The document discusses crop improvement in strawberries. It covers the botanical details of strawberries, their origin and distribution, related species, and genetic resources. It then discusses the inheritance patterns of strawberry traits, major breeding problems including disease resistance and yield, and objectives such as adapting to climate change. Principles and methods of breeding are also outlined, including introduction, selection, hybridization, polyploidy, mutation, and biotechnological approaches. Finally, salient achievements in each area are highlighted such as introducing disease resistance from wild relatives and developing varieties with improved yield, quality, and shelf life.
Breeding for agronomic traits, nutrient compositions and stress toleranceMonisha T
1) The document discusses genetic improvement research on the bottle gourd crop. It describes genetic variability found for fruit traits and progress made in breeding for qualitative and quantitative traits.
2) Research on bottle gourd's nutrients, anti-nutrients, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is summarized. Methods used include genetics, genomics, genetic engineering, and genome editing.
3) One study identified relationships between the accumulation of cucurbitacins and drought tolerance mechanisms in bottle gourd under drought stress conditions. Promising drought tolerant varieties were identified.
Breeding for seedlessness in horticulture crops.pptxHIYA DASHORA
Hello Viewers. This presentation is based on topic "Breeding for seedlessness in horticulture crops" i tried my best and cover as many researches and articles to make this. Hope it helps. Please do like and would love to hear your feedback email: hiya.dashora@gmail.com
Growth and yield adaptability of selected varieties of strawberry (Fragaria x...Innspub Net
This study aims to evaluate the growth adaptability, yield performance and Pest infestation on three introduced strawberry varieties at Bataan namely; Sweet Charlie, Festival and Summer Princess. Evaluation test was based on the Plant height, Number of Runners, Days to flower, Number of fruit bears, Weight of fruit per pot, Computed Yield and Pest degree infestation. This was conducted at the Greenhouse Nursery of BPSU, Abucay Campus. In terms of growth adaptability, Sweet Charlie obtained the most prominent character followed by Festival variety and Summer Princess. On the yield performance, all varietal tested are comparable to each other, However, Summer princess revealed as least in growth adaptability, study shows that, summer princess yielded better than the two remaining varieties tested under greenhouse condition. Thus, summer princess variety is a more noticeable and promising variety that can tribe in Bataan condition. On Insect and Disease assessment, most prevalent insects found are Cutworm and Aphids while on diseases, Anthracnose fruit rot and Angular leaf spot were observed these are caused by fungi. Further studies may focus on the cultural management practices, field test to find out more promising cultivars that will thrive best to Bataan, Sensory evaluation is also recommended.
Organic Open-Field and High Tunnel Strawberry Cropping Systems for Long-term ...sberries
This document summarizes research on organic strawberry production systems in the Southeast US. The research aims to develop economically and environmentally sustainable open-field and high tunnel strawberry production systems through evaluating cover crops, cultivars, pest management, and consumer preferences. Key findings include some cover crops and cultivars performing better than others, production challenges varying between systems, and local information not influencing consumer choice. The research involves stakeholders and aims to expand organic strawberry production.
This document discusses breeding techniques for several fruit crops including mango, banana, and grapes. It outlines the basic processes of plant breeding including selection, hybridization, and development of new varieties. For mango and banana specifically, it notes important varieties developed through selection and hybridization that have desirable traits such as disease resistance and fruit quality. The document also discusses breeding methods for each crop including developing tetraploid and triploid banana hybrids, making crosses in grape breeding, and using biotechnology and mutation breeding.
Salmonella spp. dynamics in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium AitonPremier Publishers
A six-year field study (2012-2015) was conducted in the two major wild blueberry growing regions in Maine USA, Midcoast and Downeast. This study used data from two cropping cycles (four years) to model the dynamics of Salmonella spp. prevalence in wild blueberry fields (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton). A path diagram based upon structural equation modeling suggests that beyond annual variation, the type of cropping system determined wild blueberry production methods of fertilization and fungicide applications for control of plant pathogens that then both affect the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Fungicide applications have a direct negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence and the microbial community on the fruit that positively affects Salmonella spp. prevalence. Fertilizer application has an indirect effect on the presence of Salmonella spp. by determining soil fertility that then determines the blueberry plant nutrient profile. This then determines specific nutrient levels in the plant, especially Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and K. These nutrients (especially Ca, K, and Mg and to a lesser extent Cu, Mn, and Zn) directly affect Salmonella spp. prevalence in a complex mix of indirect and direct, and negative and positive interactions, including the regulation of sugars in the fruit that appears to have a negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence. The conceptual model presented in this study generates several new hypotheses to test regarding the ecology of Salmonella spp. in commercial wild blueberry fields in Maine, USA.
Transgenic fruit crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to transfer desirable traits from unrelated species. This allows for rapid crop improvement compared to conventional breeding. Examples of transgenic fruit crops include papaya with resistance to papaya ring spot virus approved in 1996, and non-browning Arctic apples approved in 2015. Transgenic breeding can help impart resistance to diseases, insects, and abiotic stresses in fruit crops like apple, banana, grape, and strawberry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns over unintended effects and high costs of developing transgenic varieties.
BT for genetic enhancement of Hort CrpsPoornima Kn
This document discusses the application of biotechnology techniques for genetic enhancement of horticultural crops. It covers topics such as micropropagation, virus elimination, genetic improvement, germplasm conservation, haploid production, biotic and abiotic stress management, fruit quality enhancement, and marker-free transgenic technology. Micropropagation is used for rapid, large-scale production of disease-free planting material. Genetic engineering has been employed to develop resistance to insects, diseases, drought, salinity, and herbicides. Transgenic approaches have also been used to enhance fruit quality, color, and vase life in various ornamental crops.
Breeding for agronomic traits, nutrient compositions and stress toleranceMonisha T
1) The document discusses genetic improvement research on the bottle gourd crop. It describes genetic variability found for fruit traits and progress made in breeding for qualitative and quantitative traits.
