This document discusses the background and impact of corruption on government institutions in Somalia. It notes that while corruption was once viewed as a way to overcome bureaucracy, it is now recognized as having many negative externalities. Corruption undermines economic growth, democratic institutions, and social order. It reduces investment and distorts resource allocation. Corruption costs African countries an estimated $150 billion annually, equivalent to 25% of GDP. It fuels injustice, inequality, and creates conditions for extremism. Specifically in Somalia, corruption is a major problem that weakens government institutions like the judiciary, police, and tax authorities. It leads to unjust court rulings, inability to provide security, and lack of proper tax collection. Overall, the document examines
Globalization has led to increased interconnectedness between societies and opportunities for transnational crime. It has created a large global criminal economy worth over $1 trillion annually, which includes activities like arms trafficking, smuggling of people, drugs and other illegal goods, cybercrime, money laundering, and sex tourism that connect various countries. Globalization has also changed how crime is organized, with looser networks operating across borders yet still rooted locally. Some sociologists argue that globalization's spread of neoliberal capitalism and deregulation has exacerbated inequality and insecurity, fueling demand for illicit goods and new opportunities for large-scale criminal activities.
1) The document discusses the concepts of hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to military and economic coercion, while soft power involves diplomacy and cultural influence to gain consent without imposition.
2) It provides examples of the limitations of hard power, like the US facing challenges in Vietnam and Iraq, despite overwhelming military strength. Overreliance on hard power can reduce a nation's influence and breed opposition.
3) Soft power involves cooperation and appealing to other nations through cultural and ideological attraction rather than threats. The US emerged as a global hegemon after WWII by employing soft power through initiatives like the Marshall Plan to counter Soviet influence and promote democracy and American values abroad.
This document discusses and compares unitary and federal systems of government.
A unitary government is one where supreme legislative authority is exercised by a central power. Examples include England, Japan, and France. Merits include strong, efficient administration and uniformity, while demerits include the risk of central despotism.
A federal government divides powers between central and regional governments. Examples are the US, Switzerland, and Australia. It aims to reconcile national unity with regional autonomy. Merits include administrative efficiency and local interest, while demerits include greater expense and lack of uniformity.
Spoils system, also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees’ removal from office if their party loses the election. A change in party control of government necessarily brings new officials to high positions carrying political responsibility, but the spoils system extends personnel turnover down to routine or subordinate governmental positions (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
According to Sancino (2011), the term spoils system refers to the practice of political appointments, consisting in assigning temporary positions in the administrative structure of public organizations. These temporary positions are usually related to the political mandate.
Game theory is a tool used to analyze strategic decision making by taking into account how participants expect others to behave. It is used to understand outcomes of interactive decisions and to predict how people or companies may act in strategic situations. Economists use game theory to understand oligopolies and behaviors like price fixing. The Prisoner's Dilemma is a classic game theory example where cooperation yields the best outcome for both players but individual incentives lead to defection. Bounded rationality recognizes that people have limited information and cognitive abilities, so they use rationality to find satisfactory rather than optimal solutions. Asymmetric information occurs when one party in a transaction has more information about a product than the other party.
Talk to Catholic University in Lisbon on developing a deeper understanding of citizenship and its relevance to defending and redefining the welfare state.
This document discusses globalization and its effects on economics and politics. It analyzes these effects according to four points: civil rights, citizenship, immigration, and "ius soli" (right of soil). Specifically, it notes that global communication has led to the spread of human rights norms across countries. It also discusses how concepts of citizenship and rights are becoming less tied to nationality and more universal. The document provides immigration statistics for Europe and Italy, and notes trends over time in Sicily's resident foreign population. It explains Italy's policies around "ius soli" and citizenship for those born in Italy.
Globalization has led to increased interconnectedness between societies and opportunities for transnational crime. It has created a large global criminal economy worth over $1 trillion annually, which includes activities like arms trafficking, smuggling of people, drugs and other illegal goods, cybercrime, money laundering, and sex tourism that connect various countries. Globalization has also changed how crime is organized, with looser networks operating across borders yet still rooted locally. Some sociologists argue that globalization's spread of neoliberal capitalism and deregulation has exacerbated inequality and insecurity, fueling demand for illicit goods and new opportunities for large-scale criminal activities.
1) The document discusses the concepts of hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to military and economic coercion, while soft power involves diplomacy and cultural influence to gain consent without imposition.
2) It provides examples of the limitations of hard power, like the US facing challenges in Vietnam and Iraq, despite overwhelming military strength. Overreliance on hard power can reduce a nation's influence and breed opposition.
3) Soft power involves cooperation and appealing to other nations through cultural and ideological attraction rather than threats. The US emerged as a global hegemon after WWII by employing soft power through initiatives like the Marshall Plan to counter Soviet influence and promote democracy and American values abroad.
This document discusses and compares unitary and federal systems of government.
A unitary government is one where supreme legislative authority is exercised by a central power. Examples include England, Japan, and France. Merits include strong, efficient administration and uniformity, while demerits include the risk of central despotism.
A federal government divides powers between central and regional governments. Examples are the US, Switzerland, and Australia. It aims to reconcile national unity with regional autonomy. Merits include administrative efficiency and local interest, while demerits include greater expense and lack of uniformity.
Spoils system, also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees’ removal from office if their party loses the election. A change in party control of government necessarily brings new officials to high positions carrying political responsibility, but the spoils system extends personnel turnover down to routine or subordinate governmental positions (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
According to Sancino (2011), the term spoils system refers to the practice of political appointments, consisting in assigning temporary positions in the administrative structure of public organizations. These temporary positions are usually related to the political mandate.
Game theory is a tool used to analyze strategic decision making by taking into account how participants expect others to behave. It is used to understand outcomes of interactive decisions and to predict how people or companies may act in strategic situations. Economists use game theory to understand oligopolies and behaviors like price fixing. The Prisoner's Dilemma is a classic game theory example where cooperation yields the best outcome for both players but individual incentives lead to defection. Bounded rationality recognizes that people have limited information and cognitive abilities, so they use rationality to find satisfactory rather than optimal solutions. Asymmetric information occurs when one party in a transaction has more information about a product than the other party.
Talk to Catholic University in Lisbon on developing a deeper understanding of citizenship and its relevance to defending and redefining the welfare state.
This document discusses globalization and its effects on economics and politics. It analyzes these effects according to four points: civil rights, citizenship, immigration, and "ius soli" (right of soil). Specifically, it notes that global communication has led to the spread of human rights norms across countries. It also discusses how concepts of citizenship and rights are becoming less tied to nationality and more universal. The document provides immigration statistics for Europe and Italy, and notes trends over time in Sicily's resident foreign population. It explains Italy's policies around "ius soli" and citizenship for those born in Italy.
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
This lecture discusses the relationship between politics and power. It defines power as the ability to achieve desired outcomes or influence the behavior of others according to one's own purposes. Throughout history, power has been viewed both positively and negatively. Power is positive when it empowers individuals, but negative when it involves domination over others. While power involves the ability to force one's will on others against their consent, authority requires legitimacy and voluntary compliance. The lecture explores different conceptions of power and the distinction between power and authority.
The document defines the key elements of the state as population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from society, nation, and government. The state is defined as a permanent political organization that exists independently within a fixed territory and exercises sovereignty, while government refers specifically to the ruling administration through which the state functions. Society predates the state and is broader than the state, while nation refers more to a cultural or ethnic identity than a legal-political entity. The branches of government - the legislature, executive, and judiciary - are also summarized, along with some of their core powers and functions.
This document compares and contrasts parliamentary and presidential systems of government. In a parliamentary system, the legislature controls the executive branch, with the prime minister chosen from parliament. By contrast, in a presidential system the executive and legislative branches are separate, with citizens electing each independently and providing checks on each other's power.
The document discusses the concept of sovereignty from various perspectives. It begins with definitions from early theorists like Jean Bodin and explores different types of sovereignty such as titular vs actual. It then analyzes attributes of sovereignty like permanence and indivisibility. The document also covers criticism of theories from thinkers like Austin and examines the Islamic concept of sovereignty, noting attributes like universality and absolutism. It concludes by arguing that while a democratic entitlement is superficially attractive, it could endanger peace and security.
The document discusses the future of Myanmar and the role of its military. It covers several topics:
1. The history of Myanmar's political system, shifting from parliamentary democracy to military dictatorship to the current transition period.
2. The relationship between the military and political systems in Myanmar and other countries. In Myanmar currently the military still maintains significant political power through reserved positions and control of key ministries.
3. The challenges Myanmar faces in transitioning to a stable democratic system, including issues of legitimacy for the government, militant culture within the military, poverty, and power struggles during the transition period.
4. The roles and influences of the military within Myanmar and other countries,
This document outlines and defines several major political ideologies of the 20th and 21st centuries including capitalism, communism, and democracy. It provides brief descriptions of each ideology sourced from Wikipedia and other references, often including an image to represent the ideology. The document aims to concisely define major ideologies through short summaries and related images.
The document discusses strategic choice and management in the public sector. It provides an overview of strategy alternatives, types of strategies, and frameworks for strategic decision making. The key points are:
1) Strategic choice involves selecting from alternative strategies to best meet organizational objectives, such as growth, stability, or retrenchment strategies.
2) Osborne and Plastrik's framework outlines five public sector strategies - core, consequences, control, culture, and customer - to clarify purpose, incentivize performance, shift decision-making power, change culture, and increase accountability.
3) SWOT analysis and identifying critical success factors related to industry, environment, strategy, and internal forces can help evaluate alternatives and make
The document discusses different models of representation and electoral systems. It describes trustee and delegate models of representation, where representatives have differing levels of autonomy from their constituents. It also outlines different voting systems like plurality/majority, proportional representation, and mixed systems. It analyzes advantages and disadvantages of these systems in terms of proportionality, strong government, and other factors. Finally, it discusses models of voting behavior like party identification, rational choice, sociological, and dominant ideology perspectives.
1. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx which views class struggle and economic determinism as driving historical change.
2. Marx argued that capitalism exploits and alienates the working class, and will inevitably be overthrown and replaced by a socialist system and eventually a communist society with common ownership.
3. Neo-Marxism built upon Marx's ideas of how economic forces influence society and class relations but placed more emphasis on other forms of social oppression and modes of analysis beyond economic determinism alone.
this ppt describes different froms of government based on power and authority distribution, the merits and demerits of each form of government are also given. for further educative ppt do comment and if time allow i will surely help you in making your ppt.
This document provides an overview of an introductory politics course being offered at ADA University in Fall 2015. It discusses different approaches to defining politics, including viewing it as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, or the distribution of power and resources. It also outlines different approaches to studying politics, such as philosophical, empirical, behavioral, and critical approaches. Finally, it notes how globalization has expanded the scope of political activity beyond domestic realms.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN INDONESIA AFTER
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAW NO. 22 OF 1999
(FROM AUTHORITATIVE TO DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENTAL REGIME)
Submitted as Prerequisite for "Introduction to International Cooperation Law" Course
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
(DICOS, 300202040)
National power is a key component of international politics and refers to a nation's ability to secure its national interests and objectives. It involves the capacity to use force or the threat of force over other nations. National power is a combination of military power, economic power, and psychological power. It is derived from various elements including a nation's geography, natural resources, population, economic development, technology, military capabilities, and other factors. Nations can exercise national power through methods like persuasion, reward, punishment, manipulation, and force in their interactions with other countries.
This presentation discusses bureaucracy in Bangladesh. It covers:
1) An introduction to bureaucracy including its definition and characteristics according to Max Weber.
2) Bangladesh's bureaucratic system which was inherited from British colonial rule and continues to have over 1 million civil servants across various ministries and departments.
3) The roles of bureaucracy in Bangladesh including determining policy, implementing legislation, and development works.
4) Both the merits of bureaucracy such as bringing discipline and modern perspectives, and the demerits like delays and developing a superiority complex.
The document discusses several key concepts and theories in public administration, including:
- Bureaucracy theory, which analyzes public administration by distinguishing between political and administrative acts.
- Traditional management theory, which was initially informed by scientific management theory and focuses on directing ongoing organizational activities.
- Control of bureaucracy theory, which examines issues of compliance and responsiveness in public administration.
- Theories of client responsiveness, which assume public agencies are established to serve clients and that bureaucrats prioritize responding to client needs over political directives.
- Agency theory, which posits a dynamic interaction between political principals and bureaucratic agents, with agencies having informational and expertise advantages.
The document discusses the contemporary crisis of legitimacy in legislation. It argues that a legitimacy crisis occurs when a government is unable to fulfill basic needs or exploits its people. In India specifically, there is a lack of respect for law due to widespread corruption. Politicians abuse power and prioritize group interests and inequity over equal distribution of resources. Other issues contributing to the legitimacy crisis include uneducated leaders, scandals, the involvement of criminals in politics, black money, and conflicts between different levels of government. The crisis represents an inability to envision and build the future.
