Download to read offline
![But Spinges will be celebrated still more in romance, as it has been
in history, by the act of that anonymous maiden "the Maid of
Spinges," who, during the fight around the church of the village,
mounted in company with the men the wall of the churchyard, and,
armed with a hay fork, helped, by her strong arms as well as her
example, to successfully repel three fierce attacks of the French
soldiery. Unknown[18] by name, yet the fame of her courageous act,
typical as it was of those of many others of her sex during the long
and fierce struggle waged by the Tyrolese against the invaders of
their beloved land, has descended through generations.
On the other side of the valley to Spinges is Franzenfeste at the
mouth of the defile known as the Brixener Klause. Few people stop
at Franzenfeste, we imagine. To ramble on the hillsides would be an
act of foolhardiness, for they are honeycombed with forts. It is a
great strategic position, commanding the Brenner and the entrance
to the Puster Thal; and investigation of the hillsides and
neighbourhood, it is needless to say, is not encouraged by the
Austrian Government. It is possible in the future that the spot which
saw much fighting in 1797 and 1809 will again be the scene of
military operations, and a struggle not less fierce, and far more
bloody. Who knows?
STERZING AND MATREI
Sterzing, with its sunny main street of which a most charming vista
is got as one enters the town through the ancient gateway on the
Brenner road, and shady arcades which remind one of the "unter
den Lauben" of Meran, stands on the site of a Roman settlement,
Vipitenum. It is situated at the junction of three beautiful valleys, the
Ridnaun Thal, Pflersch Thal, Pfitscher Thal, in a broad basin-like
depression, encircled by shapely mountain slopes, and on the right
bank of the Eisack. Though nowadays possessing a population of
less than 3000, Sterzing at once strikes one as having an air of
importance and prosperity, hardly in keeping with its small size.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/8854-250226025006-cfa9eae0/75/Test-Bank-for-Social-Work-An-Empowering-Profession-8-E-Brenda-L-DuBois-Karla-Krogsrud-Miley-58-2048.jpg)
More Related Content
Similar to Test Bank for Social Work: An Empowering Profession, 8/E Brenda L. DuBois, Karla Krogsrud Miley
Test Bank for Social Work: An Empowering Profession, 8/E Brenda L. DuBois, Karla Krogsrud Miley
- 1. Visit https://testbankmall.com todownload the full version and explore more testbank or solutions manual Test Bank for Social Work: An Empowering Profession, 8/E Brenda L. DuBois, Karla Krogsrud Miley _____ Click the link below to download _____ https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-social-work- an-empowering-profession-8-e-brenda-l-dubois-karla-krogsrud- miley/ Explore and download more testbank or solutions manual at testbankmall.com
- 2. Here are somerecommended products that we believe you will be interested in. You can click the link to download. Introduction to Social Work An Advocacy Based Profession 1st Edition Cox Test Bank https://testbankmall.com/product/introduction-to-social-work-an- advocacy-based-profession-1st-edition-cox-test-bank/ Test Bank for Empowerment Series An Introduction to the Profession of Social Work, 5th Edition https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-empowerment-series-an- introduction-to-the-profession-of-social-work-5th-edition/ Solution Manual for Empowerment Series An Introduction to the Profession of Social Work, 5th Edition https://testbankmall.com/product/solution-manual-for-empowerment- series-an-introduction-to-the-profession-of-social-work-5th-edition/ Test Bank for Social Work, Social Welfare and American Society, 8/E 8th Edition Philip R. Popple, Leslie Leighninger https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-social-work-social- welfare-and-american-society-8-e-8th-edition-philip-r-popple-leslie- leighninger/