2) Research on bottle gourd's nutrients, anti-nutrients, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is summarized. Methods used include genetics, genomics, genetic engineering, and genome editing.
3) One study identified relationships between the accumulation of cucurbitacins and drought tolerance mechanisms in bottle gourd under drought stress conditions. Promising drought tolerant varieties were identified.
Breeding for seedlessness in horticulture crops.pptxHIYA DASHORA
Hello Viewers. This presentation is based on topic "Breeding for seedlessness in horticulture crops" i tried my best and cover as many researches and articles to make this. Hope it helps. Please do like and would love to hear your feedback email: hiya.dashora@gmail.com
Growth and yield adaptability of selected varieties of strawberry (Fragaria x...Innspub Net
This study aims to evaluate the growth adaptability, yield performance and Pest infestation on three introduced strawberry varieties at Bataan namely; Sweet Charlie, Festival and Summer Princess. Evaluation test was based on the Plant height, Number of Runners, Days to flower, Number of fruit bears, Weight of fruit per pot, Computed Yield and Pest degree infestation. This was conducted at the Greenhouse Nursery of BPSU, Abucay Campus. In terms of growth adaptability, Sweet Charlie obtained the most prominent character followed by Festival variety and Summer Princess. On the yield performance, all varietal tested are comparable to each other, However, Summer princess revealed as least in growth adaptability, study shows that, summer princess yielded better than the two remaining varieties tested under greenhouse condition. Thus, summer princess variety is a more noticeable and promising variety that can tribe in Bataan condition. On Insect and Disease assessment, most prevalent insects found are Cutworm and Aphids while on diseases, Anthracnose fruit rot and Angular leaf spot were observed these are caused by fungi. Further studies may focus on the cultural management practices, field test to find out more promising cultivars that will thrive best to Bataan, Sensory evaluation is also recommended.
Organic Open-Field and High Tunnel Strawberry Cropping Systems for Long-term ...sberries
This document summarizes research on organic strawberry production systems in the Southeast US. The research aims to develop economically and environmentally sustainable open-field and high tunnel strawberry production systems through evaluating cover crops, cultivars, pest management, and consumer preferences. Key findings include some cover crops and cultivars performing better than others, production challenges varying between systems, and local information not influencing consumer choice. The research involves stakeholders and aims to expand organic strawberry production.
This document discusses breeding techniques for several fruit crops including mango, banana, and grapes. It outlines the basic processes of plant breeding including selection, hybridization, and development of new varieties. For mango and banana specifically, it notes important varieties developed through selection and hybridization that have desirable traits such as disease resistance and fruit quality. The document also discusses breeding methods for each crop including developing tetraploid and triploid banana hybrids, making crosses in grape breeding, and using biotechnology and mutation breeding.
Salmonella spp. dynamics in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium AitonPremier Publishers
A six-year field study (2012-2015) was conducted in the two major wild blueberry growing regions in Maine USA, Midcoast and Downeast. This study used data from two cropping cycles (four years) to model the dynamics of Salmonella spp. prevalence in wild blueberry fields (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton). A path diagram based upon structural equation modeling suggests that beyond annual variation, the type of cropping system determined wild blueberry production methods of fertilization and fungicide applications for control of plant pathogens that then both affect the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Fungicide applications have a direct negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence and the microbial community on the fruit that positively affects Salmonella spp. prevalence. Fertilizer application has an indirect effect on the presence of Salmonella spp. by determining soil fertility that then determines the blueberry plant nutrient profile. This then determines specific nutrient levels in the plant, especially Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and K. These nutrients (especially Ca, K, and Mg and to a lesser extent Cu, Mn, and Zn) directly affect Salmonella spp. prevalence in a complex mix of indirect and direct, and negative and positive interactions, including the regulation of sugars in the fruit that appears to have a negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence. The conceptual model presented in this study generates several new hypotheses to test regarding the ecology of Salmonella spp. in commercial wild blueberry fields in Maine, USA.
Transgenic fruit crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to transfer desirable traits from unrelated species. This allows for rapid crop improvement compared to conventional breeding. Examples of transgenic fruit crops include papaya with resistance to papaya ring spot virus approved in 1996, and non-browning Arctic apples approved in 2015. Transgenic breeding can help impart resistance to diseases, insects, and abiotic stresses in fruit crops like apple, banana, grape, and strawberry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns over unintended effects and high costs of developing transgenic varieties.
BT for genetic enhancement of Hort CrpsPoornima Kn
This document discusses the application of biotechnology techniques for genetic enhancement of horticultural crops. It covers topics such as micropropagation, virus elimination, genetic improvement, germplasm conservation, haploid production, biotic and abiotic stress management, fruit quality enhancement, and marker-free transgenic technology. Micropropagation is used for rapid, large-scale production of disease-free planting material. Genetic engineering has been employed to develop resistance to insects, diseases, drought, salinity, and herbicides. Transgenic approaches have also been used to enhance fruit quality, color, and vase life in various ornamental crops.
A Review On Impacts Of Genetically Modified Food On Human HealthLori Moore
This document reviews the impacts of genetically modified food on human health. It discusses both the potential benefits and risks of GM foods. On the benefits side, GM foods can be engineered for pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrition enhancement, and pharmaceutical production. However, there are also criticisms of GM foods regarding environmental hazards like unintended harm to other organisms, reduced pesticide effectiveness, and gene transfer to weeds. Human health risks include potential allergens and unknown long term effects. There are also economic concerns about the high costs of developing and patenting GM foods. The document provides examples of GM crops like Bt cotton and analyzes their impacts.