Presentation to the Nordic Young Christian Democrats (KDUN) in Oslo, October 5th 2013. - I was challenged to share my reflections on Christian Democracy and Conservatism, two ideologies that form idea basis for many of the most dominant political parties in Europe. More on the same subject can be found in this booklet where I contributed with an essay about the development of Christian Democracy in Europe and the Nordics (primarily Norway and Sweden): www.civita.no/assets/2011/04/pdf-100-Tre-essays-om-kristendemokrati-001.pdf
A Handbook for Graduate Mentees 2011 12 ucrmentors
This Chinese proverb suggests that a single insightful conversation with a wise teacher can provide more valuable learning than ten years of independent study. It emphasizes the importance of developing mentoring relationships and learning from those with experience and expertise in one's field of study.
A Handbook for Graduate Mentees 2011 12 ucrmentors
What you need from your mentor
Feedback: How and when you will receive feedback
Meetings: How often you will meet and for how long
Authorship: Expectations for collaborative work
Timelines: For degree completion and projects
Support: What kind of support your mentor can provide
Professional Development: Conferences, workshops, etc.
While mentors are not expected to be available 24/7, they should be accessible on a regular
basis. Discuss how you can best reach them - by email, phone, or in person. Also discuss
how far in advance you should schedule meetings. Clarifying expectations up front helps
prevent misunderstandings down the road.
How
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
This lecture discusses the relationship between politics and power. It defines power as the ability to achieve desired outcomes or influence the behavior of others according to one's own purposes. Throughout history, power has been viewed both positively and negatively. Power is positive when it empowers individuals, but negative when it involves domination over others. While power involves the ability to force one's will on others against their consent, authority requires legitimacy and voluntary compliance. The lecture explores different conceptions of power and the distinction between power and authority.
The document defines the key elements of the state as population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from society, nation, and government. The state is defined as a permanent political organization that exists independently within a fixed territory and exercises sovereignty, while government refers specifically to the ruling administration through which the state functions. Society predates the state and is broader than the state, while nation refers more to a cultural or ethnic identity than a legal-political entity. The branches of government - the legislature, executive, and judiciary - are also summarized, along with some of their core powers and functions.
This document compares and contrasts parliamentary and presidential systems of government. In a parliamentary system, the legislature controls the executive branch, with the prime minister chosen from parliament. By contrast, in a presidential system the executive and legislative branches are separate, with citizens electing each independently and providing checks on each other's power.
The document discusses the concept of sovereignty from various perspectives. It begins with definitions from early theorists like Jean Bodin and explores different types of sovereignty such as titular vs actual. It then analyzes attributes of sovereignty like permanence and indivisibility. The document also covers criticism of theories from thinkers like Austin and examines the Islamic concept of sovereignty, noting attributes like universality and absolutism. It concludes by arguing that while a democratic entitlement is superficially attractive, it could endanger peace and security.
The document discusses the future of Myanmar and the role of its military. It covers several topics:
1. The history of Myanmar's political system, shifting from parliamentary democracy to military dictatorship to the current transition period.
2. The relationship between the military and political systems in Myanmar and other countries. In Myanmar currently the military still maintains significant political power through reserved positions and control of key ministries.
3. The challenges Myanmar faces in transitioning to a stable democratic system, including issues of legitimacy for the government, militant culture within the military, poverty, and power struggles during the transition period.
4. The roles and influences of the military within Myanmar and other countries,
This document outlines and defines several major political ideologies of the 20th and 21st centuries including capitalism, communism, and democracy. It provides brief descriptions of each ideology sourced from Wikipedia and other references, often including an image to represent the ideology. The document aims to concisely define major ideologies through short summaries and related images.
The document discusses strategic choice and management in the public sector. It provides an overview of strategy alternatives, types of strategies, and frameworks for strategic decision making. The key points are:
1) Strategic choice involves selecting from alternative strategies to best meet organizational objectives, such as growth, stability, or retrenchment strategies.
2) Osborne and Plastrik's framework outlines five public sector strategies - core, consequences, control, culture, and customer - to clarify purpose, incentivize performance, shift decision-making power, change culture, and increase accountability.
3) SWOT analysis and identifying critical success factors related to industry, environment, strategy, and internal forces can help evaluate alternatives and make
The document discusses different models of representation and electoral systems. It describes trustee and delegate models of representation, where representatives have differing levels of autonomy from their constituents. It also outlines different voting systems like plurality/majority, proportional representation, and mixed systems. It analyzes advantages and disadvantages of these systems in terms of proportionality, strong government, and other factors. Finally, it discusses models of voting behavior like party identification, rational choice, sociological, and dominant ideology perspectives.
1. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx which views class struggle and economic determinism as driving historical change.
2. Marx argued that capitalism exploits and alienates the working class, and will inevitably be overthrown and replaced by a socialist system and eventually a communist society with common ownership.
3. Neo-Marxism built upon Marx's ideas of how economic forces influence society and class relations but placed more emphasis on other forms of social oppression and modes of analysis beyond economic determinism alone.
this ppt describes different froms of government based on power and authority distribution, the merits and demerits of each form of government are also given. for further educative ppt do comment and if time allow i will surely help you in making your ppt.
This document provides an overview of an introductory politics course being offered at ADA University in Fall 2015. It discusses different approaches to defining politics, including viewing it as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, or the distribution of power and resources. It also outlines different approaches to studying politics, such as philosophical, empirical, behavioral, and critical approaches. Finally, it notes how globalization has expanded the scope of political activity beyond domestic realms.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN INDONESIA AFTER
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAW NO. 22 OF 1999
(FROM AUTHORITATIVE TO DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENTAL REGIME)
Submitted as Prerequisite for "Introduction to International Cooperation Law" Course
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
(DICOS, 300202040)
National power is a key component of international politics and refers to a nation's ability to secure its national interests and objectives. It involves the capacity to use force or the threat of force over other nations. National power is a combination of military power, economic power, and psychological power. It is derived from various elements including a nation's geography, natural resources, population, economic development, technology, military capabilities, and other factors. Nations can exercise national power through methods like persuasion, reward, punishment, manipulation, and force in their interactions with other countries.
This presentation discusses bureaucracy in Bangladesh. It covers:
1) An introduction to bureaucracy including its definition and characteristics according to Max Weber.
2) Bangladesh's bureaucratic system which was inherited from British colonial rule and continues to have over 1 million civil servants across various ministries and departments.
3) The roles of bureaucracy in Bangladesh including determining policy, implementing legislation, and development works.
4) Both the merits of bureaucracy such as bringing discipline and modern perspectives, and the demerits like delays and developing a superiority complex.
The document discusses several key concepts and theories in public administration, including:
- Bureaucracy theory, which analyzes public administration by distinguishing between political and administrative acts.
- Traditional management theory, which was initially informed by scientific management theory and focuses on directing ongoing organizational activities.
- Control of bureaucracy theory, which examines issues of compliance and responsiveness in public administration.
- Theories of client responsiveness, which assume public agencies are established to serve clients and that bureaucrats prioritize responding to client needs over political directives.
- Agency theory, which posits a dynamic interaction between political principals and bureaucratic agents, with agencies having informational and expertise advantages.
The document discusses the contemporary crisis of legitimacy in legislation. It argues that a legitimacy crisis occurs when a government is unable to fulfill basic needs or exploits its people. In India specifically, there is a lack of respect for law due to widespread corruption. Politicians abuse power and prioritize group interests and inequity over equal distribution of resources. Other issues contributing to the legitimacy crisis include uneducated leaders, scandals, the involvement of criminals in politics, black money, and conflicts between different levels of government. The crisis represents an inability to envision and build the future.
Presentation to the Nordic Young Christian Democrats (KDUN) in Oslo, October 5th 2013. - I was challenged to share my reflections on Christian Democracy and Conservatism, two ideologies that form idea basis for many of the most dominant political parties in Europe. More on the same subject can be found in this booklet where I contributed with an essay about the development of Christian Democracy in Europe and the Nordics (primarily Norway and Sweden): www.civita.no/assets/2011/04/pdf-100-Tre-essays-om-kristendemokrati-001.pdf
A Handbook for Graduate Mentees 2011 12 ucrmentors
This Chinese proverb suggests that a single insightful conversation with a wise teacher can provide more valuable learning than ten years of independent study. It emphasizes the importance of developing mentoring relationships and learning from those with experience and expertise in one's field of study.
A Handbook for Graduate Mentees 2011 12 ucrmentors
What you need from your mentor
Feedback: How and when you will receive feedback
Meetings: How often you will meet and for how long
Authorship: Expectations for collaborative work
Timelines: For degree completion and projects
Support: What kind of support your mentor can provide
Professional Development: Conferences, workshops, etc.
While mentors are not expected to be available 24/7, they should be accessible on a regular
basis. Discuss how you can best reach them - by email, phone, or in person. Also discuss
how far in advance you should schedule meetings. Clarifying expectations up front helps
prevent misunderstandings down the road.
How
Evaluation of the Focused Reading Intervention Program for Middle.pdfReynaldo Calo
This summary evaluates the Focused Reading Intervention Program for middle school struggling readers. The study used a mixed methods approach with quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitatively, pre- and post-test scores were analyzed using t-tests and showed statistically significant improvements in reading for both 7th and 8th graders in the program. Qualitatively, interviews and surveys revealed the program was implemented with fidelity. Themes around flexibility, peer learning, and improved learning and behavior emerged. Strengths included attendance, scheduling, and engagement. Challenges were around support, resources, time, and professional development. Overall, the study found the intervention effective in improving reading performance for middle school students.
Cherishing the Advancement of Research and Extension towards SUC level 5.docxAnnaCris6
The document summarizes the closing remarks for an in-house review at a university to recognize efforts in research and extension and attain the university's level 5 status. It congratulates presenters and acknowledges the work of committees, deans, directors, and an esteemed panel of evaluators who helped realize the goal of advancing research quality and standards. It expresses gratitude to leadership like the president, vice president for research and extension, and director of the office of research services for supporting the university's research mission and vision.
Evaluation of Reading Intervention Programs for Students with Dis.pdfReynaldo Calo
This program evaluation examines the delivery model for reading intervention services provided to students with disabilities (SWD) in grades 4-5 at ABC Elementary School. The current model, where SWD receive 30 minutes of intervention support twice a week from their general education teacher, is not effectively meeting the needs of SWD as evidenced by achievement gap data. The purpose is to identify an intervention delivery model that provides successful support in reading for SWD. The evaluation will analyze survey and interview data from teachers on the current model and examine student achievement data to determine effective strategies to close the reading proficiency gap for SWD.
A Chinese proverb states that a single conversation with a wise teacher is better than ten years of study. The proverb emphasizes the value of learning from a mentor over a long period of self-study, suggesting that meaningful guidance from an experienced person can be profoundly helpful in developing knowledge and skills.
This document provides an overview of Woodbury University's progress and achievements in 2014, as outlined in the President's annual report. It discusses how Woodbury has grown its reputation through rankings and recognition, increased graduation rates and post-graduation employment, and implemented its strategic plan through new academic programs and the Woodbury Integrated Student Experience. The President announces he will be stepping down in June 2015 after helping build Woodbury's capacity and lay the groundwork for future growth. The report also highlights contributions from alumni that help fund Woodbury's vision.
The Role of Social Media in Sustainability Oriented Practices - MBA Managemen...Fahad Ramzan
The Role of Social Media in Sustainability Oriented Practices - MBA Management Project Report 2013
Presented By: Fahad Ramzan
https://www.facebook.com/Fahad.R.Rehmani
pk.linkedin.com/in/fahadramzan/
https://twitter.com/FRamzan
This document provides information about the Leadership Alliance National Symposium taking place from July 26-28, 2013 at the Hilton Stamford Hotel & Executive Meeting Center. The theme of the symposium is "Cultivating Excellence and Empowering Great Minds". It will feature presentations, panels, and networking opportunities for students, faculty, administrators, and guests. The Leadership Alliance is a consortium of colleges and universities dedicated to developing underrepresented students into leaders in academia, business, and public service.
The document is the annual report from the University Students' Council (USC) of Western University. It provides:
1) A message from the USC President/CEO highlighting the USC's commitment to strategic planning, values, accountability, and stakeholder engagement as outlined in their 2012 Long Term Plan.
2) An overview of the USC's mission, vision, pillars of principle, and executive council members.
3) An executive summary of the USC's successes over the past year, including overhauling their governance structure, record sales in food and beverage, and renovating their conference center. It also discusses creating a new Creative Services Department to streamline design and printing services for
This document contains best practices for student services at Whatcom Community College. It includes sections on various topics such as the 5 steps for a student's first day, access and disability services, advisor training, closing the opportunity gap, and ending events with appreciations. The sections provide details on practices and programs to support students and promote their success.
Employee dissatisfaction on organizational performanceZakariaHashi1
The document discusses employee dissatisfaction and its effect on organizational performance. It provides background on studies that have found high levels of employee job dissatisfaction globally and in various industries. Employee dissatisfaction can arise from issues not addressed by management or unfavorable management practices. Dissatisfied employees may leave their jobs, or stay but perform poorly, negatively impacting organizational performance if the causes of their dissatisfaction are not understood and resolved by management.
The document discusses employee dissatisfaction and its effect on organizational performance. It provides background on studies that have found high levels of employee job dissatisfaction globally and in various industries. Employee dissatisfaction can arise from issues not addressed by management or unfavorable management practices. Dissatisfied employees may leave their jobs, or stay but perform poorly, negatively impacting organizational performance if the causes of their dissatisfaction are not understood and resolved by management.
