This document discusses different types of polymers including nylon 6 and nylon 6,6. It provides details on their physical and chemical properties, manufacturing processes, and applications. Nylon 6 is produced from caprolactam and is used for gears, bearings and toothbrush bristles. Nylon 6,6 is synthesized from hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid. It is used for products such as tires, ropes and conveyor belts due to its strength and water resistance. The document educates about the structures and production of various nylons.
Nylon 6-6, also referred to as nylon 6,6, is a polyamide from nylon class. Nylons come in many types, and the two most common for textile and plastics industries are nylon 6 and nylon 6-6. The polymer is made of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, which give nylon 6-6 a total of 12 carbon atoms in each repeating unit, and its name.
Nylon is the most useful synthetic material with applications varying from daily life activities to industries. The term nylon points towards a polymer family known as linear polyamides.
Nylon is the most useful synthetic material with applications varying from daily life activities to industries. The term nylon points towards a polymer family known as linear polyamides.
Nylon 6-6, also referred to as nylon 6,6, is a polyamide from nylon class. Nylons come in many types, and the two most common for textile and plastics industries are nylon 6 and nylon 6-6. The polymer is made of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, which give nylon 6-6 a total of 12 carbon atoms in each repeating unit, and its name.
Nylon is the most useful synthetic material with applications varying from daily life activities to industries. The term nylon points towards a polymer family known as linear polyamides.
Nylon is the most useful synthetic material with applications varying from daily life activities to industries. The term nylon points towards a polymer family known as linear polyamides.
Nylon 66 is frequently used when high mechanical strength, rigidity, good stability under heat and/or chemical resistance are required.[3] It is used in fibers for textiles and carpets and molded parts. For textiles, fibers are sold under various brands, for example Nilit brands or the Cordura brand for luggage, but it is also used in airbags, apparel, and for carpet fibres under the Ultron brand. Nylon 66 lends itself well to make 3D structural objects, mostly by injection molding. It has broad use in automotive applications; these include "under the hood" parts such as radiator end tanks, rocker covers, air intake manifolds, and oil pans,[4] as well as numerous other structural parts such as hinges,[5] and ball bearing cages. Other applications include electro-insulating elements, pipes, profiles, various machine parts, zip ties, conveyor belts, hoses, polymer-framed weapons, and the outer layer of turnout blankets.[6] Nylon 66 is also a popular guitar nut material.
It shows methods of gingival retraction and its recent advances.
gingival retraction is done prion to tooth preparation or impression making to widen the gingival sulcus for easy access to the margin around tooth that is prepared.
Cationic photo-initiators are also called photo-acid generators
Anionic polymerization involves the polymerization of vinyl monomers possessing strong electronegative groups.
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Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Topical application of hydroquinone produces a reversible depigmentation of the skin by inhibition of the enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine .
Nylon Degradation in Processing, Recycling and Service LifeAta Zad, Ph.D.
Plastics in general are very problematic to work with. From one grade to the other grade of the same material, you may need to re-adjust your processing parameters to avoid degradation, surface defects, mechanical properties drops and so on. In the service life, they are also very vulnerable materials so they need to be protected from UV, Humidity, Temperature variations, and other environment conditions.
Some plastics are more sensitive and very tricky to work with, similar to a pampered teenager kid at home. Nylon and PVC are among these sensitive plastics. That is why, we tried to explain the reasons for their degradation and provided a remedy for all that.
Read through the article to understand more.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Nylon 66 is frequently used when high mechanical strength, rigidity, good stability under heat and/or chemical resistance are required.[3] It is used in fibers for textiles and carpets and molded parts. For textiles, fibers are sold under various brands, for example Nilit brands or the Cordura brand for luggage, but it is also used in airbags, apparel, and for carpet fibres under the Ultron brand. Nylon 66 lends itself well to make 3D structural objects, mostly by injection molding. It has broad use in automotive applications; these include "under the hood" parts such as radiator end tanks, rocker covers, air intake manifolds, and oil pans,[4] as well as numerous other structural parts such as hinges,[5] and ball bearing cages. Other applications include electro-insulating elements, pipes, profiles, various machine parts, zip ties, conveyor belts, hoses, polymer-framed weapons, and the outer layer of turnout blankets.[6] Nylon 66 is also a popular guitar nut material.