Study on Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation a...IJEABJ
The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetic variability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at the UCOA, vegetable research farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda during rabi 2015-16 to evaluate tomato genotypes. The experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications. Total 20 genotypes including check cultivar were evaluated for horticultural Traits contributing yield and quality (suitable for processing) .There is a wide variability in different genotypes in tomato. Traits i.e. Number of primary branches per plant, Days to first fruit harvest, Plant height (cm),number of fruits per cluster, number fruits per plant, average fruit weight (gm), equatorial diameter of fruit (cm), polar diameter of fruit (cm), number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness (mm), fruit pH, Fruit TSS (0brix), days to last fruit harvest and average yield per plant (kg) were studied during the investigation Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters under study during the investigation. High Phenotypic and Genotypic coefficient of variation were detected for characters like number of fruits per plant, number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness and average yield per plant. High heritability coupled with genetic gain were recorded for number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, number of locules per fruit and average yield per plant. Therefore these characters also show some scope for improvement through selection. A highly significant and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation were found in number of fruits per cluster, plant height, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight.
Advances in breeding of Apple and pear.pptxTajamul Wani
1. The document summarizes breeding methods for apple and pear, including conventional methods like plant introduction, clonal selection, and hybridization, as well as newer non-conventional methods like mutation breeding, genetic transformation, marker-assisted selection, and CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
2. Important breeding objectives for apple include early and regular bearing, good fruit quality and storage, dwarfness, and disease/pest resistance. Important pear breeding objectives are high and regular bearing, excellent fruit quality, disease resistance, and dwarfness.
3. Newer transgenic technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 hold promise for quickly introducing economically important traits to improve existing cultivars for apple and pear breeding.
This document discusses plant breeding and its goals and methods. Plant breeding aims to create plant varieties that are better suited for cultivation, have higher yields, and are disease resistant. The major steps in breeding a new variety are collecting genetic variability, evaluating and selecting parent plants, cross hybridizing the parents, selecting superior recombinants from their progeny, and testing, releasing, and commercializing new cultivars. Plant breeding employs techniques like artificial pollination and selection over multiple generations to develop crops with desirable traits like stress tolerance, pest and disease resistance, and high quality and yields.
This study evaluated 7 cherry tomato accessions using a half-diallel mating design to determine suitable parents for developing hybrids. Analysis found preponderance of additive gene action for most traits studied. Parents Solanumlycopersicum var. cerasiforme LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko (P1), PI 647522 cv. Cal Red Cherry (P3) and PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry (P7) were best general combiners for fruit yield and quality. The cross between P1 and P7 showed highest significant positive specific combining ability for yield and quality traits. Some F1 hybrids showed significant heterosis for evaluated traits.
This document discusses breeding for improved quality in vegetables. It defines quality as the attributes that make vegetables acceptable and nutritious for human consumption. Quality is a complex breeding goal that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Traits like yield and disease resistance have traditionally received more focus than quality. The document outlines different types of quality traits like quantitative, hidden, and sensory, and how they are governed by oligogenic, polygenic or maternal inheritance. It discusses various breeding approaches that can be used to improve quality like using germplasm, mutagenesis, hybridization, somaclonal variation and genetic engineering. Examples of quality improved vegetable cultivars developed through these methods are also provided.
Utilization of Biological Control Agents against Phytophthora palmivora Causi...JesonNalanganGeroche
Cacao black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is an economically serious problem in all cacao-producing
regions, leading to global yield loss and tree deaths. With the advent of Republic Act 10068, also known as the Organic
Agriculture Act of 2010, the state is searching for and encouraging sustainable agriculture. Hence, this study was
conducted to determine the antagonistic effects of the different biological control agents against P. palmivora and identify
the most effective biological control agents against cacao pod rot. Conducted at a laboratory, the experiment was laid out
in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times with five samples of cacao pods per replication.
Treatments used were as follows; T1- Negative control, T2- P. palmivora, T3- Chemical control, T4- Bacillus subtilis,
T5- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, T6- Trichoderma harzianum. The in vitro test was done using a dual culture technique,
while the in vivo test was done through a detached pod test. The dual culture test showed that T. harzianum reduced P.
palmivora radial growth to 6.77mm with a percent growth inhibition of 70.54%. Moreover, the detached pod test recorded
no disease incidence, severity, and incubation period in pods treated with T. harzianum. Whereas, the longer incubation
period was noted in pods treated with chemical control at 4.27 days. Moreover, the highest degree of control was recorded
in pods treated with T. harzianum (100%). These findings emphasized the potential of T. harzianum as a sustainable and
effective solution for combating cacao black pod rot and promoting sustainable agriculture.
PAGE 1Technophobia = Poisoned Fruit by Henry MillerFear-Monge.docxalfred4lewis58146
PAGE
1Technophobia = Poisoned Fruit by Henry MillerFear-Mongering About Recombinant DNA-Modified Crops Hurts Farmers and Consumers
Most people are familiar with the unappetizing browning of apples shortly after they’re cut or bitten into. The good news is that molecular biologists have devised a clever way to prevent it. The bad news is that organizations that represent apple growers are implacably opposed to the improved fruit.
And therein lies a cautionary tale.
The biology of apples is complicated but fascinating. Almost all commercial apple varieties are grafted onto hardy root stocks that have dwarfing genes to keep the trees on apple plantations short and easier to harvest. Therefore, the DNA of the roots is different from the DNA of the fruit tree. Apples’ blossoms are self-incompatible with respect to fertilization so they must be cross-pollinated by insects (primarily bees) in order to develop fruit. Special pollinating trees are found in most orchards as a source of pollen for the fruit tree blossoms. These pollinating trees (often crab apples) have still different DNA. Once the pollen fertilizes the apple blossom the fruit can develop.
The pollen DNA mixes with the flower ovum DNA and the resulting hybrid seed embryo grows and produces a hormone that directs other parts of the flower (which contains only flower DNA) to develop into the fruit. Thus, the DNA in the fruit itself is different from the DNA in the seeds. This difference in DNA between the fruit and the seeds is why different varieties of apples can be grown in close proximity and yet maintain their differences. Because the DNA in the fruit is only from the flower, not the pollen, Granny Smith apples growing next to Golden Delicious growing next to Red Delicious all produce apples with their own unique DNA.