Improving Child learning through a home tutoring app.pdfSandrawaniwroth
The project highlights the importance of home tutoring systems and how they can help in reducing illiteracy levels in the world today especially in times of crisis like the covid_19 pandemic . It further shows that education doesn't have to stop because f such crisis's it can always continue anytime and anywhere
Factors Influencing the Choice of Business Education in Bangladesh..pdfShamim Rana
This research report examines the factors influencing students' choice of business education in Bangladesh. The introduction provides background on the growth of business education in Bangladesh and outlines the research objectives of identifying the key motivational factors, influences on choices, future career plans and challenges transitioning to business education. The literature review finds motivation is influenced by various factors like job security, salary, career opportunities and parental influence. Student choices are impacted by academic reputation, quality of education and scholarships. Challenges include socio-economic barriers and limited support for entrepreneurship. The methodology section describes the use of primary survey data from 100 business students and secondary sources to analyze factors quantitatively.
Capstone Management Consulting provides business consulting services to clients through the COMM 448 class at the University of Saskatchewan's Edwards School of Business. The annual report summarizes Capstone's operations for 2014-2015, including messages of support from the Dean and CEO, the board of directors, financial statements, list of clients, and profiles of past student consultants. Capstone aims to provide hands-on consulting experience for students while offering valuable services to clients.
Teacher Leadership Vision StatementDear (Tina),In order t.docxmattinsonjanel
Teacher Leadership Vision Statement
Dear (Tina),
In order to further develop a community, much more a learning environment for children, one must be able to go beyond the ordinary. Teachers are made not only to teach but to lead as well. To make these teachers effective leaders, we ask the support of our colleagues, the school administration, our students and their parents, and most importantly, our stakeholders. On our end, we will do our best to maximize all our resources and services and capitalize on our strengths and assets in order to fulfill our roles as teachers, as well as to deliver to the school administration as well as to our dear stakeholders. You, as a stakeholder, have been identified as a credible partner of our organization in enriching children’s lives and furthering young skills and talents. As a stakeholder, we value your input in improving our services since the success of this process depends on your involvement at that of our other stakeholders’. As a partner working towards the betterment of our institution, together we must achieve the following:
· An enriching environment for learners to nurture their skills and further their development.
· A community of teachers and learners working towards one goal and reaching it through productive and plausible means.
· To lead with pride and purpose in order to encompass all forms of student development and improve student learning.
· A community where equality is valued; where one’s opportunities are not determined by his/her social status in life nor his/her physical condition.
· A community where one’s skills and talented can be nurtured and maximized to its full potential. I aim to discredit the notion that a student’s success is driven by his/her background, I want to be able to change that and support everyone regardless of his/her social background and status in life. One’s success should depend on the student’s willingness to learn and hone his/her skills, on the student’s determination to get the job done as excellently as possible, and on the student’s overall performance.
· A learning community where excellent ideas and strategies are exchanged between students and teachers, where problems are being solved collaboratively through consultations with expert colleagues.
· To inculcate values of optimism, collaboration, and innovation in our daily activities and work ethic to better inspire colleagues and students to work just the same.
· An education system where collaboration and freedom of professional inquiry are promoted; this will not all be of help to the students but to my colleagues as well.
· Lastly, I envision a life-giving learning community rooted in our core values of passion, equality, and determination guided by the mission to bring out each child’s potential.
All of these will be made possible if accompanied by unyielding support and active participation from the school administration, fellow teachers, students, as well as their parents. It is m ...
Determinants of Bank Profitability in Bangladesh Md. Ali Ridwan
This paper intends to investigate the various bank-specific and macroeconomic forces that play a
major role in the profitability of banks in Bangladesh. The paper considers liquidity,
capitalization, size, credit risk, and inflation as forces behind bank profitability and examines to
what extent do these things affect the profitability of a bank. Data of 5 private commercial banks
during the period of 2013-2017 was used and analyzed in order to generate results.
This paper also acknowledges the fact that the study has limitations. Since it is only conducted on
5 Private Commercial Banks, the study may not represent the most accurate picture of the banking industry.
Paulo Freire discusses the role of a mentor. He believes the fundamental task of a mentor is liberating students by helping them become the owners of their own history and goals, rather than reproducing the mentor's goals in the students. An effective mentor transcends merely instructive tasks and assumes an ethical role of believing in students' total autonomy, freedom, and development. The mentor's role is to give students the possibility of owning their own path, not dictate the path for them.
Similar to The effect of corruption on government institutions. (20)
Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance36 Crypto
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcriptynfqplhm
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strate...
The effect of corruption on government institutions.
1. THE EFFECT OF CORRUPTION ON GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS IN
MOGADISHU-SOMALIA: A CASE STUDY FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
BY
ABDUWALI MOHAMED SALAD
ABDULKADIR WARSAME HASSAN
THIS IS A THESIS BOOK SUBMITTED IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE
REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR DEGREE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
AT BENADIR UNIVERSITY.
Mogadishu-Somalia
JULY
2019
3. iii
EXAMNING PANEL APPROVAL
This senior project entitled "The effect of corruption on Government institutions case study
Federal institutions" prepared and submitted by: Abduwali Mohamed Salad and Abdulkadir
Warsame Hassan.
A project is submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor degree
of Economic has been examined and accepted by examining panel.
Name and Signature of Chairman of Examining Panel
_________________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Panelist
_________________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Dean Faculty of Economic and Management
______________________________________
Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Dahir (Ahmed Tall)
Date: _________ /______ / _________
Academic Year 2018–2019
4. iv
DECLARATION (A)
We are hereby declare that this graduation project is from own work and effort, and that has not
been submitted anywhere for any award. All other sources of information used have been
acknowledged.
Name of the Candidate: Abduwali Mohamed Salad
Signature: _________________________
Date: / / 2019
Name of the Candidate: Abdulkadir Warsame Hassan
Signature: _________________________
Date: / / 2019
5. v
DECLARATION (B)
We confirm that, the graduation project the effect of corruption on government institutions carried
out prepared under our direct Supervision. We hereby also confirm that graduation project was
conducted in accordance with degree regulations and University Project Manual (RPM)
Name of the Supervisor
Mr. Said Gure Osman
Signature: _________________________
Date: / / 2019
6. vi
DEDICATION
To our divinely Parents
We dedicate this thesis to our loved parents who have always taught us to trust in Allah, believe
in hard work that so much could be done with little.
To our respected teachers
Teachers are always a great source of inspiration and motivation for us. Our teachers remained a
beacon of light for us. They are sincere guidance and prudent leadership guide our way clearly not
only to excel in achieving this dissertation but also a definite direction for a professional career
too.
To our sweet friends
Our friends mean the world to us. We are proud to mention their cooperation, collaboration, and
teamwork. We would not be able to achieve this target easily. We are thankful to all for their
support and encouragement during the time we needed them most.
7. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, thanks to ALLAH S.W.T by begin and end, who allowed for us to prepare and write
this book.
Secondly, we thank to our faculty, Faculty Economics and Management Science specially the dean
of the faculty Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Dahir and whole teachers who learnt and encourage for us
to prepare and write this book.
Thirdly, we also thank our dear lecturer Said Gure Osman.
Lecturer Gure was always happy and willing to help us solving the confusions and direct us
approach the final result of the thesis book.
On top of that, lecturer Gure is an easy-going and open-minded person, whom is also a good friend
to us. Without his encouragement we will not finish this final work in our thesis book.
Thank you very much Gure.
Lastly, we are fully indebted to our friends for their moral, spiritual and financial support during
our period study. Without continued support, this may have not been achieved. Our love for them
endures of a life time.
Special thanks must also be extended to our classmates who have provided valuable expertise and
assistance.
8. viii
Table of Contents
TITLE ...........................................................................................................................................................i
COPYRIGHT..............................................................................................................................................ii
EXAMNING PANEL APPROVAL .........................................................................................................iii
DECLARATION (A).................................................................................................................................iv
DECLARATION (B) ..................................................................................................................................v
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION......................................................................................................................xi
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE .........................................................................................................................................1
1.0 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study .........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem........................................................................................................................4
1.3 Purpose of the study................................................................................................................................5
1.4 Specific Objectives .................................................................................................................................5
1.5 Research Questions.................................................................................................................................5
1.6 Hypothesis...............................................................................................................................................5
1.7 Scope of the study...................................................................................................................................6
1.8 Significance of the study.........................................................................................................................6
1.9 Operation and Definition of key terms ...................................................................................................7
1.10 Conceptual frame work.........................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................9
2.0 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................9
2.1 The impact of corruption on the judicial system.....................................................................................9
2.1.1 Poverty...............................................................................................................................................11
2.1.2 Unemployment...................................................................................................................................12
2.1.3 Retarded Business..............................................................................................................................12
2.1.4 National Insecurity.............................................................................................................................12
2.1.5 Government Instability ......................................................................................................................13
2.1.6 Theft of government financial resources............................................................................................13
2.2 The impact of corruption on the Police and security forces..................................................................14
2.3 The influence of corruption on the tax authority ..................................................................................16
9. ix
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................................22
3.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................22
3.1 Research Design....................................................................................................................................22
3.2 Research Population..............................................................................................................................22
3.3 Sample Size...........................................................................................................................................22
3.4 Sampling Procedure..............................................................................................................................23
3.5 Research Instruments............................................................................................................................24
3.6 Validity and reliability of the instrument..............................................................................................24
3.7 Data Gathering Procedures ...................................................................................................................26
3.8 Data Analysis........................................................................................................................................26
3.9 Ethical Considerations ..........................................................................................................................27
3.10 Limitations of the Study......................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................28
4.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................28
4.1 Demographic information of the respondents.......................................................................................28
4.1.1 Gender of the respodents...................................................................................................................28
4.1.2 Age of the respodents........................................................................................................................28
4.1.3 Marital status......................................................................................................................................29
4.1.4 Educational Level ..............................................................................................................................30
4.1.5 Occupation of the respondents..........................................................................................................30
4.1.6 There is a mass corruption in the Somali judicial system..................................................................31
4.1.7 Judiciary serves those who grease their palms instead of serving the ...............................................32
4.1.8 Judiciary is the most corrupted sector of all government institution .................................................32
4.1.9 Corruption has a grave impact on the decisions of judiciary.............................................................33
4.1.10 Corruption in the judiciary led current justice crisis in our country. ...............................................34
4.1.11 Because of corruption in police department, police are incapable of managing security................34
4.1.12 People have accustomed (adapted) to the corruption in the police department...............................35
4.1.13 Corruption in the police department caused that criminals are to be released from jails.................36
4.1.14 Corruption in police brought about the people does not complain to them. ....................................36
4.1.15 Corruption in police brought about distrust from the population towards the police. .....................37
4.1.16 Tax income is not directed to the government office concerned because of corruption..................38
4.1.17 Some people are exempted from tax................................................................................................38
4.1.18 There is no right tax collection because of corruption.....................................................................39
4.1.19 Tax authority is the most corrupted departments.............................................................................40
4.1.20 Tax collectors’ authorities facilitate corruption. ..............................................................................41
10. x
4.2 Discussion of the findings.....................................................................................................................42
4.2.1 Characteristics of the Research Respondents.....................................................................................42
4.2.2 Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................42
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................................46
5.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................46
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................46
5.3 Recommendations.................................................................................................................................47
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................49
APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................51
11. xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
GPD: Gross Domestic Product
DFIP: Department for International Development
EFCC: Economic and Financial Crime Commission
SSS: State Security Service
TI: Transparency International
UNCAC: United Nation Convention Against Corruption
NBS: National Bureau of Statistics
EACC: Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
TIK: Transparency International Kenya
IPOA: Independent Police Oversight Authority
NPSC: National Police Service Commission
NTSA: National Transport and Safety Security
VAT: Value Added Tax
MOF: Ministry of Finance
CVI: Content Validity Index
CHDR: Collage of Higher Degrees and Research
12. xii
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study examined the impact of corruption on Government institutions in
Mogadishu, Somalia. This study was conducted quantitatively through descriptive research design;
target population of 80 participants was adopted, and sample size of 67 respondents selected from
target population using Slovene’s equation. The data collected from Mogadishu area, using
questionnaires as a tool for data collection. The data analysis was done by using the statistical
package SPSS version 20. The researchers found that the corruption is a major problem in
Government institutions, and not only in developing countries but all around the world. It impedes
economic growth, weakens the rule of law and undermines the legitimacy of institutions. Although
it has been studied at national level from different perspectives, there is a recent growing body of
research on local corruption. As far as we know, this thesis book focused on the effect of corruption
on government institutions. The findings of the study shown in tabular and graphical forms, shows
that the most of the participants 58.2% were male, 41.8% were female. Therefore, the majority of
the voters were male. The above table and below chart indicate that age of the most participants
59.7% were aged between 20-30 years, while 34.3% were aged between 30-40 years, 6.0% were
aged more than 40. This indicates that the most participants of the questionnaires were aged
between 20-30 years. The above table and below chart indicate that the majority of the participants
67.2% were single, whereas 32.8% were married. The above table and below chart indicate that
the majority of the votes 52.2% were Bachelor, 22.4% of them are Secondary, 14.9% of them are
Master, while 10.4% of them are Others. The table above and chart below indicates that 62.1%%
were operational staff, 17.9% were senior management, 20.9% were Chief Office.
