper
explores the correlation and relationship the stock market crash had on families and the possibly
of its contribution to higher numbers of students in special education today.
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Special Education
Special education is provided in school districts to give students with disabilities
opportunity to access the general education curriculum with as much rigor as their general
education peers. Under IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education ACT), there are several
different categorizations of disabilities. Different disability qualifications under IDEA include
Emotional Disturbances, Autism, Deaf-Blindness, Deafness, Hearing Impairment, Intellectual
Disability, Multiple Disabilities, Orthopedic Impairment, Other Health Impairment, Speech or
Language Impairment, Traumatic Brain Injury, Specific Learning Disability, or Visual
Impairment including Blindness. (NICHCY) Disabilities are delays, developmentally and/or
cognitively that effect an individual’s ability to process, manipulate, or evaluate information.
Although genetics play a crucial role in an individual’s development, there are certain
environmental factors that can influence a child’s trajectory for successful development. One of
the leading causes for an individual to develop a disability is through malnutrition and poverty.
The economy ultimately plays an integral role in the day to day lives of millions of Americans
and the accessibility of vital resources to families. The economy in the early 2000’s showed a
drastic downturn. “From the middle of 2000, one after another of the corporations that had led
the boom, especially in technology, media, and telecommunications (TMT) confronted
disastrous declines in profits, and the stock market crashed.” The rising amount of money being
put into share prices quickly went into a reverse, as companies were forced to cut back on their
investments. (Brenner) Due to the unstable and poor state of the economy during 2000-2001,
families (especially those in urban populations) were at a loss for jobs, safe housing, and food.
The unpredictability of where a next meal will come from or where a family will be living the
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next week can cause much variability in an individual’s daily life. This inconsistency in a daily
routine has the potential for emotional turmoil, malnutrition, and a shaky foreground for the
development of children born in this year. There is currently a high correlation between those
students born during this time period and the number of students in special education. There are
a large number of children in special education that were born in the 2000 cohort. We are now,
as a country, seeing the effects the unstable economy of 2000 had on the development of some
children born during that time period. The first year of life is one of the most important for
development, as the brain doubles in size during the first year of life and it will be 85% of the
adult size by age two. (Berk) With improper parenting, food, and care, there can be severe
effects that will last a life time in a child’s development. This cohort of children, those born in
2000, are mostly now in the 7th grade; the grade with the greatest number of students in special
education.
Economy in 2000
The economy is ultimately a driving force behind each society; it creates and sustains
businesses, it provides citizens the opportunity to become integral members of a community
through spending money, and it creates a democratic freedom for people to spend their money as
they wish. These positive aspects of an economy, however, are only available to people that
have the extra income. For those families scraping by, the economy becomes a daunting force
that is working against them in all regards. In the early 1990’s the state of the US economy was
in a relatively mild recession. Businesses were beginning to utilize the advancements of the
internet and were exploring alternatives to the ways they ran their individual companies. The
1990’s proved a boom of economic growth and profitability. This boom, however, led to a
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recession in the United States and was the driving force behind the stock market to crash in 2000.
“In the face of this decline- the stock market took off on the greatest run-up in its history,
massively increasing the on-paper assets of corporations and by the rising dollar.” The
economy’s “main engine” soon turned to becoming the stock market and share prices; taking
place of the once manufacturing profitability that was foundation for the United States economy.
(Brenner) The sustainability of this drastic and great increase in the stock market could not last.
In the middle of 2000, “one after another of the corporations that had led the boom, especially in
technology, media, and telecommunications (TMT) confronted disastrous declines in profits.”
And so, in the spring of 2000, the stock market crashed. The effect of the rising share prices now
reversed into a downward spiral; “corporations found it much more difficult to raise money and
were forced to cut back on investment, setting the economy on a downward course.” (Brenner)
Companies needed to cut employees, people began taking pay cuts, hours were cut back- people
were no longer making as much money as they were before, yet everything was still costing
them the same. Family life was greatly affected, as some parents began working multiple jobs,
children were left home alone, or a lack of income made purchasing the bare necessities a great
difficulty. (Brenner) “In 2000, 16.9% of all children in the United States were poor, while only
9.7% of people over age 65 and only 11.8% of all Americans lived in poverty.” (Enwefa, R.,
Enwefa, S., & Jennings, R) The economy during this time period had a large impact on the
family dynamic and the availability and quality of a support system for many children.