It shows methods of gingival retraction and its recent advances.
gingival retraction is done prion to tooth preparation or impression making to widen the gingival sulcus for easy access to the margin around tooth that is prepared.
Cationic photo-initiators are also called photo-acid generators
Anionic polymerization involves the polymerization of vinyl monomers possessing strong electronegative groups.
Hydroquinone - Chennai Plastic Surgerydrkarthik777
Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Topical application of hydroquinone produces a reversible depigmentation of the skin by inhibition of the enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine .
Nylon Degradation in Processing, Recycling and Service LifeAta Zad, Ph.D.
Plastics in general are very problematic to work with. From one grade to the other grade of the same material, you may need to re-adjust your processing parameters to avoid degradation, surface defects, mechanical properties drops and so on. In the service life, they are also very vulnerable materials so they need to be protected from UV, Humidity, Temperature variations, and other environment conditions.
Some plastics are more sensitive and very tricky to work with, similar to a pampered teenager kid at home. Nylon and PVC are among these sensitive plastics. That is why, we tried to explain the reasons for their degradation and provided a remedy for all that.
Read through the article to understand more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
5. POLYMER
• POLY MEANS “MANY”
• • MER MEANS “PART”
• A CHEMICAL COMPOUND WITH LARGE MOLECULES MADE OF MANY SMALLER MOLECULES OF SAME KIND.
• SYNTHETIC POLYMERS: NYLON, POLYETHYLENE, POLYESTER,TEFLON, ЕРОХУ.
• • NATURAL POLYMERS: SILK, WOOL, DNA, CELLULOSE, PROTEINS.
6. POLYAMIDE
• POLYMER IN WHICH REPEATING UNITS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY AMIDE LINKS.
• AMIDE GROUP: STRUCTURE
7. NYLON
• •ELASTIC SYNTHETIC POLYMER WITH A PROTEIN LIKE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ABLE TO BE PRODUCED AS
FILAMENTS, SHEETS OR MODULED OBJECTS.
• • NYLON ENCOMPASS A RANGE OF MATERIAL TYPE:
• NYLON6; NYLON6,6; NYLON4,6; NYLON6,12; NYLON12 ETC
8.
9. NYLON_6
• NYLON6 IS AN IMPORTANT POLYAMIDE.
• IT IS A SYNTHETIC FIBRE.
• COLOUR OF NYLON6 IS WHITE BUT IT COULD BE COLOURFUL BY ADDING DYES IN SOLUTION BATH BEFORE
FIBRE PRODUCTION.
10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NYLON6
• TENACITY: 6.0-8.5 GM/DEN
• DENSITY: 1.14 GM/C.C
• ELONGATION AT BREAK: 15-45%
• ELASTICITY: VERY GOOD
• MOISTURE REGAIN (MR%): 3.5-5%
• RESILIENCY: GOOD
• MELTING POINT: 215DEGREES CELCIUS
• ABILITY TO PROTEST FRICTION: EXCELLENT
• COLOUR: WHITE
11. • LUSTRE: BRIGHT TO LIGHT ABILITY TO PROTECT HEAT: UP TO 150DEGREES CELCIUS
12. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NYLON6
• BASE: BASES DOES NOT CAUSE HARM TO THE NYLON6. NYLON6 HAS ENOUGHABILITY AGAINST ALKALI.
• EFFECT OF BLEACHING: STRONG OXIDIZING AGENT IS HARMFUL FOR NYLON6.
• ORGANIC SOLVENT: IT BECOMES SOLUBLE IN ANY DENSE ACID OR PHENOL.
• PROTECTION ABILITY AGAINST MILDEW : MILDEW CANNOT CAUSE HARM TOTHE NYLON6.
• PROTECTION ABILITY AGAINST INSECTS: INSECTS CAUSE HARM TO THE NYLON6.
• ACIDS: LIKE NYLON6.6, NYLON6 HAS NOT ENOUGH ABILITY AGAINST CHEMICAL ACTION.
• DYES: NYLON6 COULD BE DYE BY DIRECT DYES, ACID DYES AND VAT DYES.
13. APPLICATIONS OF NYLON6
• NYLON6 IS WIDELY USED FOR GEARS ,FITTINGS AND BEARINGS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY FOR VARIOUS
PARTS.