- 3. Test Bank forPolicy-Based Profession, The An Introduction to Social Welfare Policy Analysis for Social Workers, 7th Edition, Philip R. Popple, Leslie Leighninger https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-policy-based- profession-the-an-introduction-to-social-welfare-policy-analysis-for- social-workers-7th-edition-philip-r-popple-leslie-leighninger/ Test Bank for Horngren’s Financial and Managerial Accounting, 6th Edition, Tracie L. Miller-Nobles, Brenda L. Mattison Ella Mae Matsumura https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-horngrens-financial- and-managerial-accounting-6th-edition-tracie-l-miller-nobles-brenda-l- mattison-ella-mae-matsumura/ Research Methods for Social Work Rubin 8th Edition Test Bank https://testbankmall.com/product/research-methods-for-social-work- rubin-8th-edition-test-bank/ Test Bank for Generalist Social Work Practice 1st Edition By Janice Gasker https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-generalist-social-work- practice-1st-edition-by-janice-gasker/ Test Bank for Empowerment Series Introduction to Social Work & Social Welfare Critical Thinking Perspectives, 5th Edition https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-empowerment-series- introduction-to-social-work-social-welfare-critical-thinking- perspectives-5th-edition/
- 5. 2 Boston Columbus IndianapolisNew York San Francisco Hoboken Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
- 6. iii ______________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2014,2011, 2008, 2005, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Instructors of classes using DuBois and Miley’s Social Work: An Empowering Profession, may reproduce material from the test bank for classroom use. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-10: 0134194357 ISBN-13: 9780134194356 www.pearsonhighered.com
- 7. iv Table of Contents Chapter1 Social Work: A Helping Profession 1 Chapter 2 An Evolving Profession 3 Chapter 3 Social Work and Social Systems 5 Chapter 4 The Social Service Delivery System 7 Chapter 5 Values and Ethics in Social Work 9 Chapter 6 Human Rights and Social Justice 11 Chapter 7 Diversity and Social Work 13 Chapter 8 Empowerment Social Work Practice 15 Chapter 9 Social Work Functions and Roles 17 Chapter 10 Social Work and Social Policy 19 Chapter 11 Social Work and Poverty, Homelessness, Unemployment, and Criminal Justice 21 Chapter 12 Social Work in Health, Rehabilitation, and Mental Health 23 Chapter 13 Social Work with Families and Youths 25 Chapter 14 Adult and Aging Services 27 Answer Key 29
- 8. 1 Chapter 1 Social Work:A Helping Profession Multiple Choice 1. Lee is employed by Family and Child Counseling as a generalist social worker. Lee will be expected to ______. a. understand problems in context and consider interventions at all system levels b. work exclusively with individual families and children c. have a job description which excludes policy concerns d. leave research concerns to specialists 2. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, identify the correct ascendancy of needs beginning with the most fundamental. a. Physiological, esteem, security, self-actualization b. Security, physiological, self-actualization, esteem c. Physiological, security, belonging, esteem d. Self-actualization, esteem, belonging, physiological 3. Which is the first of the internationally binging agreements on human rights? a. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights b. Convention on the Rights of the Child c. International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination d. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4. ______ prevail(s) when all members of a society share equally in the social order, secure an equitable consideration of resources and opportunities, and enjoy their full benefit of civil rights and civil liberties. a. Environmental competence b. Social justice c. Cultural competence d. Universal basic needs 5. Empowerment is best described as ______. a. a sense of personal competence b. a sociopolitical influence c. having personal and sociopolitical dimensions d. a sense of being in control 6. Which of the following represents the social work view of personal troubles and public issues? a. Private troubles translate into public issues. b. Troubles occur within the character of the individual c. The solutions for personal troubles and public issues reside in separate realms. d. Public issues are in the public domain and have no bearing on personal troubles. 7. Which of the following views of the relationship between social work and society emphasizes the context of social functioning? a. Social work as an agent of social control on behalf of society. b. Social work as an intermediary between individuals and society. c. Social work as a reformer of society.