Arctic Apple
A Canadian company has petitioned both the U.S. and Canadian federal regulatory authorities to permit the sale of a new variety called Arctic® Apple that contains a commercially significant trait. It is highly resistant to the unappetizing browning that occurs when an apple is cut or bruised. The biology that made this possible is elegant and intriguing.
Enzymatic browning is caused by the apple’s chemical reaction to cell injury, such as when the fruit is bitten or sliced, which ruptures the cells and triggers a chemical reaction between an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chemicals in the apple that cause the apple flesh to turn brown. A family of four genes controls the majority of PPO production, so scientists turned off those genes—and lo and behold, Arctic Apples don’t manifest enzymatic browning.
Ordinarily, this development of another new apple variety would be a nonevent—except, perhaps, for apple growers and retailers who would, one would expect, relish a new product with additional appeal to consumers—but the seeds of discontent have sprouted: Because the shutoff of the four genes was done with recombinant DNA technology,.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
This document summarizes a presentation on genetically modified crops and genomic research. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then provides a brief history and discusses techniques used such as gene guns. Advantages of GM crops include insect and herbicide resistance while risks include impacts on the environment and health. The document also discusses specific GM crops like golden rice, Flavr Savr tomato, and Bt cotton. It concludes by describing genomic research, including structural and functional genomics as well as applications to rice improvement through techniques like QTL mapping and genome sequencing.
1. The document discusses the pros and cons of genetically modified foods (GMOs). It provides details on the genetic engineering process used to create GMOs and examples of commonly modified crops like papaya, cotton, and corn.
2. The pros listed include increased crop yields, improved nutrition, herbicide and pest resistance, and the ability to grow foods in difficult environments. However, the cons discuss potential risks like increased allergies, antibiotic resistance, and the dominance of a few large seed companies.
3. In conclusion, the document acknowledges there are valid arguments on both sides and more research is still needed to fully understand the impacts of GMOs.
This document discusses breeding in rajma (Phaseolus vulgaris). It originated in Central and South America. Breeding objectives for rajma include high pod yield, non-stringy long pods, early harvesting, bush/pole plant types, and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding procedures used include introduction, pure line selection, mass selection, hybridization, pedigree method, bulk method, and backcross method. Canning quality is an important quality to consider in rajma breeding and is influenced by seed coat integrity and bioavailability of micronutrients.
This seminar discusses transgenic plants. Transgenic plants are genetically modified to contain genes artificially inserted through engineering. This allows traits like pest resistance, increased yield, and growth in stressful conditions. The seminar outlines methods for creating transgenic plants, including using bacteria to insert DNA. Examples given are plants resistant to viruses, insects, and herbicides. Both advantages, like improved food supply, and disadvantages, like possible human health effects, are discussed. The seminar concludes that transgenic plants offer a way to produce medicines and vaccines for developing nations.
Role of biotechnology in enhancing fruit crop production and qualityankit gawri
It was evident that developed biotechnological approaches have the potential to enhance the yield, quality, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables to meet the demands of the 21st century. However, the developed biotech approaches for fruits and vegetables were more of academic jargon than a commercial reality
This document provides information on tomato breeding in 3 paragraphs:
1) Tomato originated in Peru and Ecuador and was domesticated in Mexico. It is now widely grown in India, with the top producing states being UP, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar. Breeding objectives include increasing yield, improving fruit quality, and developing resistance to diseases and stresses.
2) Common tomato breeding methods include introduction, pure line selection, single seed descent, single plant selection, mass selection, pedigree selection, backcrossing, heterosis breeding, and interspecific hybridization using wild relatives as donors of traits.
3) Emerging biotechnologies for tomato breeding include
Tomato is an important vegetable crop cultivated worldwide. Several breeding methods have been used to improve tomato varieties including introduction, pure line selection, pedigree method, backcross method, and interspecific hybridization. The main breeding objectives are to develop varieties with early maturity, high yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and good fruit quality traits. As a result of these breeding efforts, many new tomato varieties with desirable agronomic traits have been released for cultivation.
Nagaraju r&d annual meeting 2019 to 2020NagarajMadala
Pre-Breeding helps to develop new genetic resources using genomic tools to predict the effect of introducing different genes from wild relatives into cultivated varieties.
Tomatoes can be grown year-round in greenhouses. Several varieties are suitable depending on fruit size and characteristics. Seedlings are started in plug trays and transplanted. Indeterminate varieties require pruning and training of suckers to focus growth. Pollination requires shaking clusters by hand. Fertigation provides nutrients. Pests like whiteflies and diseases like powdery mildew require management. With proper care, greenhouse tomatoes can yield 25-30 tonnes per 1000 square meters.
This document provides a classification of horticultural crops based on various characteristics. It classifies fruits based on factors like genetic makeup, climatic requirements, flowering habits, photoperiod responses, drought tolerance, respiration rates during ripening, salt tolerance, type of inflorescence, pollination type, edible parts, ploidy levels, growth curves, types of parthenocarpy and apomixis, sex ratios, and nutrient contents. It also discusses the role of horticultural crops in nutrition and describes the major macro and micronutrients found in fruits, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
A Review On Impacts Of Genetically Modified Food On Human HealthLori Moore
This document reviews the impacts of genetically modified food on human health. It discusses both the potential benefits and risks of GM foods. On the benefits side, GM foods can be engineered for pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrition enhancement, and pharmaceutical production. However, there are also criticisms of GM foods regarding environmental hazards like unintended harm to other organisms, reduced pesticide effectiveness, and gene transfer to weeds. Human health risks include potential allergens and unknown long term effects. There are also economic concerns about the high costs of developing and patenting GM foods. The document provides examples of GM crops like Bt cotton and analyzes their impacts.