13. 1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
This chapter consists of ten points: it presents background of the study, explains the problem
statement, purpose of the study, specific objectives, research questions, hypothesis indicates the
scope of the study, highlights significance of the study, Operations and definition terms and views
conceptual framework.
1.1 Background of the study
As early as 1960s various schools of thought had attempted to explain the precise effect of
corruption on people’s well-being. The classical school viewed corruption as an instrument for
tackling problems in service delivery occasioned by the existence of cumbersome regulations,
excessive bureaucracy or market restrictions. However, they went further to note that even in cases
where corruption can be perceived to be good for the economy, certain negative externalities
remained. While underscoring the existence of these externalities, this school of thought did not
evaluate the influences of corruption on the economy especially, those economies which had
undertaken aggressive reforms and removed bureaucracies and cumbersome regulations. These
were the main arguments that informed the general understanding that reforms are better for the
economy. Most governments have, therefore, in the last decade pursued aggressive public sector
reforms as a means of tackling corruption (Chetwynd et al, 2003). (Elisabeth Nduku, 2014,
Corruption in Africa: A Threat to Justice and Sustainable Peace)
Conceptually, it is believed that higher levels of globalization lead to reduced levels of corruption.
As pointed out some experts growing interdependence amongst states, both politically through
international organizations and socially through media should have an impact on spreading better
quality of governments and anticorruption norms. Some empirical studies by many scholars found
that this relationship to be true. The studies made in many parts of the world about corruption,
found that the lower the degree of integration in the world economy, the higher the levels of
corruption. This relationship in countries of low income, in a study that uses cross-sectional data
for 127 countries from the year 2006, no linear relationship is found between corruption and
14. 2
globalization for poor countries. However, when using an unbalanced panel of 102 countries over
the period 1995–2005, another study found that globalization was in fact the only variable which
can reduce corruption particularly in developing countries. Corruption is worse than prostitution.
The prostitution might endanger the morals of only one person; but the corruption may be
invariably deteriorates the moral of an entire country. (Dimant & Tosato, 2017)
Corruption is worse than prostitution. The latter might endanger the morals of an individual; the
former invariably endangers the morals of an entire country. Corruption is presently one of the
major problems facing the human race. In the whole world corruption is increasingly being seen
as a threat to human existence to the extent that some commentators have called for it to be
recognized as a ‘crime against humanity. Indeed, corruption has been identified as the main
obstacles to the realization of good governance, sustainable development and future development
goals. It has monumental effects on the political, economic, social and cultural well-being of
societies. In Africa, for instance, the Commission for Africa identified corruption as a central
concern which negatively affects governance and development on the continent. (Elisabeth Nduku,
2014, Corruption in Africa A Threat to Justice and Sustainable Peace).
Some commentators and practitioners have long considered corruption a ‘victimless’ crime that
affected no particular individual. This view has, however, changed the following empirical and
non-empirical studies on the relationship between corruption and economic and human
development. Corruption affects investments, increases and distorts the allocation of resources and
expenditure on basic needs such as infrastructure, education and health care. In addition to that it
reduces productivity of public investment and infrastructure through misallocation of talent and
other resources. It also undermines good governance, democracy and a country’s competitiveness
and revenue base.(Elisabeth Nduku, 2014)
According to Dreher and Herzfeld, the effect of corruption on Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
growth is so huge such that ‘an increase of corruption by about one index point reduces GDP
growth by 0.13 percentage points and GDP per capita by US$ 425. In Africa, the African
Development Bank estimates that the continent losses in excess of US$300 billion annually
through corruption, an amount that is 25% of its GDP and higher than donor and aid inflows.
Corruption is the most neglected human rights violation of our time. It fuels injustice, inequality
and deprivation, and is a major catalyst for migration and terrorism in developing countries.
15. 3
‘Corruption undermines economic performance, weakens democratic institutions and the rule of
law, disrupts social order and destroys public trust, thus allowing organized crime, terrorism and
other threats to human security to flourish and it is always the public good that suffers.’ (Kofi
Annan)
Many African countries in the Continent, the social and political consequences of corruption rob
nations of resources and potential, drive and flourish inequality, resentment and radicalization and
insecurity. Corruption cheats the continent’s governments of some US$50-billion annually, and
stymies and perplexes successful cities, sustainable economies and safe societies. This corruption
discourages donors and destroys investor confidence, suffocate and hold back the development,
progress, and prosperity of many states. Added to that, across the continent, socio-political
dissatisfaction at corruption provides fertile ground for radicalization, and some extremist
organizations are adept at portraying Islamism as the solution to such injustice. For example,
corruption stimulates recruitment of many young teenage of ours and other African population into
the ranks of extremist lines in the continent. In a recent study, 70% of those who are interviewed
in the state of Sokoto in Nigeria cited corruption as a factor driving radicalization. There are some
encouraging signs on the continent. When leaders from some African countries as Kenya, Rwanda,
Nigeria, and Tanzania highlight corruption as a major threat to their countries and the continent as
a whole, then we might just be seeing this will finalize the days of impunity if that leaders realize
their dream. And the test now is whether they deliver on these fresh anti-corruption promises into
a credible way that take account of human rights. (Corruption Watch 10 Oct 2016).
The root causes of corruption vary from place to place depending on the political, social, economic
and cultural circumstances. In Africa, some of the identifiable causes of corruption include the
negative colonial legacy, poor leadership, politics of the belly, omnipotent state, greed and
selfishness, clientelism and patronage, nepotism, absence of popular participation of the public
affairs in government, weak institutions of governance, lack of accountability and transparency,
lack of political will, weak ethical values, centralist nature of the state and concentration of state
power, weak judicial system and constant insecurity and conflicts. Political clientelism in politics
is the asymmetric relationships between groups of political actors described as patrons, brokers
and clients. “Without doubt, corruption has permeated the African society and anyone who can
16. 4
say that corruption in Africa has not become alarming is either a fool, a crook or else does not live
in this continent.” (Chinua Achebe).
Somalia ranks among the world’s most corrupted countries. Insecurity is also a major issue that
we feel and see every day in our cities; and the ongoing instability greatly restricts and discourages
to make business activities. Corrupt government officials tolerate illegal activities in return for
bribes. Dysfunctional institutions facilitate an environment of lawlessness, and the absence of any
form of regulatory framework that hinders prospects of economic competitiveness. Business is
based on patronage networks, and tight monopolies which dominate the market.
Somalia’s Provisional Constitution criminalizes the total forms of corruption (including abuse of
office, embezzlement of public funds and property and bribery); but no implementation of the
legal departments which enforce the law against corruption and bring the criminals in front of
courts of the law to be sentenced. The governing elite are continuously involved in allegations
of embezzlement of public funds from the meager tax revenue that contributed by the Somalia tax
payers to the state treasury. (Business-anti-corruption May 2016)
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Corruption is a global misconduct in which many officials across the world get involved. Without
corruption, the earth would be a better place to live with so much harmony and equality where a
public asset was utilized legally without embezzlement. Often officials use public property as
though it was their own and not consider the trust they were given. With the right personnel, people
would live in a greener land with so much prosperity in it.
Now every year a lot of corrupt practices are reported by the institutions concerned in many
different parts of the world with so much emphasis on African and Latin America. Corruption is
the root cause of many problems reported. For instance, corruption leads to insecurity when the
institutions concerned accept bribery. Furthermore, security threats resulted by insecurity leads to
political instability where with much chaos. In addition to the above points, corruption results in
unemployment, poverty and incredibility. In that case, People usually do not give their trust to the
government institutions.
In our point of view, corruption can either be reduced or totally eliminated acting on the following
steps. First of all, Good governance is the key role which leads to justice for all. Second, Warnings
17. 5
issued by those caught committing corruption. Lastly, Constant observation of offices made by
trustworthy elites entrusted and assigned to take anti-corrupt actions against those who found to
be involved public power abuse.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The general purpose of the research is to study the impact of corruption on Government
institutions; since this topic is broader, we focus only: Judicial system, Police, and Tax Authority.
1.4 Specific Objectives
• To examine the impact of corruption on the judicial system in Mogadishu -Somalia.
• To determine the impact of corruption on the Police and security forces in Mogadishu -
Somalia.
• To assess the influence of corruption on the tax authority in Mogadishu -Somalia.
1.5 Research Questions
• What is the impact of corruption on the judicial system in Mogadishu -Somalia?
• What are the impacts of corruption on the Police and security forces in Mogadishu -
Somalia?
• What are the influences of corruption in the tax authority in Mogadishu -Somalia?
1.6 Hypothesis
This study was guided by the following hypothesis:
• H0 bi=0 (there is no relationship between Corruption and Government institutions)
• HA bi ≠0 (there is a relationship between Corruption and Government institutions)
18. 6
1.7 Scope of the study
The Scope of the study related to establishing imaginary borders for the study in terms of time,
geography and content.
The geographical scope
This study was carried out in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Content scope
This study was searching for the effects of Corruption and Government institutions. It will
specifically focus on the impact of Corruption on the judicial system, Police, and Tax Authority.
Time scope
This study covered the period between 2018 to 2019.
1.8 Significance of the study
It goes with saying that results in this study (Corruption) have great benefits to all government
institutions such as Police and Security forces, Judicial system, and tax authority and so on. Also,
this study conducts have benefits to students, professors, and future researchers. So, this research
is beneficial to the above components in the following manner:
• Judicial system: this study can push the judicial system to re-arrange itself and serve its
people in justice-full and transparency way; if judicial system utilizes this study it may be
effective and efficient judiciary; and effective judiciary will be a powerful weapon against
corruption.
• Police: this research may also conduct benefits to the police system to know and reform its
faultlessness. Police are one of the important sectors of the government that keeps peace
and stability.
19. 7
• Tax authority: also, this study is more important to tax administration to arrange them-
selves and to fight against corruption because this sector (tax authority) is the most
susceptible part that corruption can easily be dissolved.
• Student: this research may serve as a guide and reference for the students that will be
undertaking similar studies in future.
• Professors: this research will aid them with their discussions regarding the related lessons.
It will be easier for them to tackle related topics about this research.
• Future researchers: this research will be significantly a useful reference for the
researchers who would plan to make any research study precisely the standard underlying
the bachelor of Economics and Management Science.
• To ourselves: this study is more important for ourselves to have the experience to increase
our knowledge more about corruption and its related issues. Also, this research has opened
our mind and enabled us to think generally.
1.9 Operation and Definition of key terms
Government: A group of people that govern a community or unit. It sets and administers public
policy and exercises executive, political and sovereign power through customs, institutions, and
laws within a state.
Corruption: is the misuse of public power (by elected politician or appointed civil servant) for
private gain.
Corruption is seen as a social, legal, economic and political concept. Corruption can be divided
into five groups, namely Public interest centered, Market centered, Public office centered, and
public opinion centered and legalistic. Each has its own meaning the common definition to these
parts of corruption is used to mean the “use of public office for private gain. (Corruption in Africa
A Threat to Justice and Sustainable Peace)
20. 8
Chinhamo and Shumba (2007) propose the corruption to be defined as “the abuse or complicity
(italics mine) in the abuse of private or public power, office or resources for personal gain.” The
authors stress on the participation in the abuse of entrusted power widening the scopes of
definition. (Avetisyan, 2007)
Judicial system: Branch of government whose task is the authoritative adjudication of
controversies over the application of laws in specific situations.
Police: the civil force of a state, responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and enforce
maintenance of public order and security sustainability.
Tax authority is empowered to a specific organization.
Tax authority is the only authority that managed, conducts, directs, and supervises of the execution
and application of a government’s tax revenue of a country or sate’s taxation laws and related
statutes.
1.10 Conceptual frame work
Judicial system
Police & Security Forces
Dependent
variables
Independent
variables
Tax authority
Corruption
21. 9
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction
This chapter talks about the concepts and various literature related corruption on government
institutions would help to measure Corruption on government institutions and the importance of
understanding judicial system, Police & Security force and Tax authority on Corruption.