- 9. 2 d. Social workas separate from society. 8. Jim is a social work student who is learning that empowerment refers to ______. a. a process b. an outcome c. both a process and an outcome d. a radical political position unrelated to current social work practice. 9. Jolene is working on a planning effort to coordinate service delivery for homeless women and children. Ogden is a counselor with the Homeless Coalition. Sarah, a legislative advocate, is concerned with social policy development regarding homelessness. Evaluate their activities in relation to the purpose of social work. a. Only Ogden reflects the true social work purpose. b. Jolene and Sarah’s work reflects social work purpose. c. Sarah’s work, while concerned with social justice, is tangential to social work purpose. d. Jolene, Ogden, and Sarah all reflect the purpose of social work in their work activities. 10. Lien upholds the view that social welfare programs and services should be available to all persons as a citizen right. Her view of social welfare is classified as a(n) ______. a. institutional b. substitutive c. supportive d. residual Short Answer 1. Explain how focusing on competence and strengths rather than on deficits and pathologies affect social workers’ and clients’ notions about human and social needs and social functioning. 2. Delineate the goals of generalist social work. 3. Apply the definition of social work as an empowerment-oriented, human rights, and social justice profession to the guiding principles for social work practice. 4. Analyze the relationship between the principles of social justice, human rights, and the social welfare institution. 5. Evaluate the interrelationships between the purpose and goals of social work and the practice of social work from a generalist perspective. Essay Questions 1. Demonstrate how social workers promote social and economic justice in various fields of practice. 2. Illustrate ways in which social work is a human rights profession. 3. Analyze how the definition of generalist social work practice informs professional identity and behaviors. 4. Based on the “Voices from the Field” examples, evaluate the potential needs and sources of strengths that give direction to practice with social work clients in these practice examples. 5. Create some examples of social policies that affect services to clients in various fields of social work practice.
- 10. 3 Chapter 2 An EvolvingProfession Multiple Choice 1. The organization founded by S. Humphreys Gurteen to deal with the chaos and indiscriminate charity of relief practices in Buffalo, New York, was the ______. a. first U.S. Charity Organization Society b. the Association for Improving the Conditions of the Poor c. the National Conference of Charities and Correction d. the New York Society for the Prevention of Pauperism 2. ______ is an early pioneer in the Settlement House Movement. a. Mary Richmond b. Harriet Bartlett c. Florence Hollis d. Jane Addams 3. The first Black settlement house in the United States was founded by ______. a. Janie Porter Barrett b. Lugenia Burns Hop c. Sarah Fernandis d. Mary Eliza Church Terrell 4. ______ was a policy maker who was instrumental in drafting the Social Security Act of 1935. a. Harry Hopkins b. Whitney Young c. Grace Coyle d. Eduard Lindeman 5. NASW stands for the ______. a. National Association of Social Welfare b. National Association of Social Workers c. National Academy of Social Work d. National Assistance for Social Workers 6. The 1960s was significant for social work because of ______. a. the War on Poverty b. the New Deal c. the Charity Organization Society d. Freudian psychoanalysis 7. The ecosystems approach ______. a. considers transactions between people and their physical and social environments b. is a facet of Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective c. focuses on individuals, but not their environments d. focuses solely on the physical and social environment 8. Delivered at the Baltimore Conference on Charities, Flexner’s 1915 speech ______. a. applauded the professional status of social work b. characterized social work as having a method common to numerous fields of practice
- 11. 4 c. recognized aspecific aim for social work leading to a highly specialized education d. generated activities so social work could meet the stated criteria of a profession 9. If you were a “friendly visitor” in a charity organization society, you would most likely ______. a. access public funds for families in distress b. believe that charity represented respectful support for families c. act as a model of moral character d. not be concerned about investigations and scientific procedures 10. You are writing a report on Bertha Capen Reynolds. Which of the following activities will you include in your report? a. her work as Secretary of Labor b. her emphasis on consumer involvement in directing social services c. her advocacy for small group interaction as a vehicle for social change d. her activities in the Charity Organization Society Short Answer 1. Describe the key factors that influenced social work’s quest for status as a profession. 2. Explain the three general areas of the common base of the social work profession. 3. Apply activities of the Settlement House Movement to further your understanding the empowerment orientation in social work practice today. 4. Compare and contrast the purposes, roles, and functions of the Charity Organization Society and Settlement House Movement. 5. Select two tenets for social work practice described in the text. Evaluate each in the context of the purpose of social work, the social work code of ethics, and empowerment- based social work practice. Essay Questions 1. Illustrate how the social work profession through its knowledge base emphasizes human rights and empowerment of oppressed populations. 2. Apply the standards of the NASW Code of Ethics to identify the personal values that might interfere with your professional obligation. 3. Analyze how the unique contributions of the Charity Organization and the Settlement House movements continue to be evident in contemporary social work practice. 4. From an ecosystems perspective, evaluate why it is important for social workers to engage in practice activities that include both individual treatment and social reform. 5. Speculate about what you can do as an individual practitioner to influence the general public’s positive regard of social workers and the social work profession.