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Impact of the Economy on Family Life
The economy has a drastic impact on families; how families interact with their society and
with one another. The economy can affect families in a number of ways. Through the loss of
jobs, parents may be struggling financially at home; unable to provide the proper nutrition and
care for their children. Struggling families may be unable to keep up with the demanding
finances of our society, and may therefore need to work two, three, or more jobs to provide the
basic necessities for their family. Tension in households can rise, as children begin to feel the
emotional responsibilities and burdens that their parents are experiencing. Young children pick
up on these social-emotional cues; they can tell when things at home are not right. “Families of
children with disabilities trying to survive from day to day have difficulty planning for the future
for what a good education might bring; they simply do not see academic achievement as a
priority, given the necessities of their daily existence.” (Enwefa, R., Enwefa, S., & Jennings, R)
The economy can ultimately have a tremendous impact on a family system. When families are
struggling to meet their basic survival needs, the education and overall development of their
children no longer becomes a necessity- keeping a home and finding food does.
Uri Brofenbrenner, a well-known developmental psychologist, studied the effects
different influences of life have on a child’s development. He created a system where he
explained how a child’s environment affects how they grow. The economy falls in the
macrosystem portion of the ecological systems theory. (Oswalt) This is the largest system and it
encompasses aspects of the environment that the child may not be interacting with, but they still
have a great impact on the child and their overall development; as they can ultimately affect
other systems more closely related and integral in an individual’s life. Through the ecological
8. 8
systems theory, one can see the impact the economy ultimately has on an individual. The
economy affects businesses, businesses effect families, and the family system more closely
impacts the development of a child. All spheres of this system are interrelated and influence one
another in some way.
Lack of Parent Involvement
Parent absence due to a constant effort to provide financially for a family can have a
drastic impact on young children. As young infants are developing, it is incredibly important for
parents to be interacting, challenging, and engaging with their young ones as they are exploring
and beginning to understand the world around them. “Everything the baby sees, hears, tastes,
and touches, every move or sound she makes, every sensation and emotion she experiences- all
of your interactions with her- contribute to the robust development of the sensorium.” Certain
learning centers in an infant’s brain only respond when interacting with real people. This
interaction is essential for a healthy emotional base and for overall development. (Berk) With
absent parents, young children are at risk for choosing activities that are not developmentally
appropriate, do not provide cognitive stimulation, and that do not develop their overall
understanding of self. The lack of parent involvement has proven to have negative emotional
implications on young children as well. Studies have shown that if developing babies are not
given the proper amount of emotional attention and stimulation, their bodies physically respond
by stopping their production of human growth hormone. (Berk) Human growth hormone is
incredibly important for development, as it stabilizes and regulates the amount of hormones
secreted in a developing child’s body to maintain their growth. Children that were neglected
during these developmental periods can show symptoms in their later years through an immature
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physical appearance. Emotional stimulation and affirmation helps an infant realize they exist; it
is foundation for self-affirmation. (Berk) If a baby cries, they know they will be helped. If a
baby is hungry, someone will feed them. In a home environment where parents are absent, so is
this self-affirmation of existence.
Malnutrition
Along with emotional neglect, a leading cause of a variety of disabilities is malnutrition.
According to The Impact of Malnutrition on Children’s Physical and Mental Development,
“malnutrition is insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of protein, energy, or
micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).” (The Impact of Malnutrition on Children’s Physical and
Mental Development) The lack of these important nutrients, vitamins, and a balanced diet for
growing children can have a drastic and lasting impact on their overall physical and cognitive
development. The brain doubles in size during the first year of life. In that time period,
children’s brains are forming and developing. During this process, there are many
environmental factors that could ultimately hinder or alter this development. Without the proper
nutrients, a deficit in a particular vitamin or mineral could change the formation of a child’s
brain and the overall functionality of that brain for that child as a teenager and adult. “Further
evidence from research has found that hungry children are more likely to be receiving special
education services, score higher on aggression and irritability scales, and are more likely to
struggle with academic achievement.” (Dunifon & Kowaleski, 2003) The effects of malnutrition
have a concrete correlation with a child’s behavior and overall academic performance; causing
both short and long term effects. The impact of malnutrition and brain development is great, as
links between food deficiencies and mental health problems in young people have been noted.
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“Conditions such as ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizophrenia, seem to involve functional
deficiencies of certain highly unsaturated fatty acids, such as Omega-3 (Richardson et. Al., 2005)
The disregard of these nutrients during crucial developmental periods in the brain can have
lasting effects and can ultimately be cause for a student to require special education services
when of school age. Without the finances, however, it is difficult for parents to provide a well-
rounded and enriched diet for their developing children.
