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The first presentation for Paper 3, "The main interpretations of the Cold War and a literature review". Suitable for Cambridge Examination starting May/June and November 2016. It contains: the origins of the Cold War; orthodox traditional interpretation and the historians (Thomas Bailey, Herbert Feis, George Kennan); revisionist interpretation and the historians (William Appleman, Walter LaFeber, Gal Alperovits, Gabriel Kolko); post-revisionist interpretations and the historians (Thomas Patterson, Lewis Gaddis, Ernest May).
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: IRON CURTAIN. Content: Stalin Balshoi speech, the Long telegram, the Fulton speech, historian opinion, suspicions after the speech, different beliefs, aims, resentments, events, Russia's salami tactics, cartoon.
Lecture SlidesGive Me Liberty! AN AMERICAN HISTORYFIFTH ED.docxcroysierkathey
Lecture Slides
Give Me Liberty!
AN AMERICAN HISTORY
FIFTH EDITION
By Eric Foner
1
Chapter 22: Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II, 1941 to 1945
The most popular works of art in World War II were paintings of the Four Freedoms by Norman Rockwell. In his State of the Union address before Congress in January 1941, President Roosevelt spoke of a future world order based on “essential human freedoms”: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. During the war, Roosevelt emphasized these freedoms as the Allies’ war aims, and he compared them to the Ten Commandments, the Magna Carta, and the Emancipation Proclamation. In his paintings, created in 1943, Rockwell portrayed ordinary Americans exercising these freedoms: a citizen speaking at a town meeting, members of different religious groups at prayer, a family enjoying a Thanksgiving dinner, and a mother and father standing over a sleeping child.
Though Rockwell presented images of small-town American life, the United States changed dramatically in the course of the war. Many postwar trends and social movements had wartime origins. As with World War I, but on a far greater scale, wartime mobilization expanded the size and reach of government and stimulated the economy. Industrial output skyrocketed and unemployment disappeared as war production finally ended the Depression. Demands for labor drew millions of women into the workforce and lured millions of migrants from rural America to industrial cities of the North and West, permanently changing the nation’s social geography.
The war also gave the United States a new and lasting international role and reinforced the idea that America’s security required the global dominance of American values and power. Government military spending unleashed rapid economic development in the South and West, laying the basis for the modern Sunbelt. The war created a close alliance between big business and a militarized federal government—what President Dwight D. Eisenhower later called the “military-industrial complex.”
And the war reshaped the boundaries of American nationality. The government recognized the contributions of America’s ethnic groups as loyal Americans. Black Americans’ second-class status attracted national attention. But toleration went only so far. The United States, at war with Japan, forced more than 100,000 Japanese-Americans, including citizens, into internment camps.
The Four Freedoms thus produced a national unity that obscured divisions within America: divisions over whether free enterprise or the freedom of a global New Deal would dominate after the war, whether civil rights or white supremacy would define race relations, and whether women would return to traditional roles in the household or enter the labor market. The emphasis on freedom as an element of private life would become more and more prominent in postwar America.
2
World War II Posters
Give Me Liberty!: An American H ...
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Betrayal of the American Right and the Rise of the Neoconservatives, Lecture 3 with David Gordon - Mises Academy
1. Betrayal of the Old Right,
Lecture 3
The Cold War and National Review
2. The Communists and World War
II
• After the German invasion of Russia, June 22,
1941, America and Soviet Russia were allies.
• American Communists were very influential in the
Roosevelt administration. Harry Dexter White, a
high official of the Treasury department, was a
Communist spy. According to some accounts,
Harry Hopkins, a key Roosevelt adviser, was also
a Communist.
3. Communists and WWII
Continued
• Alger Hiss in the State Department was also an
espionage agent. Owen Lattimore, an adviser to
Chiang Kai-Shek, was sympathetic to the Chinese
communists.
• The Russian army made gains in Eastern Europe.
The Russians kept the part of Poland they had
occupied in September 1939 and the rest of Poland
was under a Communist government.
4. Reaction After the War
• After the end of WWII, there was a reaction
against Soviet gains.
• Republicans claimed that Roosevelt had
made unnecessary concessions at the Yalta
Conference, Feb. 1945.
5. Reaction After the War
Continued
• In China, there was a civil war between the
nationalists, under Chiang Kai-Shek, and the
Chinese communists. When China fell to the
communists in 1949, critics charged that
communist sympathizers in the State Department
and elsewhere were responsible.
• The Amerasia case (1945) attracted attention as an
example of Communist espionage. The left-
leaning magazine published classified documents.
6. The Old Right and the
Communists
• During WWII, the Old Right had been suppressed.
Garet Garrett lost his position at the Saturday
Evening Post.
• The Old Rightists were smeared by Roosevelt
supporters as fascists and pro-Nazis.
• After the war, many on the Old Right wanted to
pay back the communists by exposing their
influence. John T. Flynn wrote The Lattimore
Story. (1953). The Old Right was sympathetic to
Joe McCarthy’s anti-communist investigations.
7. The Old Right and the Cold War
• Sympathy with attempts to investigate and expose
American communists did not imply that the Old
Right was sympathetic to the Cold War.
• When relations between the US and Soviet Russia
started to worsen, the policy of the Truman
administration was containment. This meant that
the Soviets were held to seeking to expand in
Europe. They shouldn’t be allowed to go farther.
8. Containment
• George Kennan was the main person who
provided a rationale for containment. Note
that for him, Europe was primary.
• Examples of containment include Truman
Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the NATO
alliance.
• Dean Acheson, the Secretary of State under
Truman, favored containment.
9. The Old Right and Containment
• The Old Right did not approve of
containment. They thought the main danger
from communism was internal, not external.