2.1 The impact of corruption on the judicial system
According to Transparency International, corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private
gain and judicial corruption includes any inappropriate influence on the impartiality of the judicial
process by any actor within the Court system. Thus, while the Judges and Court Staff are directly
involved in the adjudication of the law, the Police, Lawyers, Prosecutors and all those involved in
cases before they actually get to Courts are equally stakeholders. For example, the Court plaintiffs
are saddled with the responsibility of enforcing court judgments after a case is closed. And so, at
any point corruption takes place along the judicial stream that is, flowing from the Police to the
plaintiff we refer to it as judicial corruption. The examples depicted by Transparency
International12 are similar to what we find in Nigeria. Example, a situation where a Judge allows
or excludes evidence with the aim of justifying the acquittal of a guilty defendant on a high political
or social status is similar to what took place in the famous James Ibori's case in Nigeria. It is on
record that the Federal High Court sitting in Asaba acquitted Ibori of all 170 charges of corruption
brought against him. However, upon intense investigation of his case by the Department for
International Development (DFID) alongside Nigeria’s anti-corruption unit and the Economic and
Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the same man pleaded guilty at Southwark Crown Court
sitting in London, to 10 counts of money laundering and conspiracy to defraud. One wonders what
made the Court discharge Ibori at the High Court when the EFCC at the time, tendered evidence
backing up the charges of theft of public funds, abuse of office and money laundering. Your guess
is as good as mine. Another instance easily comes to mind. The National Judicial Council late last
year had, after its 82nd meeting, recalled six Judges from the Abuja Division of the Federal High
Court. Some of the Judges were suspended after a search was carried out at their residences by the
State Security Services (SSS) on October 7, 2016. And three of the Judges were arraigned for
22. 10
alleged corruption. Even though these Judges were later recalled, it does not wipe the taint of
corruption absolutely. (NNENNA JOY EBOH, 14th December2005)
We also have instances where judges may inaccurately summarize Court proceedings or distort
witness testimony before delivering a verdict that has been purchased by one of the parties in the
case. There have been cases too where parties preferred the ruling of a particular Court or Judge
to that of another. It is said that one always prefers the one who listens to him. Cases where junior
Court personnel lose files are rampant. Practicing lawyers cannot narrate enough what they go
through every day in Courts. One files a document today, the next day; it is not in the record books
of the Court and so on and so forth. Judicial corruption is the Nigeria Police. Police officers may
manipulate a case in favor of the highest bidder. This is what Transparency International refers to
as a case being corrupted before it gets to Court. The Police can tamper with evidence in support
of criminal indictment. This paper further agrees that the misuse of scarce public funds allocated
to the Judicial arm of government is judicial corruption. Cases where Judges bid for contracts like
Court building, equipment and even stationery using pseudo names or their relatives is an example
of judicial corruption. Again, Transparency International (TI) has documented what it calls the
possible determinants of Judicial corruption even though it is limited to just Judges and Court. To
the extent that it applies to Nigeria and to Nigerian situation, this paper agrees that. The lower the
official salary, the higher the likelihood of corrupt behavior. The higher the complexity of the
judicial system, the higher the expected level of judicial corruption. If judicial decisions, as well
as the underlying reasoning, need to be published, expected Corruption levels are lower. The lower
the judicial system, the higher the likelihood of corruption. It appears plausible to assume. The
higher the degree of checks and balances, the lower the expected level of judicial corruption. If
anti-corruption agencies increase the likelihood of corrupt behavior being sentenced, then such
agencies will be correlated with lower degrees of corruption. Countries in which the prosecution
agencies enjoy a monopoly have a higher level of corruption. (NNENNA JOY EBOH, 14th
December 2005)
Now, by virtue of the Constitution, all judicial officers in Nigeria are public officers for the purpose
of the code of conduct. Thus, judicial officers are bound by the provisions of paragraph 6(1), Part
1 of the fifth schedule not to ask for or accept property or benefits of any kind for himself or any
other person in the discharge of his duties. More so, judicial officers swear to an oath not to allow
23. 11
personal interests influence their conduct or official decisions. Judicial officers who breach any of
these Constitutional provisions will be liable to punishment for judicial misconduct. Acts of
judicial misconduct involve corruption and corrupt practices which in turn challenge the rule of
law and the independence of the Judiciary. Internationally, the United Nations Convention against
Corruption (UNCAC) is the only legally binding universal anti-corruption instrument. The
Convention covers five main areas including criminalization and law enforcement and asset
recovery. The Convention covers many different forms of corruption, such as bribery, trading in
influence, abuse of functions, and various acts of corruption in the private sector. A highlight of
the Convention is the inclusion of a specific chapter on asset recovery, aimed at returning assets
to their rightful owners, including countries from which they had been taken illicitly. The vast
majority of United Nations Member States are parties to the Convention. (NNENNA JOY EBOH,
14th December 2005, judicial corruption as a clog on economic development in Nigeria)
2.1.1 Poverty
There is no gentle way to say it: When kleptocrats loot their nations' treasuries, steal natural
resources, and embezzle development aid, they condemn their nations' children to starvation and
disease. Nigeria has the largest economy on the African continent yet the country harbors some of
the poorest people in the world with as many as 69 percent of the population living below the
poverty line. Judicial corruption in Nigeria is one of the root causes of poverty in the nation.
Corruption is contributing to poverty in Nigeria in two main ways. The first way is by aggravating
income inequality; lower income households use a higher proportion of their income for bribes to
access basic social services, leaving them with very little disposable funds to spend on essential
goods and services. Secondly, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government to deliver
quality public services such as education, health, infrastructure, security, etc. Government
officials, through embezzlement of public funds, divert public investment away from major public
needs into capital projects that offer huge opportunities for corruption but are of little value to most
citizens. The role of judicial corruption in this instance is to aid these government officials wriggle
out of various suits against them in the Court of law, depriving citizens access to justice and better
economic life, thereby re-enforcing poverty amongst them. (NNENNA JOY EBOH, 14th
December 2005, judicial corruption as a clog on economic development in Nigeria)
24. 12
2.1.2 Unemployment
The economically active population or working age population (persons within ages 15 and 64)
increased from 108.03 million to 108.59 million, this represents a 0.5% increase over the previous
quarter and a 3.4% increase when compared 2015; In 2016, the labour force population (i.e. those
within the working age population willing, able and actively looking for work) increased to 81.15
million from 80.67 million in 2016, representing an increase of 0.6% in the labor force during the
quarter. This figure, according to this report is as a result of corruption. Again, the judiciary is a
contributory factor to this level of unemployment because where there is judicial corruption,
businessmen are scared of investments which in turn lead to reduced work force in the country.
(NNENNA JOY EBOH, 14th December2005, judicial corruption as a clog on economic
development in Nigeria)
2.1.3 Retarded Business
Judicial corruption has led to lower human capital, higher leakage through money laundering,
weak investment, poor fiscal revenue and expenditure and poor institutions. Again, this paper
points to the recent survey by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) on crime and corruption
survey in Abuja. The report’s statistics deal with impact assessment of corruption on Nigerian
businesses based on the experiences of many entrepreneurs. There was a general consensus that
corruption impedes businesses. According to the report, 71 per cent of the over 2,200 businesses
questioned said corruption was a major obstacle to their operations and about 20 percent tied it to
judicial corruption. (NNENNA JOY EBOH, 14th December2005, judicial corruption as a clog on
economic development in Nigeria)
2.1.4 National Insecurity
When crimes are not convicted as a result of corruption in the judicial system, the economy is
affected adversely. The personal interests of those involved in these corrupt practices are made to
over-ride those of the public. This undermines the capacity of the government in resource
allocation and service delivery. This in turn brings frustration and deprivation to the citizens and
25. 13
ultimately leads to all manner of agitations amongst the citizenry. The issue of national security or
insecurity goes to the foundation of every nation. The rights of individuals are realized only in an
organized political society and the continuance of that society depends on national security for
without national security, any nation is in danger of collapse and overthrow. (NNENNA
JOY EBOH, 14th December2005, judicial corruption as a clog on economic development in
Nigeria)
2.1.5 Government Instability
In the effort to enhance governance in Nigeria and combat corruption, public agencies suffer a
crisis of credibility – they can no longer be taken seriously. The belief is widely held that they have
been politicized and that rules, where they exist, are not applied except against people who are not
in the good books of government.
This is closely twined with the problem of National insecurity. Poor masses constantly agitate the
failure of government to perform its own part of the social contract. Thus, the stability of such
government is jeopardized. Citizens wait anxiously for the next election season, as the case with
any democratic setting such as Nigeria, to vote out the government from power. Where
Government is unstable like this, no meaningful development or serious investments can be made.
(NNENNA JOY EBOH, 14th December2005, judicial corruption as a clog on economic
development in Nigeria)
2.1.6 Theft of government financial resources
is another form of corruption committed by officials may pocket tax revenues and other fees (often
with the collusion of the payer, in effect combining theft with bribery)Steal cash from treasures,
extend advances to themselves that are never repaid, or draw pay for fictitious “ghost” workers, a
pattern well documented in the reports of audit authorities. For example, former Philippines
president Ferdinant Morcos was accused of stealing millions of dollars, much of it in American
foreign aid. In another example in Iran-Contra affair in which profits from the sale of US
government property (antitank and antiaircraft missiles) were diverted to private arms dealers and
to counter revolutionaries in Latin America.
26. 14
For another form of corruption “Influence Peddling” when individuals with access to people in
high places are sometimes tempted to trade on the influence of high-ranking government officials.
There is money to be made through sale of access, the arrangement of contracts and timely
intervention to secure favorable disposition of regulatory decisions and government contract. The
use of these kinds of connections for personal gain is usually described as influence peddling.
Whenever there are loop wholes in a system of governments there must be chances to avail by
some people which have an access to the responsible officials in high positions and try to sell their
face to make decisions that create contracts to their friends; Robert Thobabeen (1991, p.63).
(FRUNZIK VOSKANYAN & YEREVAN, November 2000)
2.2 The impact of corruption on the Police and security forces.
Corruption is largely defined by highlighting two key elements: (1) violation of legal norms
through the abuse of authority; (2) personal profit thus acquired (Zekavica 2010). Authors agree
that it is generally difficult to define police corruption (Miller 2003; Punch 2000; New burn 1999),
as it is linked to other forms of illegal work by police officers. The wider definition of police
corruption includes dishonest, improper, immoral and criminal activities by police officers, or
behavior which deviates from basic social norms (Roebuck, Barker 1974). The narrower definition
of corruption distinguishes between corrupt activity, such as accepting bribes, and criminal actions
which are not corrupt – robbery, burglary or theft while working (Miller 2003).
According to Kutnjak-Ivković (2005: 16), police corruption is any action or failure to act (or
promise to act or to refrain from acting) by a police officer or group of police officers during their
work, the leading aim of which is to benefit personally. The main factors which constitute corrupt
activity are: (1) actions; (2) deliberate failure to act; (3) activity contrary to an assigned task; (4)
agreement between a police officer and an individual who offers something in return for a service;
(5) the moment of payment; (6) determination of potential benefits. (PREDRAG PETROVIĆ,
OCT 12, 2012)
The given definition insists that police corruption must involve police officers, while an
arrangement with an individual who is offering some benefit (who of course is not necessarily a
police officer) is not an essential element of police corruption, due to the possibility that the
arrangement is a voluntary act. The main factor in the definition is the abuse of police authority
27. 15
for personal gain. It is possible for someone to gain through a voluntary agreement with an
individual who is offering something, by a request expressly addressed to an individual who has
transgressed, through forced extortion or by threatening that some authority will be exerted in
order to obtain what is being sought. This definition sees the moment of payment as an essential
element of police corruption. There is also a strand of opinion in the literature which does not see
payment as a necessary element of corruption in the general sense, but rather sees corrupt activity
as starting at the moment a benefit is offered, regardless of whether it is realized. Police corruption
is also defined as a prohibited act, including the abuse of police authority in order to obtain real or
expected material reward or gain (Barker, Carter 1986).