• USED AS THREAD IN BRISTLES FOR TOOTHBRUSHES, SURGICAL SUTURES AND STRINGS FOR ACOUSTIC
AND CLASSICAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
• USED IN MANUFACTURING OF LARGE VARIETY OFTHREADS,ROPES,NET,KNITTED GARMENTS ETC.
14. • • WHEN CAPROLACTAM IS HEATED AT ABOUT 533 K IN AN INERT ATMOSPHERE OF NITROGEN FOR ABOUT
4-5 HOURS, THE RING BREAKS AND UNDERGOES POLYMERIZATION.
• THEN THE MOLTEN MASS IS PASSED THROUGH SPINNERETS TO FORM FIBRES OF NYLON 6.
18. NYLON 6,6
• NYLON 6.6 IS A POLYAMIDE FIBRE.
• IT IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT MANMADE TEXTILE FIBRES AMONG THE OTHER SYNTHETIC FIBRES.
• • THE CHEMICAL NAME OF THE NYLON6,6 IS POLYHEXAMETHYLENE-ADIPAMIDE
19. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NYLON6,6
• TENACITY: 4.5-8.5 GM/DEN
• DENSITY: 1.14 GM/C.C
• ELONGATION AT BREAK: VERY GOOD
• ELASTICITY: VERY GOOD
• MOISTURE REGAIN(MR%): 4.0%
• RESILIENCY: GOOD
• MELTING POINT: 250 DEGREESCELCIUS
20. • ABILITY TO PROTEST FRICTION: EXCELLENT
• COLOR: WHITE OR CREAM
• LIGHT REFLECTION ABILITY: IT CAN PROTECT UP TO 150DEGREECELCIUS
• • LUSTUR: BRIGHT TO LIGHT
21. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NYLON6.6
• BASIC: NYLON6.6 HAS ENOUGH ABILITY TO PROTECT THE ACTION OF ALKALI.
• • ACIDS: NYLON6.6 IS NOT STABLE WITH THE ACIDIC ACTION.
• • EFFECTS OF BLEACHING: STRONG OXIDISING AGENT CAUSES HARM TO THE NYLON6,6.
• ORGANIC SOLVENT: IT BECOMES SOLUBLE IN FORMIC ACID, SULPHURIC ACID AND PHENOL.
22. • • PROTECTION ABILITY AGAINST MILDEW: IT DOES NOT AFFECTED BY MILDEW.
• • PROTECTION ABILITY AGAINST INSECTS: IT MAY AFFECTED BY INSECTS.
• DYES: DIRECT DYES, ACID DYES, VAT DYES ARE SUITABLE FOR DYE THENYLON6,6.
23. APPLICATIONS OF NYLON6.6
• USED IN AIRBAGS, TIRES, ROPES ,CONVEYOR BELTS, HOSES.
• • IT IS WATERPROOF SO IT IS USED TO MAKE SWIMWEAR.
• IT IS ALSO RESISTANT TO WATER,SO IT IS USED TO MAKE MACHINE PARTS.
24.
25. SYNTHESIS AND MANUFACTURING
• NYLON 66 IS SYNTHESIZED BY POLYCONDENSATION OF HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE AND ADIPIC ACID.
• EQUIVALENT AMOUNTS OF HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE AND ADIPIC ACID ARE COMBINED WITH WATER IN A
REACTOR. THIS IS CRYSTALLIZED TO MAKE NYLON SALT, AN AMMONIUM/CARBOXYLATE MIXTURE.
• THE NYLON SALT GOES INTO A REACTION VESSEL WHERE POLYMERIZATIONPROCESS TAKES PLACE EITHER
IN BATCHES OR CONTINUOUSLY.
26. • REMOVING WATER DRIVES THE REACTION TOWARD POLYMERIZATION THROUGH THE FORMATION OF
AMIDE BONDS FROM THE ACID AND AMINE FUNCTIONS.
• THUS MOLTEN NYLON 66 IS FORMED. IT CAN EITHER BE EXTRUDED AND GRANULATED AT THIS POINT OR
DIRECTLY SPUN INTO FIBERS BY EXTRUSION THROUGH A SPINNERET (A SMALL METAL PLATE WITH FINE
HOLES) AND COOLING TO FORM FILAMENTS