• Garet Garrett and John T. Flynn warned that
an interventionist foreign policy would lead
to a militarized society.
10. The Old Right and Containment
Continued
• This was also a concern of the leading ally
of the Old Right in Congress, Senator
Robert Taft. He opposed the NATO
alliance.
• Herbert Hoover and Joseph Kennedy also
opposed containment.
11. The Korean War
• When the Korean War broke out in June 1950,
President Truman deliberately did not ask
Congress for a declaration of war.
• Instead, he claimed that he was acting under the
authority of the United Nations.
• For the Old Right, surrender of American
sovereignty was a vital issue. Taft denounced
Truman because he violated the Constitution on
the declaration of war.
12. Revisionist History
• The revisionist historians, led by Harry
Elmer Barnes, tried to start a popular
movement against WWII, just like the
revisionist movement after WWI.
• Although they published a number of
important books, they were unable to
change public opinion on the war.
13. Revisionist History Continued
• Among the important revisionist books
were George Morgenstern, Pearl Harbor:
The Story of the Secret War; Charles
Tansill, Back Door to War; Charles Beard,
President Roosevelt and the Coming of the
War, 1941; and the collection edited by
Barnes, Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace.
14. Campaign Against the
Revisionists
• The Council on Foreign Relations, which
was the successor to Wilson’s Council of
Experts, sponsored a two-volume work by
William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason.
Specifically designed to head off a
revisionist movement. The CFR was
concerned that “the debunking journalistic
campaign following World War I should
not be repeated.”
15. Campaign Continued
• The Rockefeller Foundation gave Langer
and Gleason a grant of $139,000 for
research. They got privileged access to
State Department documents.
16. A Third Alternative
• We have so far discussed two policy options:
containment and the Old Right policy of
opposition to the Cold war. There was another
policy alternative.
• Some people thought that US foreign policy was
not going far enough. Why stop at containment.
Soviet conquests should be “rolled back”, even at
the cost of a preventive nuclear war.
17. Preventive War
• Among the people who favored preventive war
were many ex-Communists. E.g., Willi Schlamm,
an influential editor who worked for Henry Luce,
was a former German Communist.
• Frank S. Meyer had been an official of the US
Communist party.
• James Burnham was a former Trotskyite.
• All of these became editors of National Review
18. More Preventive War
• These writers retained some of the images
of world struggle that then had learned
while communists.
• Whitaker Chambers, who exposed Alger
Hiss as a Communist spy, viewed the Cold
War as a conflict between the forces of God
and the forces of Satan. See his book
Witness.
19. More Preventive War
• Views that favored preventive war had some
support in the US military and the CIA, especially
before Russia exploded an A bomb in 1949. Curtis
LeMay, the head of the SAC, is one example.
• Burnham worked for the CIA.
• Another influential editor at National Review,
Willmoore Kendall, also worked for the CIA.
Before this, he had been a Trotskyite.
20. Buckley
• William Buckley, Jr. was the son of a wealthy
oilman. His father was a friend of Albert Jay
Nock, and Buckley started out with libertarian
sympathies.
• Buckley was for a while a disciple of the
libertarian Frank Chodorov.
• Buckley attracted wide attention with his first
book, God and Man at Yale (1951) This was an
attack on professors at Yale who were anti-free
market and anti-Christian.
21. Buckley and the Cold War
• Buckley thought that while the Cold War was
going on, libertarian programs would have to be
suspended.
• In 1952, he wrote in Commonweal:
• …we have to accept Big Government for the
duration – for neither an offensive nor defensive
war can be waged given our present government
skills, except through the instrument of a
totalitarian bureaucracy within our shores…
22. Quotation Continued
• And if they deem Soviet power a menace to
our freedom (as I happen to), they will have
to support large armies and air forces,
atomic energy, central intelligence, war
production boards, and the attendant of
centralization of power in Washington –
Even with Truman at the reins of it all.
23. Buckley and National Review
• Buckley worked for the CIA for two years. His
boss for part of this time was E. Howard Hunt,
later famous as one of Nixon’s Watergate
burglars.
• Buckley set up National Review in 1955.
• We don’t have positive proof the CIA was behind
this, but we do know that the CIA subsidized
magazines to help promote American foreign
policy in the Cold war. The British magazine
Encounter was an example.
24. Buckley and Foreign Policy
• Buckley agreed with Burnham, the main foreign
policy figure in the magazine, that the US should
risk nuclear war in order to liberate the world from
communism.
• One theme in his work was that if one wished to
avoid nuclear war because of the risk to human
life, one was displaying an atheistic and
materialistic attitude. One should willingly accept
death if this were needed to wipe out communism.
25. Buckley and the Old Right
• People who openly disagreed with this view
of foreign policy would be purged.
• There were some people who wrote for NR
who were not bellicose, e.g., Russell Kirk,
and Richard Weaver, but they didn’t write
about foreign policy very much.
• Buckley refused to publish an article by
John T. Flynn critical of the Cold War.
26. Buckley and Rothbard
• Rothbard wrote a number of articles and
reviews for Buckley on economics.
• Most of the contributors who wrote on
economics supported the free market,
although Burnham, Kendall, and Ernest van
den Haag allowed a great deal of
government intervention.
• Chambers attacked Ayn Rand and Mises.
27. Buckley and Rothbard Continued
• Rothbard helped Buckley on the research
for Up From Liberalism.
• They split over Khrushchev’s 1959 visit to
the US. Buckley opposed it, viewing
Khrushchev as a mass murderer, because he
was involved in Stalin’s purges.
• Rothbard welcomed the visit as a step
toward peace.