Study on Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation a...IJEABJ
The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetic variability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at the UCOA, vegetable research farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda during rabi 2015-16 to evaluate tomato genotypes. The experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications. Total 20 genotypes including check cultivar were evaluated for horticultural Traits contributing yield and quality (suitable for processing) .There is a wide variability in different genotypes in tomato. Traits i.e. Number of primary branches per plant, Days to first fruit harvest, Plant height (cm),number of fruits per cluster, number fruits per plant, average fruit weight (gm), equatorial diameter of fruit (cm), polar diameter of fruit (cm), number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness (mm), fruit pH, Fruit TSS (0brix), days to last fruit harvest and average yield per plant (kg) were studied during the investigation Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters under study during the investigation. High Phenotypic and Genotypic coefficient of variation were detected for characters like number of fruits per plant, number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness and average yield per plant. High heritability coupled with genetic gain were recorded for number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, number of locules per fruit and average yield per plant. Therefore these characters also show some scope for improvement through selection. A highly significant and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation were found in number of fruits per cluster, plant height, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight.
Advances in breeding of Apple and pear.pptxTajamul Wani
1. The document summarizes breeding methods for apple and pear, including conventional methods like plant introduction, clonal selection, and hybridization, as well as newer non-conventional methods like mutation breeding, genetic transformation, marker-assisted selection, and CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
2. Important breeding objectives for apple include early and regular bearing, good fruit quality and storage, dwarfness, and disease/pest resistance. Important pear breeding objectives are high and regular bearing, excellent fruit quality, disease resistance, and dwarfness.
3. Newer transgenic technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 hold promise for quickly introducing economically important traits to improve existing cultivars for apple and pear breeding.
This document discusses plant breeding and its goals and methods. Plant breeding aims to create plant varieties that are better suited for cultivation, have higher yields, and are disease resistant. The major steps in breeding a new variety are collecting genetic variability, evaluating and selecting parent plants, cross hybridizing the parents, selecting superior recombinants from their progeny, and testing, releasing, and commercializing new cultivars. Plant breeding employs techniques like artificial pollination and selection over multiple generations to develop crops with desirable traits like stress tolerance, pest and disease resistance, and high quality and yields.
This study evaluated 7 cherry tomato accessions using a half-diallel mating design to determine suitable parents for developing hybrids. Analysis found preponderance of additive gene action for most traits studied. Parents Solanumlycopersicum var. cerasiforme LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko (P1), PI 647522 cv. Cal Red Cherry (P3) and PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry (P7) were best general combiners for fruit yield and quality. The cross between P1 and P7 showed highest significant positive specific combining ability for yield and quality traits. Some F1 hybrids showed significant heterosis for evaluated traits.
This document discusses breeding for improved quality in vegetables. It defines quality as the attributes that make vegetables acceptable and nutritious for human consumption. Quality is a complex breeding goal that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Traits like yield and disease resistance have traditionally received more focus than quality. The document outlines different types of quality traits like quantitative, hidden, and sensory, and how they are governed by oligogenic, polygenic or maternal inheritance. It discusses various breeding approaches that can be used to improve quality like using germplasm, mutagenesis, hybridization, somaclonal variation and genetic engineering. Examples of quality improved vegetable cultivars developed through these methods are also provided.
Utilization of Biological Control Agents against Phytophthora palmivora Causi...JesonNalanganGeroche
Cacao black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is an economically serious problem in all cacao-producing
regions, leading to global yield loss and tree deaths. With the advent of Republic Act 10068, also known as the Organic
Agriculture Act of 2010, the state is searching for and encouraging sustainable agriculture. Hence, this study was
conducted to determine the antagonistic effects of the different biological control agents against P. palmivora and identify
the most effective biological control agents against cacao pod rot. Conducted at a laboratory, the experiment was laid out
in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times with five samples of cacao pods per replication.
Treatments used were as follows; T1- Negative control, T2- P. palmivora, T3- Chemical control, T4- Bacillus subtilis,
T5- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, T6- Trichoderma harzianum. The in vitro test was done using a dual culture technique,
while the in vivo test was done through a detached pod test. The dual culture test showed that T. harzianum reduced P.
palmivora radial growth to 6.77mm with a percent growth inhibition of 70.54%. Moreover, the detached pod test recorded
no disease incidence, severity, and incubation period in pods treated with T. harzianum. Whereas, the longer incubation
period was noted in pods treated with chemical control at 4.27 days. Moreover, the highest degree of control was recorded
in pods treated with T. harzianum (100%). These findings emphasized the potential of T. harzianum as a sustainable and
effective solution for combating cacao black pod rot and promoting sustainable agriculture.
PAGE 1Technophobia = Poisoned Fruit by Henry MillerFear-Monge.docxalfred4lewis58146
PAGE
1Technophobia = Poisoned Fruit by Henry MillerFear-Mongering About Recombinant DNA-Modified Crops Hurts Farmers and Consumers
Most people are familiar with the unappetizing browning of apples shortly after they’re cut or bitten into. The good news is that molecular biologists have devised a clever way to prevent it. The bad news is that organizations that represent apple growers are implacably opposed to the improved fruit.
And therein lies a cautionary tale.
The biology of apples is complicated but fascinating. Almost all commercial apple varieties are grafted onto hardy root stocks that have dwarfing genes to keep the trees on apple plantations short and easier to harvest. Therefore, the DNA of the roots is different from the DNA of the fruit tree. Apples’ blossoms are self-incompatible with respect to fertilization so they must be cross-pollinated by insects (primarily bees) in order to develop fruit. Special pollinating trees are found in most orchards as a source of pollen for the fruit tree blossoms. These pollinating trees (often crab apples) have still different DNA. Once the pollen fertilizes the apple blossom the fruit can develop.
The pollen DNA mixes with the flower ovum DNA and the resulting hybrid seed embryo grows and produces a hormone that directs other parts of the flower (which contains only flower DNA) to develop into the fruit. Thus, the DNA in the fruit itself is different from the DNA in the seeds. This difference in DNA between the fruit and the seeds is why different varieties of apples can be grown in close proximity and yet maintain their differences. Because the DNA in the fruit is only from the flower, not the pollen, Granny Smith apples growing next to Golden Delicious growing next to Red Delicious all produce apples with their own unique DNA.