- 12. 5 Chapter 3 Social Workand Social Systems Multiple Choice 1. Typically, prevention activities target social functioning that is ______. a. abnormal b. at risk c. maladaptive d. dysfunctional 2. Sarina is a family counselor. Her typical day-to-day activities most likely reflect ______. a. microlevel intervention b. mezzolevel intervention c. macrolevel intervention d. working with the profession 3. Of the following, which is the best example of a mezzolevel target of change? a. Family members b. An organization c. A community d. A legislative initiative 4. Social planning to create social change represents ______. a. microlevel intervention b. mezzolevel intervention c. macrolevel intervention d. working with the social work profession 5. Kelly finds that her associations with professional colleagues help to build her professional identity, and that her participation in peer review processes have helped her develop her professional skills. Kelly’s activities represent ______. a. microlevel intervention b. mezzolevel intervention c. macrolevel intervention d. working with the profession 6. Of the following, which represents the most accurate description of a social system? a. Families, work groups, play groups, and organizations are social systems, though neighborhoods and communities are not. b. A social system is a group of people that gets together every so often for conversation and a sense of togetherness. c. A social system is an organized whole made up of interacting component parts. d. A social system is unique in its interaction patterns, but not separated from other systems by boundaries. 7. Marge’s social work class is learning about the theoretical underpinnings of the ecosystems perspective. Marge now knows that the ecosystems perspective incorporates ideas from ______. a. psychoanalytic theories b. general systems theory and ecology
- 13. 6 c. humanistic views d.psychology and sociology 8. The integrated generalist model means that generalist social workers ______. a. primarily define their method as casework b. are Jacks (or Jills) of all trades and masters of none c. focus on the interactions between people and their environments d. work on community problem-solving initiatives 9. Which of the following persons is most likely considered “at risk” in social functioning? a. Someone who is serving time in prison b. A family caught up in serious communication conflicts c. An older woman who is adjusting successfully to the death of her partner d. A person with a disability who is underemployed 10. Which of the following most accurately applies a social systems view to Alanda Morrison and her family? a. Alanda is a subsystem of the Morrison family b. Alanda is part of the Morrison family’s environment c. The Morrison family is a subsystem of the school d. The school is a subsystem of the Morrison family Short Answer 1. Describe key elements of the ecosystems perspective. 2. Articulate the differences with respect to the focus of change among microlevel, mezzolevel, and macrolevel client systems. 3. Provide examples of ways generalist social workers apply the person: environment construct to their practice of social work. 4. Compare and contrast levels of social functioning. 5. Evaluate the differences between traditional social work methods and the integrated generalist model. Essay Questions 1. Apply the definition of social functioning to your understanding of personal, interpersonal, and environmental factors that enhance and/or impede social functioning. 2. Differentiate the specialized skills social workers need for their practice with client systems at the individual, family, group, organization, neighborhood, and community levels. 3. Critique how knowing that both problems and solutions can be found in the social environment informs a generalist approach to assessment and intervention. 4. Evaluate why the social systems perspective is a useful theoretical model for considering the effects of social and economic issues and human rights concerns on the transactions between persons and their environments. 5. Hypothesize why the definition or nature of the problem and not the method alone determines which intervention strategies social workers select.
