The Dirty dozen
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This document lists the 12 germiest places and provides details about the high levels of bacteria found in each location. The top germy places include kitchen sinks, airplane bathrooms, wet laundry loads, public drinking fountains, shopping cart handles, ATM buttons, handbags, playgrounds, gym equipment, bathtubs, office phones, and hotel remote controls. It recommends conducting "germ warfare" by washing hands frequently with soap and water and cleaning surfaces with antibacterial products to fight against germs and prevent illness.
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Dengue, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. It infects between 50 million and 100 million people annually, with 500,000 cases of the more severe infection known as dengue hemorrhagic fever. It causes 22,000 deaths every year, mainly children and young adults.
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Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
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V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
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5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
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Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
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Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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The Dirty dozen
- 1. The Dirty Dozen Check out these twelve places where germs love to hang out.
- 2. 1. Your kitchen sink They’re germier than most bathrooms (typically more than 500,000 bacteria per square inch). Extra gross out? Your sponge, basin and faucet handles are also crawling with bacterial. .
- 3. 2. Airplane bathrooms The volcanic flush of the commode can spew particles into the air, coating the floor and walls with whatever had been swirling around in it. Ew.
- 4. 3. A load of wet laundry Any time you transfer underwear from the washer to the dryer, you risk getting E. coli on your hands. Just one soiled undergarment can spread bacteria to the whole load and machine.
- 5. 4. Public drinking fountains School fountains are the worst, with anywhere from 62,000 to 2.7 million bacteria per square inch on the spigot. .
- 6. 5. Shopping cart handles Saliva, bacteria and fecal matter are just a few offenders, because shopping carts are handled by dozens of people every day. Bonus yuck? Raw food carrying nasty pathogens. .
- 7. 6. ATM buttons If you’re not careful, you might pick up more than quick cash from your local ATM. These buttons have more gunk on them than most public- bathroom doorknobs!
- 8. 7. Your handbag Most women’s purses had tens of thousands of bacteria on the bottom and a few were overrun with millions. Who knew.
- 9. 8. Playgrounds Blood, mucus, saliva and urine are just a few of the germs you’ll encounter on equipment while getting fresh air and exercise.
- 10. 9. Mats and machines at health clubs Oh-so-unhealthy antibiotic- resistant staphylococcus has been found on yoga and mats as well as cardio and resistance machines at health clubs
- 11. 10. Your bathtub Thanks to its moist environment, staphylococcus bacteria is more likely to be in your tub than your garbage can.
- 12. 11. Your office phone Office and cell phones often have more than 25,000 germs per square inch, with your desk, computer keyboard and mouse not far behind.
- 13. 12. The hotel-room remote control Door handles, light switches, pens and faucet handles are also common carriers of pathogens preying on the travel weary.
- 14. What to do? Conduct some germ warfare of your own! Wash your hands with soap and water whenever you can. Thoroughly clean surfaces with antibacterial products. Keep wipes and/or hand sanitizer with you throughout your day and use them immediately after coming in contact with suspicious surfaces. Just those simple steps alone will significantly improve your fight against germs… and resulting colds, infections and other illnesses. Source: http://www.today.com/id/21423163/ns/today- today_health/t/soap-germiest-places-your- life/%23.VfbXD51Viko#.VfblEJeiCvM