Arctic Apple
A Canadian company has petitioned both the U.S. and Canadian federal regulatory authorities to permit the sale of a new variety called Arctic® Apple that contains a commercially significant trait. It is highly resistant to the unappetizing browning that occurs when an apple is cut or bruised. The biology that made this possible is elegant and intriguing.
Enzymatic browning is caused by the apple’s chemical reaction to cell injury, such as when the fruit is bitten or sliced, which ruptures the cells and triggers a chemical reaction between an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chemicals in the apple that cause the apple flesh to turn brown. A family of four genes controls the majority of PPO production, so scientists turned off those genes—and lo and behold, Arctic Apples don’t manifest enzymatic browning.
Ordinarily, this development of another new apple variety would be a nonevent—except, perhaps, for apple growers and retailers who would, one would expect, relish a new product with additional appeal to consumers—but the seeds of discontent have sprouted: Because the shutoff of the four genes was done with recombinant DNA technology,.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
This document summarizes a presentation on genetically modified crops and genomic research. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then provides a brief history and discusses techniques used such as gene guns. Advantages of GM crops include insect and herbicide resistance while risks include impacts on the environment and health. The document also discusses specific GM crops like golden rice, Flavr Savr tomato, and Bt cotton. It concludes by describing genomic research, including structural and functional genomics as well as applications to rice improvement through techniques like QTL mapping and genome sequencing.
1. The document discusses the pros and cons of genetically modified foods (GMOs). It provides details on the genetic engineering process used to create GMOs and examples of commonly modified crops like papaya, cotton, and corn.
2. The pros listed include increased crop yields, improved nutrition, herbicide and pest resistance, and the ability to grow foods in difficult environments. However, the cons discuss potential risks like increased allergies, antibiotic resistance, and the dominance of a few large seed companies.
3. In conclusion, the document acknowledges there are valid arguments on both sides and more research is still needed to fully understand the impacts of GMOs.
This document discusses breeding in rajma (Phaseolus vulgaris). It originated in Central and South America. Breeding objectives for rajma include high pod yield, non-stringy long pods, early harvesting, bush/pole plant types, and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding procedures used include introduction, pure line selection, mass selection, hybridization, pedigree method, bulk method, and backcross method. Canning quality is an important quality to consider in rajma breeding and is influenced by seed coat integrity and bioavailability of micronutrients.
This seminar discusses transgenic plants. Transgenic plants are genetically modified to contain genes artificially inserted through engineering. This allows traits like pest resistance, increased yield, and growth in stressful conditions. The seminar outlines methods for creating transgenic plants, including using bacteria to insert DNA. Examples given are plants resistant to viruses, insects, and herbicides. Both advantages, like improved food supply, and disadvantages, like possible human health effects, are discussed. The seminar concludes that transgenic plants offer a way to produce medicines and vaccines for developing nations.
Role of biotechnology in enhancing fruit crop production and qualityankit gawri
It was evident that developed biotechnological approaches have the potential to enhance the yield, quality, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables to meet the demands of the 21st century. However, the developed biotech approaches for fruits and vegetables were more of academic jargon than a commercial reality
This document provides information on tomato breeding in 3 paragraphs:
1) Tomato originated in Peru and Ecuador and was domesticated in Mexico. It is now widely grown in India, with the top producing states being UP, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar. Breeding objectives include increasing yield, improving fruit quality, and developing resistance to diseases and stresses.
2) Common tomato breeding methods include introduction, pure line selection, single seed descent, single plant selection, mass selection, pedigree selection, backcrossing, heterosis breeding, and interspecific hybridization using wild relatives as donors of traits.
3) Emerging biotechnologies for tomato breeding include
Tomato is an important vegetable crop cultivated worldwide. Several breeding methods have been used to improve tomato varieties including introduction, pure line selection, pedigree method, backcross method, and interspecific hybridization. The main breeding objectives are to develop varieties with early maturity, high yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and good fruit quality traits. As a result of these breeding efforts, many new tomato varieties with desirable agronomic traits have been released for cultivation.
Nagaraju r&d annual meeting 2019 to 2020NagarajMadala
Pre-Breeding helps to develop new genetic resources using genomic tools to predict the effect of introducing different genes from wild relatives into cultivated varieties.
Tomatoes can be grown year-round in greenhouses. Several varieties are suitable depending on fruit size and characteristics. Seedlings are started in plug trays and transplanted. Indeterminate varieties require pruning and training of suckers to focus growth. Pollination requires shaking clusters by hand. Fertigation provides nutrients. Pests like whiteflies and diseases like powdery mildew require management. With proper care, greenhouse tomatoes can yield 25-30 tonnes per 1000 square meters.
This document provides a classification of horticultural crops based on various characteristics. It classifies fruits based on factors like genetic makeup, climatic requirements, flowering habits, photoperiod responses, drought tolerance, respiration rates during ripening, salt tolerance, type of inflorescence, pollination type, edible parts, ploidy levels, growth curves, types of parthenocarpy and apomixis, sex ratios, and nutrient contents. It also discusses the role of horticultural crops in nutrition and describes the major macro and micronutrients found in fruits, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Grewia optiva, or Beul, is a tree species found in the Western Himalayas up to 2000 meters in elevation. It is grown by hill farmers for its fodder, fibers, and fuelwood. The document provides details on the tree's description, distribution, site factors, phenology, silvicultural characteristics, natural regeneration, artificial regeneration techniques including seed collection and storage, nursery practices, planting, and vegetative propagation. It concludes with the tree's economic importance for small timber, fibers, and as a fuelwood.
EFFECT OF SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOIL ENVIROMENT.pptxJatin307423
This document discusses the effects of various soil management practices on soil environment, moisture, organisms, and properties. It describes practices like organic matter addition, clean cultivation, mulching, intercropping, cover cropping, and irrigation management. These practices can help enhance soil quality by increasing moisture content and supporting beneficial soil organisms, while also improving physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Proper soil management is an important part of sustainable land management.