According to Barker and Carter, corruption is an act: (1) which is forbidden by law, internal
regulations or ethical norms; (2) which is related to the abuse of power or of the official property
of a police officer; (3) which includes a real or expected material reward or favour in return. Police
corruption exists, then, when a police officer accepts money, some material gift or a service for
doing something he would be required to do anyway (Sherman 1974). The Interpol Group of
Experts on Corruption (IGEC) defined the term in Article 2 of their Global Standards to Combat
Corruption in Police Services (Box 5). This is a comprehensive definition which includes all actors
alike, as well as all possible forms of corrupt police practice. (PREDRAG PETROVIĆ OCT 12,
2012 CORRUPTION IN THE SECURITY SECTOR IN SERBIA)
According to Kutnjak-Ivković (2005: 64–95), there are three basic groups of causes of corrupt
activity in the police: (1) individual; (2) organizational; (3) external. An individual’s propensity
for corruption is changeable rather than static, as it can be altered by the influence of the
surroundings or the experience of a police officer. Because of this it is important to pay attention
to candidates’ past when hiring. A police officer’s propensity to corruption consists of a cost-
benefit analysis, as well as risk analysis, of carrying out corrupt activity. This assessment,
considers Kutnjak-Ivković, is influenced by the police officer’s perceptions, his superior’s
authority, possible consequences of any disciplinary action and the state and efficiency of the
judiciary. An officer’s superior has a particularly important role in combating and preventing
corruption, as his conduct can serve as an example. However, it is not sufficient for his conduct to
remain within the boundaries of moral standards, but rather he must also keep to organizational
28. 16
standards of management. (PREDRAG PETROVIĆ, OCT 12, 2012 CORRUPTION IN THE
SECURITY SECTOR IN SERBIA)
2.3 The influence of corruption on the tax authority
Corruption in a nation’s revenue service often has severe and widespread repercussions. Several
studies in developing countries have shown that, as a result of tax evasion, losing half or more of
a state’s taxable income is not unusual. In Yemen, for instance, businesses claim that paying a
bribe of 25-40%of a tax assessment can lower it by 50% (Rahman 2009). The fact that such large
amounts of a nation’s taxable revenues are unaccounted for has lasting effects since the quality of
public services is damaged as a result of the postponing or discontinuation of many growth and
reform projects. Also, the fact that the bribes only account for a fraction of what becomes a state’s
lost revenue only intensifies the impact. According to estimates, for example the Guatemalan
revenue administration saw more than two-thirds of its actual tax collections lost to tax evasion in
2003. The problem was made more complicated by the fact that tax evasion rates were not uniform
over the various revenue bases as, for instance, VAT collection had a 29% evasion rate compared
with 63% for income taxes. (For more information, see USAID (2004)). By paying bribes to public
officials with the hope of diminishing tax obligations, not only are a state’s revenue directly
affected but bribes can also have the result of reducing voluntary compliance with tax laws and
regulations. If an honest taxpayer sees that paying taxes would only further lead to inequities by
transferring tax dues to a corrupt and inefficient tax administration, he or she would rather avoid
being burdened by this competitive disadvantage and seek to either evade taxes or bribe an official
to pay less. For instance, a 1998 survey of 243 businesses in Uganda showed that the frequency of
bribe-paying increased with firm size. The burden of bribe extortion by public officials, however,
was heaviest for medium sized firms (26-75 employees). These medium-sized enterprises paid
what amounted to an average of 3.5% of their sales in bribes – comparable to 60% of what the
company actually paid in taxes. (Gauthier &Reinikka 2001))
As a consequence of rampant corruption in revenue administration more generally and the
competitive disadvantage this causes specifically, the distributive function of tax collecting is itself
undermined. Increased income inequality is inevitable as both the state’s ability to address the
problem is hindered by lower revenue and as certain groups or businesses are found to bear a
29. 17
heavier tax burden than those who evade their fiscal obligations. By driving resources from the
public purse, corruption in tax authority emphasizes the scarcities in the sector and creates
opportunities for corruption to increase throughout the public sector. Corruption in revenue
administration also leads to increased difficulties in relation to tax reform. Given their desire to
maintain their influence on the tax system, major stakeholders such as politicians and bureaucrats
may strive to maintain the status quo and avoid any calls for modernization and change. Even tax
officials themselves have been seen to be the strongest opponents to reforming a corrupt revenue
administration, as was the case in Indonesia in the early 1990s: depersonalization and
simplification of the tax system threatened the officials more than any other group as they were
the main benefactors from the systematically corrupt practices in the sector. Indonesia is not the
only example of this situation arising as several observers argue that the preservation of highly
regulated and complex revenue frameworks can frequently be attributed to the desire of tax
officials or civil servants to uphold corruption (Fjeldstad 2005)
Given the importance of taxation in state-citizen relations, it is clear that corruption would
seriously harm that relationship. Data from many national surveys show that public perception is
often negative when corruption is rife, and revenue services are no exception to this trend. As
stated above, where public trust is weakened as a result of corruption, there is a greater incentive
to either evade taxes or process fiscal obligations outside the formal sphere, by paying bribes to
officials directly with the intention of reducing fiscal obligations. Also, tax administration does
not operate in a vacuum. If citizens hold the revenue services to be corrupt, it is likely that this
would undermine government legitimacy more generally. A citizen’s disrespect for fiscal
regulations may be an opener to illicit actions in other areas – which would cumulatively lead to
further government distrust and corruption. (Fjeldstad and Tungodden (2001). (Alfred Bridi, 4th
January 2010, Corruption in Tax Administration)
In the area of public service, the incentives of being engaged in corrupt behavior are high for both
officials those who can enrich themselves by taking bribe and bribe payers who want to obtain
undue benefits such as tax evasion, winning of contracts, etc. evade taxes. The area of taxation,
regulations are often so complex that tax payers have great incentives to indulge in corruptions.
The complexity of tax system also allows officials to use their flexible powers and mount
corruption in the system. Sandmo (2004) defines the concept of tax evasion in the following
30. 18
words.” Tax evasion is a violation of the law: When the taxpayer refrains from reporting income
from labour or capital which is in principal taxable, he engages in an illegal activity that makes
him liable to administrative or legal action from the authorities”. Various studies explain that
collection of tax revenue is one of the important areas where corruption is most likely to arise
(Galtung (1995); Li (1997); Toye and Moore (1998); Tanzi (2000); Fjeldstad and Tungodden
(2003)). Some of the factors that contribute to corruption in tax system are as follows.
A complex and fragmented tax system increases the demand for corruption. Tax auditors and tax
payers get advantages through complex rule, unclear laws, regulations and procedures of tax
system. Complexity of regulation allows to the officials to use their flexible powers and mount
corruption in the system. Complexity in paying tax leads to corruption (tax payer save their time
and reduce uncertainty). Another factor that fosters corruption is high tax rates; it increases the
incentive for tax payer to evade tax. To indulge in corrupt behavior individuals compare their
benefits with the risk of detection and punishment, they engage in corrupt activities if they feel
that the expected punishment is low. Low wages of tax authority and tax payers also foster
corruption. (TAHSEEN AJAZ & EATZAZ AHMED, 30 DECEMBER 2010, THE EFFECT OF
CORRUPTION AND GOVERNANCE ON TAX REVENUES)
Over the past two decades many developing countries have implemented comprehensive reforms
of their tax authority in order to increase revenue and curb corruption. It argues that the
technocratic remedies supported by donors have underplayed the degree to which progress in tax
authority depends upon a thorough “cultural change” in the public service. The motives of
individual actors are often inextricably tied to the interests of the social groups to which they
belong. As such, people recognize the benefits of large extended families and strong kinship ties,
even as their social and economic aspirations may be indisputably modern. This implies that such
social relations may undermine formal bureaucratic structures and positions. If these problems,
which are rooted in social norms and patterns of behavior rather than in administrative features,
are overlooked, the result may be to distort incentives. As a consequence, the government’s
commitment to reforming the tax Authority may also be undermined. (FJELDSTAD ODD-
HELGE, May 2014, Corruption in tax administration Lessons from institutional reforms in
Uganda)
31. 19
In most developing countries national tax collection is carried out by line departments within the
Ministry of Finance (MoF). However, over the past two decades more than 20 developing
countries, especially in Latin America and Africa, have established revenue authorities whereby
the tax administration function is moved out of the Ministry of Finance and granted to a semi-
autonomous entity (Devas, Delay, and Hubbard 2001; Taliercio 2004). Although each country that
has established a revenue authority has done so under differing circumstances, there are some
general patterns with respect to underlying political and economic circumstances. First,
governments have been greatly dissatisfied with the performance of revenue collection, especially
in the face of fiscal deficits and expanding public expenditure needs, and with the chronic
inefficiencies of the existing tax administration arrangements placed in the Ministry of Finance
(Mann 2004). Second, perceptions of widespread corruption and tax evasion, combined with high
taxpayer compliance costs, led to calls for wholesale reform of the tax administration (Barbone,
Das-Gupta, Wulf, and Hansson 1999; Ghura 1998). Third, in some aid-dependent African
countries the shift to a semi-autonomous revenue authority model was also attractive to foreign
donors because it created opportunities for more widespread reforms of the tax administration
(Therkildsen 2004). (FJELDSTAD ODD-HELGE, May 2014, Corruption in tax administration
Lessons from institutional reforms in Uganda)
The Tax authority model is designed partly to limit direct political interference in day-to-day
operations by the Ministry of Finance and partly to free the tax administration from the constraints
of the civil service system (Devas et al. 2001; Taliercio 2002). A revenue authority is not meant to
be as autonomous as a central bank or as dependent as departments in line ministries. It is “semi-
autonomous.” But a revenue authority is meant to be quite independent of the financing and
personnel rules that govern the public sector in general. A semi-autonomous revenue authority
(SARA) can in principle recruit, retain, and promote quality staff by paying salaries above civil
service pay scales, and can also more easily dismiss staff. Such steps are expected to provide
incentives for better job performance and less corruption. Moreover, a single purpose agency is
meant to integrate tax operations and focus its efforts on collecting revenues more effectively than
is usually possible under civil service rules. Studies from a number of countries in Latin
America(Taliercio 2002, 2004; Mann 2004) and Africa (Chand and Moene 1999; Fjeldstad 2003;
Hadler 2000; Terpker 1999; Therkildsen 2004) show that the reforms appeared to be successful in
the initial years. But the initial successes were in many cases not sustained. The first years after
32. 20
the establishment of a SARA often witnessed sharp increases in revenues. Reported corruption
also seemed to decline. Thereafter, revenue enhancement stagnated and in some countries revenues
as a percentage of GDP dropped. There are also clear indications that corruption is on the rise
again in many revenue administrations, especially in Africa (Waller 2000). This pattern, initial
increases in revenue collection followed by stagnation or decline, often took place despite
continued economic growth, reforms of important tax legislation in line with “best practices” as
prescribed by the IMF, and accumulated operational experience in the new revenue
administrations. (FJELDSTAD ODD-HELGE, May 2014, Corruption in tax administration
Lessons from institutional reforms in Uganda)
Rising levels of corruption may help explain why the growth in revenue has tailed off in recent
years. But there are clearly other explanatory factors at work as well. First, tax revenue depends
on external factors over which the tax administration has no control. For instance, general
economic trends affect tax bases such as income tax, value-added-tax (VAT), and import duties.
Import restrictions and politically allocated tax exemptions for different sectors and businesses
also contribute to reducing the tax base. Furthermore, staff productivity may have changed,
possibly due to falling motivation – whether this is unrelated to, causes, or is caused by an increase
in corruption is not known. However, there are many indications that an increase in fiscal
corruption has contributed to the drop in reported revenues as percentage of GDP. Thus, a closer
look at the pattern of corruption may shed light on the development of tax revenues. Reliable
information on levels of corruption and tax evasion is obviously hard to come by. Given the
sensitive issues at stake one cannot work towards an understanding of the phenomena discussed
here by the standard methods of random sample, structured questionnaires, and formal interviews.
A combination of informal and formal methods is often required. (FJELDSTAD ODD-HELGE,
May 2014, Corruption in tax administration Lessons from institutional reforms in Uganda)
The declaration identified four main causes of poor tax authority:
• Lack of taxpaying culture among taxpayers. This was partly caused by a tax system
perceived as unfair. Relatively high rates and a complex and partly incoherent set of rules,
especially for customs and corporate taxes, resulted in large potential rewards for
taxpayers willing to bribe to cut their own tax burden and/or speed up customs clearance
of their goods.
33. 21
• Low wage levels. The poor salaries at the tax administration compared to the private sector
invited corruption. The average public employee’s salary in 1989 was about 20 percent of
the corresponding salary in the private sector, and was only 5 percent for unskilled staff.
• Poor working conditions and little encouragement for staff to exercise initiative. Working
conditions were generally characterized by a lack of technical equipment and poor office
facilities. Moreover, the criteria for recruitment, promotion, and rewards of staff and
management were unclear and subject to substantial discretion.
• Low probability of detection and punishment for corruption. Internal auditing and
monitoring functions had become for the most part non-operative and ineffective due to
weak management and poor information. In practice, the probability of being detected and
punished for corruption was virtually nonexistent.
The suggested remedies were first and foremost increased salaries and better management.
According to Ole Therkildsen (2004, p. 68), the idea for the establishment of a tax authority was
inspired by the IMF and by experiences from Ghana. The arguments for an autonomous tax
authority were (Harvey and Robinson 1995, pp. 48-9) (FJELDSTAD ODD-HELGE, May 2014,
Corruption in tax administration Lessons from institutional reforms in Uganda)
34. 22
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Introduction
This chapter includes; research design, sampling techniques, data collection methods, study
population, sampling procedure and sample size, data analysis methods, ethical consideration and
limitations of the study.
3.1 Research Design
The study would be descriptive correlation in design. This design focuses on exploring the
behavior and dimensions of a problem under investigation in order to unveil the causal effect one
or more variables have on another/ others. The first two objectives require descriptive responses
about Corruption on Government institutions. The study also has the ultimate objective to
determine the association between corruptions on Government institutions. Both qualitative and
quantitative approaches used in this study. Respondents had offer qualitative data in their
responses which afterwards was quantified to establish trends to be used in analysis.
3.2 Research Population
The study population were 80 which composed of employees at three Government institutions in
Mogadishu-Somalia (Police & Security forces, Judicial System and Tax Authority). This
population comprises of senior management, Chief Officers, and operational staff. The reason for
selecting these categories of employees is due to the fact that the researcher expects them to have
a good understanding of the affairs surrounding Corruption on Government institutions of local
authority in Mogadishu-Somalia.
3.3 Sample Size
Out of the total population of 80, a sample size of 67 will be selected. This figure is arrived at by
use of the Slovene’s formula. The sample is sufficiently high and representative enough to validate
the findings.
35. 23
n =
N
1 + N(e)2
Equation3. 1: Slovene's Formula
n =
80
1 + 80(0.05)2
n =
80
1 + 80 ∗ 0.0025
n =
80
1 + 0.2
= 66.67 ≅ 67 respondents
Where n = minimum sample size
N = target population
e = level of significance (0.05)
The table below can give the selected an overview of the population, sample and sampling
procedure.