- 14. 7 Chapter 4 The SocialService Delivery System Multiple Choice 1. The Child Welfare League of America, the Alliance for Children and Families, and the American Public Human Service Organization are examples of ______. a. agencies b. host settings c. associations d. public auspices 2. The Jewish Federation, Catholic Charities, Lutheran Social Service, and Church World Service are all ______. a. ecumenical agencies b. public agencies funded by religious bodies c. sectarian agencies d. non-sectarian agencies 3. Imposing rules and regulations to restrict access to services is a form of ______. a. privatization b. a request for proposal c. purchase of service contracting d. bureaucratic disentitlement 4. The origins of business ventures in the social service delivery network can be traced to ______. a. the Social Security Act of 1935 b. the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 c. the Medicare and Medicaid Amendments of the 1960s d. the recent emphasis on privatization 5. Funding resources are extremely limited in the community’s agency for the homeless. The board of directors had decided that services should be offered only to those who seem highly motivated and “reachable.” This policy illustrates ______. a. community-based planning b. agency turfism c. purchase of service contracting d. social triage 6. Liz Meija is employed as a social worker in a host setting. She is most likely employed in a(n) ______. a. family service agency b. school c. mental health center d. urban social service planning agency 7. Jerimiah, who recently earned his Associate’s degree, is a client advocate/caseworker aid with the local agency serving persons with disabilities. He is most likely a ______. a. paraprofessional b. licensed social worker c. specialized professional d. basic professional
- 15. 8 8. The service-userinvolvement movement ______. a. is limited to participation in self-help groups b. has a singular focus on social policies c. provides a venue for redressing power inequities d. creates barriers to consumer involvement 9. Dena is an intake worker at a township social service agency. Part of her job involves screening clients for emergency needs. This face of her job involves ______. a. privatization of services b. social triage c. bureaucratic disentitlement d. purchase of service contracting 10. Maria, a licensed social worker, is a partner in a private practice, Social Work Associates. This arrangement is most likely a ______. a. not-for-profit social service agency b. sectarian social service agency c. public social service agency d. for-profit business venture Short Answer 1. Describe ways in which agencies can demonstrate respect for diversity. 2. Describe the implications of professional licensure for social work. 3. Provide examples of ways in which workplace burnout could result in social justice issues. 4. Compare and contrast the following characteristics of social services: private and public auspices, primary and host settings, sectarian and nonsectarian affiliations, and nonprofit and for-profit status 5. Evaluate the impact of privatization on social service delivery Essay Questions 1. Illustrate the ways in which a responsive social service delivery system affords clients the right to access affordable and comprehensive health and human services that will contribute to their quality of life and well-being. 2. Chart the benefits of a social service delivery infrastructure that is built on both public and private services. 3. Analyze the challenges that arise for practitioners with respect to accessibility and availability of services in urban and rural communities. 4. Evaluate how title protection, licensure, and legal regulation of social work protect clients and promote ethical practices. 5. Generate proactive steps that social workers can take in the policy practice arena to address emerging funding issues to ensure that benefits to persons in need are not eroded.