This document provides information on several fungal, bacterial, viral, nematode, phytoplasmal and spiroplasmal diseases that affect citrus plants. It discusses the pathogens, symptoms, and management strategies for key diseases such as gummosis caused by Phytophthora species, citrus scab caused by Elsinoë fawcetti, and powdery mildew caused by various Oidium fungi. The document is intended as a reference for identifying and managing important citrus diseases.
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Almond breeding aims to develop new varieties with improved traits such as higher yield, better kernel quality, and greater resistance to pests and diseases. Breeding techniques used include selection of desirable traits, hybridization through controlled pollination and embryo rescue, induction of polyploidy using chemicals, mutation breeding using radiation or chemicals, and biotechnological approaches like genetic engineering. These techniques have led to the development of important almond varieties such as Nonpareil, known for high quality kernels; Carmel with high yield and quality; Texas, a polyploid cultivar; Mission with disease resistance and yield; and Marcona with high quality kernels.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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2. Botanical Name: Fragaria x ananassa
Ch. No.: The strawberry belongs to the Rosaceae family, which is in the
order Rosales. 2n = 8× = 56
Origin: The modern cultivated strawberry is a hybridization of two wild
strawberry species, Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis, that
occurred in France in the 1700s. The Fragaria genus has a widespread
distribution, with various species growing throughout the Northern
Hemisphere.
INTRODUCTION
3. DISTRIBUTION
Strawberries are widely distributed and cultivated throughout the world,
including Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Africa. In the
United States, California is the leading producer of strawberries, followed by
Florida and Oregon.
RELATED SPECIES
There are several related species of strawberries, including Fragaria vesca
(wild strawberry), Fragaria iinumae (Japanese Alpine strawberry), Fragaria
moschata (musk strawberry), and Fragaria daltoniana (Himalayan
strawberry).
5. The genetic resources of strawberry refer to the diverse genetic material that
exists within the species and related wild species, which can be used for
breeding and genetic improvement of the crop. The genetic diversity of
strawberry is important for developing new varieties with improved traits such
as disease resistance, yield, and fruit quality.
6. The genetic resources of strawberry are conserved in gene banks around the
world, such as the USDA National Plant Germplasm System, the Nordic
Genetic Resource Center, and the International Strawberry Genebank, located
in the Netherlands. These gene banks preserve a range of genetic material,
including wild and cultivated strawberry species, landraces, and modern
cultivars.
The wild relatives of the cultivated strawberry, such as Fragaria vesca,
Fragaria virginiana, and Fragaria chiloensis, are important genetic resources
for breeding programs. These species possess traits such as disease
resistance, tolerance to environmental stresses, and different fruit
characteristics that can be introgressed into cultivated varieties.
7. Modern breeding techniques such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and
genomic selection (GS) are being used to improve the efficiency of breeding
and accelerate the development of new cultivars with desired traits. The
availability of genomic resources, such as the draft genome sequence of the
cultivated strawberry, is facilitating the identification of important genes and
traits and the development of molecular markers for use in MAS and GS.
In addition, new genetic resources such as genetically modified strawberries
and gene-edited strawberries have been developed using biotechnology. These
new genetic resources have the potential to improve traits such as disease
resistance, shelf life, and fruit quality, although their use and regulation remain
subject to controversy and debate.
9. The inheritance pattern of strawberry traits follows the basic principles of
Mendelian genetics. The cultivated strawberry is a diploid organism with 14
chromosomes, and most of its traits are controlled by multiple genes.
The inheritance of traits such as fruit size, shape, color, and flavor in
strawberry is complex, and often involves interactions between multiple
genes and environmental factors. For example, fruit color in strawberry is
controlled by several genes, including the FaMYB1 and FaMYB10 genes,
which regulate the production of anthocyanin pigments. Fruit flavor is also
influenced by multiple genes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of
volatile compounds such as esters and terpenoids.
10. Breeding programs for strawberry aim to improve the inheritance of desirable
traits such as disease resistance, yield, and fruit quality. This is achieved
through the selection and crossbreeding of cultivars with desirable traits, as well
as the use of advanced breeding techniques such as marker-assisted selection
(MAS) and genomic selection (GS). These techniques help to identify and select
plants with desirable genetic traits at an early stage, accelerating the breeding
process and improving the efficiency of trait selection.
Overall, the inheritance pattern of strawberry traits is complex, and
understanding the genetic basis of important traits is critical for the development
of new and improved strawberry varieties.
12. 1.Disease resistance: Strawberry is susceptible to a range of fungal, bacterial,
and viral diseases, including powdery mildew, botrytis fruit rot, and verticillium
wilt. Developing new varieties with improved disease resistance is a major
breeding priority, and many breeding programs focus on introgressing disease
resistance genes from wild relatives of the cultivated strawberry.
2.Yield: Strawberry yield can be affected by factors such as soil quality,
temperature, and water availability. Developing new varieties with higher yield
potential is a major breeding objective, and many breeding programs aim to
identify and select plants with desirable yield-related traits such as plant vigor,
fruit size, and fruit number.
13. 3.Fruit quality: Consumers value strawberries with desirable flavor, aroma, and
texture. Breeding programs aim to develop new varieties with improved fruit
quality traits, including sweetness, acidity, firmness, and aroma.
4.Adaptation to climate change: Climate change poses a significant challenge
to strawberry production, as rising temperatures and changing precipitation
patterns can affect yield and fruit quality. Developing new varieties with improved
tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought and heat is a priority for
breeding programs.
5.Labor costs: Strawberry cultivation requires significant labor inputs for tasks
such as hand harvesting and pest management. Developing new varieties with
traits such as mechanical harvesting ability and pest resistance can help to
reduce labor costs and increase efficiency in production.