Table3.1: Population and Sample Size Summary
Categories of Respondents Target population Sample size Sampling Procedure
Senior Management 12 10 Purposive
Chief officers 17 14 Purposive
Operational staff 51 43 Systematic Random
Total 80 67
3.4 Sampling Procedure
To determine the sample size for the study, several factors were considered such as the variables,
the type of research design, the methods of data collection, analysis and the size of accessible
population (Krishnaswamy, Sivakumar, & Mathirajan, 2009).The researchers applied both
systematic random sampling as well as purposive sampling techniques. Using the systematic
36. 24
random sampling the potential respondents will be listed and then selection will be done after some
specific interval of 2 until the sample size is reached. The purposive sampling method would be
used to reach to the high-profile respondents who are the senior management of the three
Government institutions who were known to have highly sensitive and important information for
the study. The latter technique of purposive sampling allowed the researchers to use cases that
have the required information with respect to the objectives of the study. However, Kothari (2004)
clearly states that the researcher who proposes purposive sampling must specify the criteria for
choosing the particular cases. This was duly fulfilled.
3.5 Research Instruments
3.5.1 Questionnaires
Questionnaires developed and designed in the most understandable way by the respondents with
simple language, simple questions that would easily be answered without consuming the time of
the respondents. These used mainly to gather primary data where respondents will be expected to
react usually in writing and return them with filled answers for analysis and making of conclusions
by the researcher.
Questionnaires were used because they are reliable and from the targeted respondents. They are
easy to interpret and easily edited for the purpose of making final decisions. They also raise
relevant information to the study since the respondents will be basically guided by the
questionnaires.
They were designed in a way that makes them look easy and understandable not to consume most
of the respondents’ time. The answering options on a Likert’s scale, ranged from 1= strongly agree
to 5 = strongly disagree was used to make the questionnaire easy to fill.
3.6 Validity and reliability of the instrument
3.6.1 Validity
Validity of the instrument will be ensured through expert judgment and the researcher would make
sure the coefficient of Content Validity Index (CVI) is at least 70%. The researcher would consult
37. 25
his supervisor for expert knowledge on questionnaire construction. After the assessment of the
questionnaire, the necessary adjustments be made bearing in mind of the objectives of the study.
The formula that used to determine the validity of the instrument will be:
CVI =
no of items declared valid
total no of items
Equation3. 2: CVI Equation
According to Amin (2005) if this index is equal to or above 0.7, the instrument is declared valid.
3.6.1 Reliability
Reliability is a measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results or
data after repeated trials (Muganda & Mugenda, 2003). Reliability of the instruments established
through a test-retest technique. The researchers conduct a pre-test of the instrument on group of
subjects and wait for a week then administer the same test to the same subjects a second time.
Cronbach’s alpha also be used to determine the reliability of the instruments. A Cronbach’s alpha
value of 0.70 and above is considered to be the criteria for demonstrating internal consistency of
new scale and established scales respectively (Amin, 2005).
Table 3.6.1 Cronbach's Alpha Formula
Variables Sample size No. of items Cronbach’s alpha value
The impact of corruption on the judicial
system
67 5 0.959
The impact of corruption on the Police and
security forces.
67 5 0.979
The influence of corruption on the tax
authority.
67 5 0.961
The reliability analysis was conducted and we don’t have any issue to the variable, therefore all
the variables were internally consistent and reliable. As such the variables are deemed to be ready
for further analysis.
38. 26
3.7 Data Gathering Procedures
3.7.1Before the administration of the questionnaires
An introduction letter would be obtained from the College of Higher Degrees and Research
(CHDR) for the researcher to solicit approval to conduct the study from respective senior
management, project managers, coordinators and secretarial of different Humanitarian agencies.
When approved, the researchers were secured a list of the qualified respondents from the in charge
and select through purposive sampling from this list to arrive at the minimum sample size. The
respondents would be explained to about the study and requested to sign the Informed Consent
Form. The researchers would then produce over 80 copies of the questionnaire and train the
research assistants.
3.7.2During the administration of the questionnaires
Specifically, the researchers and the assistants requested the respondents to do the following: (1)
to sign the informed consent; (2) to answer completely all questions and not to leave any item of
the questionnaires unanswered; (3) to avoid biases and to be objective in answering the
questionnaires. Some respondents might have to be guided on what to do by data collectors and as
such, some questionnaires might be retrieved on spot, while others retrieved after some days or
weeks.
3.7.3After the administration of the questionnaires
On their return, the researchers edited and enter the questionnaire responses into the SPSS version
20, for further processing and analysis. Finally, a report would be prepared and after approval from
the supervisor, the final copy would be submitted to CHDR for final examination.
3.8 Data Analysis
This study examined the impact of corruption on Government institutions in Mogadishu-Somalia.
This study was conducted quantitatively through descriptive research design; target population of
80 participants was adopted, and sample size of 67 respondents was selected from target population
using Slovene’s Formula. The data collected from Mogadishu area, especially Benadir region,
using questionnaires as a tool of data collection. The data analysis was done by using the statistical
39. 27
package SPSS version.20 we classified and analyzed Calculations, determining frequency, mean
and their corresponding percentages.
3.9 Ethical Considerations
To ensure confidentiality of the information provided by the respondents and to ascertain the
practice of ethics in this study, the following activities implemented by the researchers: All
questionnaires coded to provide anonymity of respondents’ responses.
Solicit permission through a written request to the concerned officials of the companies included
in the study. Respondents were requested to sign the Informed Consent Form. No respondents
will be threatened or coerced to participate. Authors quoted will be fully recognized through
citation and referencing. Presentation of the findings will be in a generalized manner.
3.10 Limitations of the Study
The following are the expected limitations of the study that might compromise the validity of the
findings. The research environment is expected to have uncontrolled settings which may have
influence on data gathered such as comments from other respondents, anxiety, stress, motivation
on the part of the respondents while on the process of answering the questionnaires.
Language barriers: Some of the respondents might not properly understand English language the
researchers were hired a translator from English to local languages. The Some respondents might
prove hesitant to fill in and return the questionnaires as they are meant to be self-administered.
This limitation would be averted by constantly visiting the respondents in their places of work and
reminding them. The use of researchers’ assistants was also render inconsistencies such as
differences in conditions and time when data would be obtained from respondents; this limitation
will be minimized by orienting and briefing the research assistants on the data gathering
procedures and on how to establish rapport with respondents. Some of the questionnaires given to
the respondents for answering might not returned. This problem countered by distributing out more
than enough questionnaires. This has done in order to ensure that the minimal sample size is
maintained. The first 40 questionnaires that received back from the respondents are the ones that
will be used in analysis. According to our research some data have been lost and refused us for the
sake of security issue.
40. 28
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation, Analysis and discussion of findings
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presented the findings(results) of the study. Frequency tables and charts were used in
order to show the study results.
4.1 Demographic information of the respondents
The shape of the questionnaire in the demographic section is contains of Gender, Age, Marital
status, Level of education and Occupation.
4.1.1 Gender of the respodents
Table 4.1.1 Gender
As the table 4.1.1 Shows, 58.2% of the respodents are Males While 41.8% of them are Females.
Fig 4.1.1 Gender
4.1.2 Age of the respodents
Table 4.1.2 Age of the respodents
Frequency percentage
Male 39 58.2
Female 28 41.8
Total 67 100.0
Age Frequency percentage
20-30 40 59.7
30-40 23 34.3
More than 40 4 6.0
Total 67 100.0
41. 29
As the table 4.1.2 Shows, 59.7% of the partcipants were in between 20-30 , respondents 34.3%
were in between 30-40, While only 6.0% partcipants were more than 40.
Fig 4.1.2 Age of the respodents
4.1.3 Marital status.
Table 4.1.3 Marital status
The majority of respondents 67.2% were Single, While only 32.8% respondents were Married.
Fig 4.1.3 Marital status.
Frequency Percentage
Single 45 67.2
Married 22 32.8
Total 67 100.0
42. 30
4.1.4 Educational Level
Table 4.1.4 Educational Level
As the table 4.1.4 shows, 22.4 % of the participants are Secondary, 52.2% of them are Bachelor,
14.9% of them are Master, 10.4% of them are Others.
Fig 4.1.4 Educational Level
4.1.5 Occupation of the respondents
Table 4.1.5 Occupation
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Senior Management 12 17.9
Chief Officers 14 20.9
Operational Staff 41 62.1
Total 67 100.0
As the table 4.1.5 shows, 17.9 % of the respondents are Senior Management, 20.9% of them are
Chief Officers, 62.1% of them are Operational Staff.
Frequency percentage
Secondary 15 22.4
Bachelor 35 52.2
Master 10 14.9
Others 7 10.4
Total 67 100.0
43. 31
Fig 4.1.5 Occupation.
4.1.6 There is a mass corruption in the Somali judicial system
Table 4.1.6 There is a mass corruption in the Somali judicial system
As the table 4.1.6 shows, 52.2% of the voted are Strongly agree, 34.3% of them are Agree, 3% of
them are Neutral, 7.5% of them are Disagree, 3.0% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.6 There is a mass corruption in the Somali judicial system
Frequency percentage
Strongly agree 35 52.2
Agree 23 34.3
Neutral 2 3.0
Disagree 5 7.5
Strongly disagree 2 3.0
Total 67 100.0
44. 32
4.1.7 Judiciary serves those who grease their palms instead of serving the public fairly and
equality
Table 4.1.7 Judiciary serves those who grease their palms instead of serving the public fairly
and equality.
As the table 4.1.7 shows, 29.9% of the elects are Strongly agree, 22.4% of them are Agree, 1.5%
of them are Neutral, 11.9 of them are Disagree,34.3% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.7 Judiciary serves those who grease their palms instead of serving the public fairly
and equality.
4.1.8 Judiciary is the most corrupted sector of all government institution
Table 4.1.8 Judiciary is the most corrupted sector of all government institution
Frequency percentage
Strongly agree 20 29.9
Agree 15 22.4
Neutral 1 1.5
Disagree 8 11.9
Strongly disagree 23 34.3
Total 67 100.0
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 13 19.4
Agree 20 29.9
Neutral 4 6.0
Disagree 16 23.9
Strongly disagree 14 20.9
Total 67 100.0
45. 33
As the table 4.1.8 shows, 19.4 % of the participants are Strongly agree, 29.9% of them are Agree,
6% of them are Neutral, 23.9 of them are Disagree,20.9% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.8 Judiciary is the most corrupted sector of all government institution
4.1.9 Corruption has a grave impact on the decisions of judiciary.
Table 4.1.9 Corruption has a grave impact on the decisions of judiciary.
As the table 4.1.9 shows, 40.3 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 25.4% of them are Agree,
4.5% of them are Neutral, 19.4 of them are Disagree,10.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.9 Corruption has a grave impact on the decisions of judiciary
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 27 40.3
Agree 17 25.4
Neutral 3 4.5
Disagree 13 19.4
Strongly disagree 7 10.4
Total 67 100.0
46. 34
4.1.10 Corruption in the judiciary led current justice crisis in our country.
Table 4.1.10 Corruption in the judiciary led current justice crisis in our country.
As the table 4.1.10 shows, 14.9 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 17.9% of them are Agree,
1.5% of them are Neutral, 20.9 of them are Disagree,44.8% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.10 Corruption in the judiciary led current justice crisis in our country.
4.1.11 Because of corruption in police department, police are incapable of managing security
of the city.
Table 4.1.11 Because of corruption in police department, police are incapable of managing
security of the city.
As the table 4.1.11 shows, 22.4 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 19.4% of them are Agree,
35.8% of them are Neutral, 11.9% of them are Disagree, 10.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 10 14.9
Agree 12 17.9
Neutral 1 1.5
Disagree 14 20.9
Strongly disagree 30 44.8
Total 67 100.0
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 15 22.4
Agree 13 19.4
Neutral 24 35.8
Disagree 8 11.9
Strongly disagree 7 10.4
Total 67 100.0
47. 35
Fig 4.1.11 Because of corruption in police department, police are incapable of managing
security of the city.
4.1.12 People have accustomed (adapted) to the corruption in the police department.
Table 4.1.12 People have accustomed to the corruption in the police department
As the table 4.1.12 shows, 29.4 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 22.4% of them are Agree,
26.9% of them are Neutral, 16.4% of them are Disagree, 4.5% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.12 People have accustomed to the corruption in the police department.
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 20 29.9
Agree 15 22.4
Neutral 18 29.9
Disagree 11 16.4
Strongly disagree 3 4.5
Total 67 100.0
48. 36
4.1.13 Corruption in the police department caused that criminals are to be released from
jails.
Table 4.1.13 Corruption in the police department caused that criminals are to be released
from jails.
As the table 4.1.13 shows, 11.9 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 9% of them are Agree,
31.3% of them are Neutral, 37.3% of them are Disagree, 10.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.13 Corruption in the police department caused that criminals are to be released from
jails.
4.1.14 Corruption in police brought about the people does not complain to them.
Table 4.1.14 Corruption in police brought about the people does not complain to them.
As the table 4.1.14 shows, 44.8 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 26.9% of them are Agree,
19.4% of them are Neutral, 4.5% of them are Disagree, 4.5% of them are Strongly disagree.
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 8 11.9
Agree 6 9.0
Neutral 21 31.3
Disagree 25 37.3
Strongly disagree 7 10.4
Total 67 100.0
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 30 44.8
Agree 18 26.9
Neutral 13 19.4
Disagree 3 4.5
Strongly disagree 3 4.5
Total 67 100.0
49. 37
Fig 4.1.14 Corruption in police brought about the people does not complain to them.