- 16. 9 Chapter 5 Values andEthics in Social Work Multiple Choice 1. Values ______. a. define what exists b. are a legitimate access to societal resources (rights) c. are the same as needs d. direct and orient behavior 2. Ethics is what we consider ______. a. ideal b. preferable c. right d. good 3. Social ideologies are most likely a part of which facet of the values context of social work? a. agency values b. personal values systems of social workers c. clients’ personal values d. the context of society 4. To which ethical standard are social workers in the United States held accountable in courts of law? a. The NASW Code of Ethics b. The International Code of Ethics c. The Radical Code of Ethics d. No particular ethical standard 5. The principle for action, “Beginning where the client is,” best reflects ______. a. individualization b. self-determination c. accountability d. controlled emotional response 6. Self-determination ______. a. means there are no limits placed on decision making b. provides clients with opportunities to make choices c. should be encouraged only if there is a good change that the client will make the “right” decision d. places responsibility for decision making on the social worker 7. Emphasizing that social work is inherently political and that social workers have a responsibility for social and political action most accurately reflects which of the ethical preferences for empowerment social work? a. The ethic of care b. The ethic of justice c. The ethic of praxis d. The ethic of politicized practice
- 17. 10 8. Bill Hanleyand Russ O’Donohue both are professional social workers who are guided by the NASW Code of Ethics. Since professional actions are grounded in the Code of Ethics, we can expect that given a particular situation ______. a. their professional decisions will always be very similar b. their professional decisions may actually be quite different c. the code is irrelevant to their professional practice d. the code always dictates a particular response 9. Carrie is beginning her career as a professional social worker. With respect to values, you’d recommend that she ______. a. strive to be a value neutral professional b. identify her own values as ideal c. enhance her self-awareness by continuously reflecting on her values d. impose her own values on her clients 10. Chanda wants to interact with her clients in ways that demonstrate controlled emotional involvement. You recommend that she ______. a. blame her clients for their circumstances b. maintain emotional distance so that she can study her clients’ situations c. talk with her clients about the ways they are similar to her d. respond in ways that demonstrate empathy Short Answer 1. Differentiate between values and ethics. 2. Describe the core values of the social work profession. 3. Illustrate the value context of social work with examples from a social work practice setting of your choice. 4. Compare and contrast the ethical principles for social work practice. 5. Evaluate the ethical issues that might be involved in working with older adults who are frail. Essay Questions 1. Provide examples of how the values of human dignity and social justice are reflected in the social work code of ethics. 2. Illustrate how agency values reflect culturally responsive programming for diverse client population groups. 3. Analyze how the conservative focus on individual morality influences the development and implementation of social welfare policies. 4. Evaluate the purposes of professional social work codes of ethics for practitioners, clients, and the general public. 5. Create a chart that highlights potential ethical dilemmas associated with each social work practice principle.
- 18. 11 Chapter 6 Human Rightsand Social Justice Multiple Choice 1. The rights to housing, medical care, social security, education, and social services are all ______. a. civil and political rights b. social and economic rights c. collective rights d. “people’s rights” 2. Laws dealing with equal opportunity most likely deal with ______. a. civil rights b. human rights c. second generation rights d. civil liberties 3. When policies, rules, and regulations are enforced in such a way as to adversely affect minorities, this discrimination is on the ______. a. individual level b. structural level c. microlevel d. organizational level 4. Sexism ______. a. exists only in mid-east countries b. has never been endorsed by religious tradition c. justifies the position that men and women are unequal d. is expressed against individuals and not found in social institutions 5. According to social Darwinism, private acts of charity ______. a. defeated the law of natural selection b. were less disruptive to social evolution than public social welfare c. undermined scientific philanthropy d. had no impact on the character of the poor 6. Which of the following represents the current focus of the women’s rights movement? a. Obtaining the right to participate in the political process b. Attaining educational equity c. Promoting androgyny d. Attaining economic equity 7. According to Solomon, policies that create health care disparities, are ______ barriers to empowerment for minorities. a. human rights b. direct c. unjust d. indirect 8. When majority groups in society use their positions of power to exploit and economically, socially, and psychologically dominate members of minority groups, the outcomes of their actions are best described as ______. a. just world beliefs
