This document provides an overview of software testing fundamentals. It discusses why testing is needed given that people make mistakes in both developing and using software. It also covers common causes of software defects like errors in specification, design, implementation, and use. Additionally, it discusses how testing helps measure quality by finding defects and increasing confidence in the system. Testing aims to reduce risks and meet standards, with higher risk industries requiring more rigorous testing.
In this chapter, we will introduce you to the fundamentals of testing: why testing is needed; its limitations, objectives and purpose; the principles behind testing; the process that testers follow; and some of the psychological factors that testers must consider in their work. By reading this chapter you'll gain an understanding of the fundamentals of testing and be able to describe those fundamentals.
Fundamentals of testing - Testing & Implementationsyogi syafrialdi
As we go through this section, watch for the Syllabus terms bug, defect, error, failure, fault, mistake, quality, risk, software, testing and exhaustive testing. You'll find these terms defined in the glossary.
In this chapter, we will introduce you to the fundamentals of testing: why testing is needed; its limitations, objectives and purpose; the principles behind testing; the process that testers follow; and some of the psychological factors that testers must consider in their work. By reading this chapter you'll gain an understanding of the fundamentals of testing and be able to describe those fundamentals.
Fundamentals of testing - Testing & Implementationsyogi syafrialdi
As we go through this section, watch for the Syllabus terms bug, defect, error, failure, fault, mistake, quality, risk, software, testing and exhaustive testing. You'll find these terms defined in the glossary.
Software testing is entirely about finding defects in applications, right? Apparently, this can be considered as the principal goal of all the QA practices. However, all the defects diverge from each other. It cannot be stated if some are more important than others, yet it’s possible to locate and fix them all.
Nowadays, increasing reliability and safety were very important in hardware and software development to avoid errors. Reliability is the degree to which and assessment tool produces stable and consistent result.
Safety is being protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes. Roughly about increasing reliability and safety is more about software that can perform their task consistently and safe from any harm that can bring error in the software.
Software quality improvement expert Jan Princen and XBOSoft CEO Philip Lew discuss the use of Predictive Analytics to prevent software defects in this XBOSoft webinar on Defect Prevention.
Service Level Terminology : SLA ,SLO & SLIKnoldus Inc.
Measuring outcomes is always at the top of our mind when approaching goals. While we do have specific targets we may be aiming for, circling back to confirm that the resulting outcome is in fact what you were after is extremely important. Small course corrections are required. Outcomes may be more general but often attract the attention and support of decision-makers earlier.
Key measurements and thresholds to hold us accountable for our efforts as well as communicate expectations across the entire organization needed to be established. Nearly every resource you find regarding site reliability engineering will talk about key metrics used to establish high-level objectives, indicators of the movement toward or away from those objectives, and ultimately what agreements are in place should objectives be unfulfilled.
SLIs will help us know how we are performing against our SLOs and our SLA will outline the consequences (good or bad) of meeting those objectives. Once we have data to observe, we will begin orienting ourselves to it and establish what we believe our SLIs and SLOs to be.
Here’s an outline of the webinar -
~ Learn what an SRE is and isn't.
~ Understand the difference between service-level indicators (SLI), service-level objectives (SLO), and service-level agreements (SLA).
~ Gain an understanding of error budgets and how to calculate reliability cost.
~ Learn how SREs can embed themselves within development teams to increase operational stability
Software testing is entirely about finding defects in applications, right? Apparently, this can be considered as the principal goal of all the QA practices. However, all the defects diverge from each other. It cannot be stated if some are more important than others, yet it’s possible to locate and fix them all.
Nowadays, increasing reliability and safety were very important in hardware and software development to avoid errors. Reliability is the degree to which and assessment tool produces stable and consistent result.
Safety is being protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes. Roughly about increasing reliability and safety is more about software that can perform their task consistently and safe from any harm that can bring error in the software.
Software quality improvement expert Jan Princen and XBOSoft CEO Philip Lew discuss the use of Predictive Analytics to prevent software defects in this XBOSoft webinar on Defect Prevention.
Service Level Terminology : SLA ,SLO & SLIKnoldus Inc.
Measuring outcomes is always at the top of our mind when approaching goals. While we do have specific targets we may be aiming for, circling back to confirm that the resulting outcome is in fact what you were after is extremely important. Small course corrections are required. Outcomes may be more general but often attract the attention and support of decision-makers earlier.
Key measurements and thresholds to hold us accountable for our efforts as well as communicate expectations across the entire organization needed to be established. Nearly every resource you find regarding site reliability engineering will talk about key metrics used to establish high-level objectives, indicators of the movement toward or away from those objectives, and ultimately what agreements are in place should objectives be unfulfilled.
SLIs will help us know how we are performing against our SLOs and our SLA will outline the consequences (good or bad) of meeting those objectives. Once we have data to observe, we will begin orienting ourselves to it and establish what we believe our SLIs and SLOs to be.
Here’s an outline of the webinar -
~ Learn what an SRE is and isn't.
~ Understand the difference between service-level indicators (SLI), service-level objectives (SLO), and service-level agreements (SLA).
~ Gain an understanding of error budgets and how to calculate reliability cost.
~ Learn how SREs can embed themselves within development teams to increase operational stability
In this chapter,i was introduce you to the fundamentals of testing:why testing is needed;its limitations,objectives and purpose;the principles behind testing; the process that testers follow; and some ofthe psychological factors that testers must consider in their work. By reading this chapter you'll gain an understanding of the fundamentals of testing and be able to describe those fundamentals
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Testing implementasi 1
1. Sinthia Gusfah Mitari
Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
Referensi : Graham et.al (2006)
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
2. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of testing
In this chapter, we will introduce you to the fundamentals of testing: why testing is
needed; its limitations, objectives and purpose; the principles behind testing; the
process that testers follow; and some of the psychological factors that testers must
consider in their work. By reading this chapter you'll gain an understanding of the
fundamentals of testing and be able to describe those fundamentals.