4.1.15 Corruption in police brought about distrust from the population towards the police.
Table 4.1.15 Corruption in police brought about distrust from the population towards the police.
As the table 4.1.14 shows, 20.9 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 22.4% of them are Agree,
20.9% of them are Neutral, 25.4% of them are Disagree, 10.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.15 Corruption in police brought about distrust from the population towards the
police.
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 14 20.9
Agree 15 22.4
Neutral 14 20.9
Disagree 17 25.4
Strongly disagree 7 10.4
Total 67 100.0
50. 38
4.1.16 Tax income is not directed to the government office concerned because of corruption.
Table 4.1.16 Tax income is not directed to the government office concerned because of corruption.
As the table 4.1.16 shows, 31.3 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 22.4% of them are Agree,
26.9% of them are Neutral, 11.9% of them are Disagree, 7.5% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.16 Tax income is not directed to the government office concerned because of
corruption.
4.1.17 Some people are exempted from tax.
Table 4.1.17 Some people are exempted from tax.
As the table 4.1.17 shows, 14.9 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 56.7% of them are Agree,
4.5% of them are Neutral, 19.4% of them are Disagree, 4.5% of them are Strongly disagree.
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 21 31.3
Agree 15 22.4
Neutral 18 26.9
Disagree 8 11.9
Strongly disagree 5 7.5
Total 67 100.0
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 10 14.9
Agree 38 56.7
Neutral 3 4.5
Disagree 13 19.4
Strongly disagree 3 4.5
Total 67 100.0
51. 39
Fig 4.1.17 Some people are exempt from tax.
4.1.18 There is no right tax collection because of corruption.
Table 4.1.18 There is no right tax collection because of corruption.
As the table 4.1.18 shows, 44.8 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 29.9% of them are Agree,
7.5% of them are Neutral, 7.5% of them are Disagree, 10.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.18 There is no right tax collection because of corruption.
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 30 44.8
Agree 20 29.9
Neutral 5 7.5
Disagree 5 7.5
Strongly disagree 7 10.4
Total 67 100.0
52. 40
4.1.19 Tax authority is the most corrupted departments.
Table 4.1.19 Tax authority is the most corrupted departments.
As the table 4.1.19 shows, 37.3 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 9.0% of them are Agree,
1.5% of them are Neutral, 50.7% of them are Disagree, 1.5% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.19 Tax authority is the most corrupted departments.
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 25 37.3
Agree 6 9.0
Neutral 1 1.5
Disagree 34 50.7
Strongly disagree 1 1.5
Total 67 100.0
53. 41
4.1.20 Tax collectors’ authorities facilitate corruption.
Table 4.1.20 Tax collectors’ authorities facilitate corruption.
As the table 4.1.20 shows, 25.4 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 23.9% of them are Agree,
13.4% of them are Neutral, 9.0% of them are Disagree, 28.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
Fig 4.1.20 Tax collectors’ authorities facilitate corruption.
Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 17 25.4
Agree 16 23.9
Neutral 9 13.4
Disagree 6 9.0
Strongly disagree 19 28.4
Total 67 100.0
54. 42
4.2 Discussion of the findings
4.2.1 Characteristics of the Research Respondents
This section presents the background information of the respondents who participated in the
collection of primary data of the study. The purpose of this background information was to find
out the characteristics of the respondents and show the distribution of respondents in the study.
The findings of the study shown above in tabular and graphical forms, shows that the most of the
participants 58.2% were male, 41.8% were female. Therefore, the majority of the voters were male.
The above table and below chart indicate that age of the most participants 59.7% were aged
between 20-30 years, while 34.3% were aged between 30-40 years, 6.0% were aged more than 40.
This indicates that the most participants of the questionnaires were aged between 20-30 years. The
above table and below chart indicate that the majority of the participants 67.2% were single,
whereas 32.8% were married. The above table and below chart indicate that the majority of the
votes 52.2% were Bachelor, 22.4% of them are Secondary, 14.9% of them are Master, while 10.4%
of them are Others. The table above and chart below indicates that 62.1%% were operational staff,
17.9% were senior management, 20.9% were Chief Officers.
4.2.2 Objectives
4.2.2.1 To examine the impact of corruption on the judicial system.
The first objective was study to identify and examine the impact of corruption on the judicial
system in Mogadishu, Somalia. The results found from the analysis of the respondents were: The
responds were asked to express their views about “There is a mass corruption in the Somali judicial
system”. And 52.2% of the voted are Strongly agree, 34.3% of them are Agree, 3% of them are
Neutral, 7.5% of them are Disagree,3.0% of them are Strongly disagree. This shows that
respondents were in satisfactory.
The respondents were asked to express their views about “Judiciary serves those who grease their
palms instead of serving the public fairly and equality.” And 29.9% of the elects are Strongly
55. 43
agree, 22.4% of them are Agree, 1.5% of them are Neutral, 11.9% of them are Disagree,34.3% of
them are Strongly disagree. This shows that respondents were in satisfactory.
The responds were asked to express their views about “Judiciary is the most corrupted sector of
all the government institutions.” And 19.4 % of the participants are Strongly agree, 29.9% of them
are Agree, 6% of them are Neutral, 23.9 of them are Disagree,20.9% of them are Strongly disagree.
This shows that respondents were in satisfactory.
The responds were asked to express their views about “Corruption has a grave impact on the
decisions of judiciary.” And 40.3 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 25.4% of them are
Agree, 4.5% of them are Neutral, 19.4 of them are Disagree,10.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
The responds were asked to express their views about Corruption in the judiciary led current justice
crisis in our country.” “And 14.9 % of the respondents are strongly agree, 17.9% of them are
Agree, 1.5% of them are Neutral, 20.9 of them are Disagree, 44.8% of them are Strongly disagree.
4.2.2.2 To assess the influence of corruption on the tax authority.
The second objective of this study was to assess the influence of corruption on the tax authority in
Mogadishu, Somalia. The result found from the analysis of the respondents’ answers indicated
that the responds were asked to express their views about “Because of corruption in police
department, police are incapable of managing security.” And 22.4 % of the respondents are
Strongly agree, 19.4% of them are Agree, 35.8% of them are Neutral, 11.9% of them are Disagree,
10.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
The responds were asked to express their views about “People have accustomed to the corruption
in the police department.” And 29.4 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 22.4% of them are
Agree, 26.9% of them are Neutral, 16.4% of them are Disagree, 4.5% of them are Strongly
disagree. This shows that respondents were in satisfactory.
The responds were asked to express their views about “Corruption in the police caused that
criminals be released from jails.” And 11.9 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 9% of them
are Agree, 31.3% of them are Neutral, 37.3% of them are Disagree, 10.4% of them are Strongly
disagree. This shows that respondents were in satisfactory.
56. 44
The responds were asked to express their views about “Corruption in police brought about the
people does not complain to them.” And 44.8 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 26.9% of
them are Agree, 19.4% of them are Neutral, 4.5% of them are Disagree, 4.5% of them are Strongly
disagree.
The responds were asked to express their views about “Corruption in police brought about distrust
from the population towards the police.” 20.9 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 22.4% of
them are Agree, 20.9% of them are Neutral, 25.4% of them are Disagree, 10.4% of them are
Strongly disagree.
4.2.2.3 To assess the influence of corruption on the tax authority.
The third objective of this study was to assess the influence of corruption on the tax authority in
Mogadishu, Somalia. The result found from the analysis of the respondents’ answers indicates the
responds were asked to express their views about “Tax income is not directed to the government
office concerned because of corruption.” And 31.3 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 22.4%
of them are Agree, 26.9% of them are Neutral, 11.9% of them are Disagree, 7.5% of them are
Strongly disagree.
The participants were asked to express their views about “Some people are exempted from tax.”
And 14.9 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 56.7% of them are Agree, 4.5% of them are
Neutral, 19.4% of them are Disagree, 4.5% of them are Strongly disagree. This shows that
respondents were in satisfactory.
The responds were asked to express their views about “There is no right tax collection because of
corruption.” And 44.8 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 29.9% of them are Agree, 7.5% of
them are Neutral, 7.5% of them are Disagree, 10.4% of them are Strongly disagree. This shows
that respondents were in satisfactory.
The responds were asked to express their views about “Tax authority is the most corrupted
departments.” And 37.3 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 9.0% of them are Agree, 1.5%
of them are Neutral, 50.7% of them are Disagree, 1.5% of them are Strongly disagree.
57. 45
The responds were asked to express their views about “Tax collectors’ authorities facilitate
corruption.” And 25.4 % of the respondents are Strongly agree, 23.9% of them are Agree, 13.4%
of them are Neutral, 9.0% of them are Disagree, 28.4% of them are Strongly disagree.
58. 46
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Introduction
This Chapter contains the research conclusions and recommendations of the whole study.
5.1 Conclusion
This study examined the impact of corruption on Government institutions in Mogadishu-Somalia.
This study was conducted quantitatively through descriptive research design; target population of
80 participants was adopted, and sample size of 67 respondents was selected from target population
using Slovene’s Formula. the data collected from Mogadishu area, specially Benadir region, using
questionnaires as a tool of data collection. The data analysis was done by using the statistical
package SPSS version 20, we classified and analyzed Calculations, determining frequency, mean
and their corresponding percentages.
Corruption has been a dominant problem in our country since different cases of graft and
corruption were announced. Despite of seriousness of this problem, the government seems to show
no sense of urgency to fight it. Though many anti-graft and corruption laws were passed but were
not effectively executed because corruption was still one of the biggest problems of the country.
Corruption is present in different departments of the government institutions which affects the
economical and sociological development of the country. There are a lot of corruptions done in
the local government agencies such as bribery, fixers, discrimination and etc. Our goal is to further
understand the circumstances that contribute to corruption and the policies that can help to combat
corruption, but there is no one-size-fits-all anticorruption program.
59. 47
5.3 Recommendations
Basing on the findings in this study, the following recommendations have been suggested:
1) Improved integrity in our justice system
We have existing good laws in the Somalia. The problem is the low integrity of our justice
system. Our laws, themselves, suffer from injustice because they aren’t respected and
protected by the authorities that should be protecting them in the first place. Corrupt
politicians and government officials are not usually sent to jail.
2) Regular surprise examination of all government offices
The Civil Service Commission is the agency mandated to promote and administer efficient
and effective personnel in the government.
3) End impunity
Effective law enforcement is essential to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the
cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or loss. Successful enforcement
approaches are supported by a strong legal framework, law enforcement branches and an
independent and effective court system.
4) Reform public administration and finance management
Reforms focusing on improving financial management and strengthening the role of
auditing agencies have in many countries achieved greater impact than public sector
reforms on curbing corruption.
5) Punish the vote sellers and vote brokers
Corrupt voters give birth to corrupt politicians. In order to stop corruption, we have to start
eliminating it at its birth, that is, during elections.
6) Empower citizens
Strengthening citizen’s role for anti-corruption and empowering them to hold government
accountable is a sustainable approach that helps to build mutual trust between citizens and
government. For example, community monitoring initiatives have in some cases
contributed to the detection of corruption, reduced leakages of funds, and improved the
quantity and quality of public services.
60. 48
7) Ombudsman
Making the war against corruption permanent, there must be a committee and officials
appointed with full authority and responsibility to investigate the claims about corrupted
areas of government institutions, politicians, and even private sectors to the offices
concerned to take legal actions against them.
61. 49
REFERENCES
Dimant, E., & Tosato, G. (2018). Causes and effects of corruption: what has past
decade's empirical research taught us? A survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(2),
335-356.
Nduku, E. (2015). Corruption in Africa: A threat to justice and sustainable peace.
Globethics. net.
Andvig, J. C., & Fjeldstad, O. H. (2008). Crime, poverty and police corruption in
developing countries.
Imam, P. A., & Jacobs, M. D. F. (2007). Effect of Corruption on Tax Revenues in the
Middle East (No. 7-270). International Monetary Fund.
Fjeldstad, O. H. (2005). Corruption in tax administration: Lessons from institutional
reforms in Uganda. Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Chander, P., & Wilde, L. (1992). Corruption in tax administration. Journal of public
economics, 49(3), 333-349.
Arvidson, A., & Folkesson, E. (2010). Corruption in the Judiciary: Balancing
Accountability and Judicial Independence. Örebro University. Department of Law,
Psychology and Social Work.
Terziev, V. K., Nichev, N. B., & Bankov, S. M. (2016). Corruption and national
security. Инновационная наука, (10-3).
Buscaglia, E. (1999). Judicial corruption in developing countries: its causes and
economic consequences.
Hope, K. R. (2018). Police corruption and the security challenge in Kenya. African
security, 11(1), 84-108.
Githinji, P. N. (2017). Corruption in the Kenya Police Force and Impacts on Kenyan
Security: Investigating the Need for Police Reforms. AIR WAR COLL MAXWELL AFB
AL MAXWELL AFB United States.
Onyango, G. Police corruption: A phenomenological study on the transactional
relationship between police and motorists at police stops in Kenya.
Ajaz, T., & Ahmad, E. (2010). The effect of corruption and governance on tax
revenues. The Pakistan Development Review, 405-417.
Adeyemi, A. A. (2001). The Impact of Corruption on the Administration of Justice in
Nigeria. Political Reform and Economic Recovery in Nigeria.