15. 1.Disease resistance: A study conducted by researchers at the University of
California, Davis used genomic selection to identify markers associated with
resistance to powdery mildew and verticillium wilt in strawberry. The researchers
developed a model for predicting resistance to these diseases based on genomic
information, which could be used to improve disease resistance in breeding
programs (Folta et al., 2019).
2.Yield: Researchers at the University of Florida conducted a study to identify
genetic markers associated with yield and fruit quality traits in strawberry. The
study identified several genetic markers associated with fruit size, yield, and
firmness, which could be used in breeding programs to select for these traits
(Zhang et al., 2019).
16. 3.Fruit quality: A study conducted by researchers at the University of Hohenheim
in Germany used genome-wide association mapping to identify genetic markers
associated with fruit quality traits in strawberry. The study identified several genetic
markers associated with sugar content, acidity, and aroma, which could be used in
breeding programs to select for desirable fruit quality traits (Kleeberg et al., 2019).
4.Adaptation to climate change: Researchers at the University of California,
Davis conducted a study to identify genetic markers associated with tolerance to
high temperature in strawberry. The study identified several genetic markers
associated with heat tolerance, which could be used in breeding programs to
develop new varieties better adapted to rising temperatures (Hancock et al.,
2019).
6.Labor costs: A study conducted by researchers at the University of Florida
developed a model for predicting mechanical harvesting ability in strawberry. The
model used genetic markers associated with plant architecture and fruit
characteristics to predict which plants would be most suitable for mechanical
harvesting, potentially reducing labor costs in production (Zhang et al., 2020).
18. 1.Introduction: Introduction involves bringing in new genetic material from wild
relatives of the cultivated strawberry to increase genetic diversity in the breeding
population. This can be done through direct crosses with wild relatives or by
introgressing desirable traits from wild relatives into cultivated varieties. For
example, researchers at the University of Florida introgressed resistance to
anthracnose crown rot from a wild strawberry species into cultivated strawberry,
resulting in a new variety with improved disease resistance (Graham et al., 2014).
2.Selection: Selection involves choosing plants with desirable traits for use as
parents in breeding programs. Selection can be done based on phenotypic traits
such as fruit size, yield, and disease resistance or using molecular markers linked
to desired traits. For example, researchers at the University of California, Davis
developed a high-throughput phenotyping platform to screen strawberry plants for
fruit size and other yield-related traits, allowing for more efficient selection of
desirable parents in breeding programs (Wang et al., 2021).
19. 3.Hybridization: Hybridization involves crossing two different parental lines to
produce new genetic combinations in the offspring. This can be done through
traditional breeding methods or using advanced techniques such as embryo
rescue or in vitro pollination. For example, researchers at the University of Florida
used embryo rescue to cross a diploid and a tetraploid strawberry parent to
produce a new hexaploid hybrid with improved fruit quality traits (Folta et al.,
2016).
4.Polyploidy: Polyploidy involves increasing the chromosome number in a plant,
resulting in larger cells and organs and potentially improved yield and quality
traits. This can be done through natural or induced polyploidization or by crossing
plants with different chromosome numbers. For example, researchers at the
University of Hohenheim in Germany induced polyploidy in strawberry using
colchicine treatment, resulting in new varieties with larger fruit and higher yield
potential (Krauss et al., 2014).
20. 5.Mutation: Mutation involves inducing genetic changes in a plant through
exposure to mutagenic agents such as radiation or chemicals. This can result in
new genetic variants with desirable traits such as disease resistance or improved
yield potential. For example, researchers at the University of California, Davis used
gamma radiation to induce mutations in strawberry plants and identified new
varieties with improved resistance to gray mold (Xu et al., 2021).
6.Biotechnological approaches: Biotechnological approaches involve using
genetic engineering techniques to introduce desirable traits into plants. This can
include introducing genes from other organisms or modifying existing genes in the
plant's genome. For example, researchers at the University of Florida used RNA
interference to silence a gene involved in fruit softening, resulting in new varieties
with improved postharvest shelf life (Zhang et al., 2015).
22. 1.Introduction: One of the major achievements of introduction in strawberry
breeding was the successful introgression of resistance to the fungal disease
Verticillium wilt from a wild strawberry species (Fragaria chiloensis) into
cultivated strawberry varieties. This was achieved by researchers at the
University of California, Davis, who identified resistance genes in the wild
species and transferred them into cultivated varieties through backcrossing
(Zorrilla-Fontanesi et al., 2011).
2.Selection: The use of selection in breeding has led to the development of
many new strawberry varieties with improved yield, quality, and disease
resistance traits. For example, the variety 'Florida Radiance' was developed
through selection for disease resistance and high yield potential, resulting in a
variety with improved resistance to anthracnose and other fungal diseases
(Whitaker et al., 2012).
23. 3.Hybridization: Hybridization has led to the development of many new
strawberry varieties with improved traits such as disease resistance, fruit quality,
and yield potential. For example, the variety 'Florida Beauty' was developed
through hybridization of two strawberry parents with complementary traits,
resulting in a variety with large fruit size, firm texture, and good flavor (Perkins-
Veazie et al., 2005).
4.Polyploidy: Induced polyploidization has led to the development of many new
strawberry varieties with improved yield and quality traits. For example, the
variety 'Florida Elyana' was developed through induced polyploidization of a
diploid strawberry parent, resulting in a variety with large, firm fruit and high yield
potential (Perkins-Veazie et al., 2009).
24. 5.Mutation: Mutation breeding has led to the development of many new
strawberry varieties with improved disease resistance, yield potential, and fruit
quality traits. For example, the variety 'Seascape' was developed through gamma
radiation-induced mutation, resulting in a variety with improved resistance to
powdery mildew and high yield potential (Weber et al., 2011).
6.Biotechnological approaches: Biotechnological approaches have led to the
development of many new strawberry varieties with improved traits such as
disease resistance, shelf life, and fruit quality. For example, researchers at the
University of California, Davis used RNA interference to silence a gene involved
in fruit softening, resulting in new varieties with improved postharvest shelf life
(Zhang et al., 2015).