We should assume our work contains mistakes, we all need to check our own work.
However, some mistakes come from bad assumptions and blind spots, so we might
make the same mistakes when we check our own work as we made when we did it.
So we may not notice the flaws in what we have done.
3. Software systems context
Most people have had an experience with software that did not work as expected: an
error on a bill, a delay when waiting for a credit card to process and a website that
did not load correctly are common examples of problems that may happen because
of software problems. Not all software systems carry the same level of risk and not
all problems have the same impact when they occur. A risk is something that has
not happened yet and it may never happen; it is a potential problem.
4. Causes of software defects
Why is it that software systems sometimes don't work correctly? We know that
people make mistakes - we are fallible.
If someone makes an error or mistake in using the software, this may lead directly
to a problem - the software is used incorrectly and so does not behave as we
expected. However, people also design and build the software and they can make
mistakes during the design and build. These mistakes mean that there are flaws in
the software itself. These are called defects or sometimes bugs or faults.
Remember, the software is not just the code; check the definition of soft- ware again
to remind yourself.
When the software code has been built, it is executed and then any defects may
cause the system to fail to do what it should do (or do something it shouldn't),
causing a failure. Not all defects result in failures; some stay dormant in the code
and we may never notice them.
5. Cont...
Our mistakes are also important because software systems and projects are
complicated. Many interim and final products are built during a project, and people
will almost certainly make mistakes and errors in all the activities of the build.
Some of these are found and removed by the authors of the work, but it is difficult
for people to find their own mistakes while building a product. Defects in software,
systems or documents may result in failures, but not all defects do cause failures.
We could argue that if a mistake does not lead to a defect or a defect does not lead
to a failure, then it is not of any importance - we may not even know we've made an
error.
Additionally, we are more likely to make errors when dealing with perplexing
technical or business problems, complex business processes, code or infrastructure,
changing technologies, or many system interactions. This is because our brains can
only deal with a reasonable amount of complexity or change - when asked to deal
with more our brains may not process the information we have correctly.
6. Cont...
When we think about what might go wrong we have to consider defects and failures
arising from:
•errors in the specification, design and implementation of the software
and system;
•errors in use of the system;
•environmental conditions;
•intentional damage;
•potential consequences of earlier errors, intentional damage, defects
and failures.
7. Role of testing in software development,
maintenance and operations
We may also be required to carry out software testing to meet contractual or legal
requirements, or industry-specific standards. These standards may specify what
type of techniques we must use, or the percentage of the software code that must be
exercised. It may be a surprise to learn that we don't always test all the code; that
would be too expensive compared with the risk we are trying deal with. However -
as we'd expect - the higher the risk associated with the indus- try using the software,
the more likely it is that a standard for testing will exist. The avionics, motor,
medical and pharmaceutical industries all have standards covering the testing of
software. For example, the US Federal Aviation Administration's DO-178B standard
[RTCA/DO-178B] has requirements for test coverage.
8. Testing and quality
Testing helps us to measure the quality of software in terms of the number of
defects found, the tests run, and the system covered by the tests. We can do this for
both the functional attributes of the software (for example, printing a report
correctly) and for the non-functional software requirements and characteristics (for
example, printing a report quickly enough).
A well-designed test will uncover defects if they are present and so, if such a test
passes, we will rightly be more confident in the software and be able to assert that
the overall level of risk of using the system has been reduced. When testing does
find defects, the quality of the software system increases when those defects are
fixed, provided the fixes are carried out properly.
9. Cont...
What is quality?
Projects aim to deliver software to specification. For the project to deliver what
the customer needs requires a correct specification. Additionally, the delivered
system must meet the specification. This is known as validation ('is this the right
specification?') and verification ('is the system correct to specification?'). Of
course, as well as wanting the right software system built correctly, the customer
wants the project to be within budget and timescale – it should arrive when they
need it and not cost too much.
The ISTQB glossary definition covers not just the specified requirements but also
user and customer needs and expectations. It is important that the project team,
the customers and any other project stakeholders set and agree expectations. We
need to understand what the customers understand by quality and what their
expectations are.
10. Cont...
What we as software developers and testers may see as quality – that the software
meets its defined specification, is technically excellent and has few bugs in it – may
not provide a quality solution for our customers. Furthermore, if our
customers find they have spent more money than they wanted or that the software
doesn't help them carry out their tasks, they won't be impressed by the technical
excellence of the solution. If the customer wants a cheap car for a 'run-
about' and has a small budget then an expensive sports car or a military
tank are not quality solutions, however well built they are.
11. Cont...
If your testing is confined to software, you might look at these and say, 'These are
not software problems, so they don't concern us!' So, as software testers we might
confine ourselves to reporting the printer driver failure. However, our remit as
testers may be beyond the software; we might have a remit to look at a whole
system including hardware and firmware. Additionally, even if our remit is
software, we might want to consider how software might help people prevent or
resolve problems; we may look beyond this view. The software could provide a
user interface which helps the user anticipate when paper or ink is
getting low. It could provide simple step-by-step instructions to help the
users change the cartridges or replenish paper. It could provide a high
temperature warning so that the environment can be managed. As
testers, we want not just to think and report on defects but, with the rest
of the project team, think about any potential causes of failures`.