2000 Economy and Special Education Today
In regards to the state of the economy in 2000, many homes and parents were unable to
provide proper care to their children due to finances, availability of resources, or parents having
to take on another job. So what does the economy 14 years ago have to do with special
education now? The United States is now seeing the effects the 2000 economy has on children
and their development. This is most notable now with the population of children that were born
in 2000; the children who would be impacted most by the economy, as their brains were
developing at rapid rates during this time period. The high number of current 14 year old special
education students that were born in the year 2000 poses the question as to whether or not the
economy had an impact on their development. With many more students in this cohort in special
education programs, it is hard to ignore the parallel between the two.
According to the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education
Special Education Enrollment by Age School Year 2012-2013, the greatest number of special
education students were born in the year 2000. For the 12 year old cohort in 2012, the state of
Massachusetts had 13,074 students in special education- the largest number for an age group in
the entire state. (District/School Administration Information Services Statistical Reports
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Enrollment Data) Data from Boston Preparatory Charter Public School located in Hyde Park,
Massachusetts shows that 16.7% of their students born in 1999 have a disability, 33.3% of their
students born in 2000 have a disability, and 16.7% of their students born in 2001 have a
disability. The effects of the economy in 2000 are apparent through the drastic rise of students in
special education from the 2000 cohort. The number of Boston Preparatory students in special
education born in 2000 nearly doubled in size in comparison to those students born in 1999 and
2001. From 2000 on, there was a rise in the number of students receiving special education
services. According to the National Center for Government Statistics, there was an incredibly
large increase in the number of students receiving special education services from 1990-1991
and 2000-2001. This could be in part because young children still developing were beginning to
feel the effect of the economy through their home life; with a lack of resources, tension at home,
and absent parents. According to this data, the number of students between the ages of 3-21 with
a type of disability was 4,710 in 1990-1991. In 2000-2001, the number of students with
disabilities increased to 6,296. (Fast Facts) The unpredictability and lack of parent involvement
and proper nutrition during this year could have had a great impact on young children growing,
not necessarily born, during this time period. The drastic increase in the number of students with
disabilities in 2000 greatly parallels the state of the economy during that time period.
The purpose of history is to give the present and future generations the ability to learn
from past mistakes. In looking at the statistical data of current special education students born
during the stock market crash, the correlation between the environmental impact and a child’s
development becomes clear. When thinking about the state of the economy and the United
States, it is crucial that we, as a country, provide the proper care and nutrition for all growing
minds. An infant’s brain is incredibly susceptible to change and variability, as it is growing and
12. 12
developing at rapid rates. A lack of parent involvement, availability of resources, or improper
nutrition are all environmental factors that could ultimately alter the brain development of young
children, causing both short term and long term effects; something that has proven true with the
number of special education students born in 2000.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kerri Beisner is a native of New England, and spent most of her childhood growing up
along the Connecticut shoreline. She attended the University of Connecticut in Storrs, where she
received her Bachelors of Arts in English in 2011. Beisner has always been interested in special
education received her Masters of Education in Moderate Learning Disabilities k-8 from
Endicott College in 2014.
Over the past few years, Beisner has worked with children in various settings including
volunteer work for the Special Olympics, as an Assistant Director of a Day Camp, and at several
different schools. Beisner currently resides in Boston and works as a Middle School Special
Education Teacher at Boston Preparatory Charter Public School. She hopes to one day become a
college professor and teach child development at a University. This is Kerri Beisner’s second
publication with NASET.
14. 14
Bibliography
Berk, L. (2013). Child Development . Boston : Pearson Education.
Brenner, R. (2002, July 22). The Economy After the Boom: A Diagnosis. International
Viewpoint .
District/School Administration Information Services Statistical Reports Enrollment
Data. (n.d.). Enrollment of Students with Disabilities: School Year 2013-14. Retrieved April 28,
2014, from http://www.doe.mass.edu/infoservices/reports/enroll/default.html?yr=sped1314
Dunifon & Kowaleski, The influences of participation in the national school lunch
program and food insecurity on child well being, Social Service Review, 77(1), 72-92, 2003
Enwefa, R., Enwefa, S., & Jennings, R. Special Education: Examining the impact of
poverty on the quality of families of children with disabilities. Forum on Public Policy, 1-25.
Fast Facts. (n.d.). Fast Facts. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from
http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=64
Need Help Paying Bills. (n.d.). State aid and government assistance programs. Retrieved
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NICHCY. Categories of Disability Under IDEA , 6. Retrieved May 3, 2014, from
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Oswalt, A. (2008, January 17). Child and Adolescent Development: Overview. Retrieved
May 4, 2014, from http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=7930
Richardson, A.J. (2003) The role of omega 3 fatty acids in behaviour, cognition and
mood. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition. 47(2) 92-98
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