- 19. 12 b. prejudiced discrimination c.oppression d. blaming the victim behavior 9. Jeremy is limited in his search for gainful employment because of architectural barriers in workplaces. According to the World Health Organization, this social disadvantage is a(n) ______. a. physical limitation b. consequence of impairment that restricts activity c. environmental disability d. handicap 10. When clients conclude that they can do nothing to change their situations, their conclusion reflects a phenomenon called ______. a. personal victimization b. learned helplessness c. blaming the victim d. attribution theory Short Answer 1. Articulate differences among first, second, and third generation human rights. 2. Describe the effects of social injustice and social work’s mandate to redress social injustice. 3. Provide examples of the racism, sexism, ageism, ableism, heterosexism, elitism to illustrate similarities and differences among the isms. 4. Analyze the role of macrolevel change for advancing social justice. 5. Evaluate the attitudes of the general public to identify remnants of social Darwinism. Essay Questions 1. Prepare a position statement that supports the notion that a “just social order accords every societal member the same basic social rights, opportunities, and benefits.” 2. Propose ways that social workers can address the personal, interpersonal, institutional, and socio-economic outcomes of the isms as manifestations of social injustice for diverse client populations. 3. Analyze the roles that social workers play in supporting human rights to education, work, and health in their day-to-day practice and in the public policy arena. 4. Evaluate the remnants of social Darwinism, blaming the victim, and just world beliefs that persist in contemporary welfare policies and in current attitudes of the general public about social welfare clients. 5. Hypothesize ways in which oppression, discrimination, dehumanization, and victimization prevent some groups from achieving social and economic justice.
- 20. 13 Chapter 7 Diversity andSocial Work Multiple Choice 1. Ethnic groups ______. a. are persons bound together by the cultural ties of common origins b. is a term which conflict sociologists say can be used interchangeably with minority groups c. is a category excluding minorities of color d. is a category primarily emphasizing biological or physiological differences 2. Spirituality is ______. a. always a reflection of denominational beliefs b. the same as being affiliated with a religious community c. the human experience of developing meaning and purpose d. contingent on attending religious services 3. ______ are now the largest minority group in the United States. a. Asian Americans b. Black Americans c. Hispanic Americans d. Native Americans 4. Gender is defined as ______. a. a person’s biological identity as male or female b. culturally determined characteristics associate with maleness or femaleness c. a persons’ deeply felt sense of being male or female d. external characteristics socially defined as masculine or feminine 5. The process by which individuals and systems respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, languages, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, religious, and other diversity factors in a manner that recognizes, affirms, and values the worth of individuals, families, and communities and protects and preserves the dignity of each refers specifically to ______. a. culturally competent social work practice b. anti-racist social work practice c. anti-oppressive social work practice d. generalist social work practice 6. Critical race theory ______. a. holds that the standpoint of the observer is the primary filter for perceiving and interpreting racial and cultural identity b. concludes that identity is only based on race rather than intersections amont cultural group memberships c. emphasizes the stress and strain resulting from belonging to two cultures d. contends that racism is embedded in social interactions and social structures 7. Mechio came to the Unites States with his family about ten years ago. He has made a conscious effort to “fit in” with the dominant culture. Now no one would even guess he was an immigrant. His experience best illustrates ______. a. accommodation b. marginality
- 21. 14 c. assimilation d. acculturation 8.The process of consciousness raising about the interrelationships among status, privilege, and oppression is the central component of ______. a. developing a critical consciousness b. generalist social work c. reflective social work practice d. culturally competent social work 9. Mario is worried that if he publically reveals that he is gay, people will become irrationally afraid of him and not allow him to continue as a city council leader. His concern about their fears is really a concern about ______. a. oppression b. sexism c. homophobia d. a minor issue 10. Sondra feels some stress as a result of a mismatch between her ethnic culture and the dominant culture. Chau calls this conflict between the cultures ______. a. incongruence b. a cultural clash c. abnormal d. dissonance Short Answer 1. Describe the international context of social work practice. 2. Describe cultural competence and analyze its significance for social work practice. 3. Illustrate 5 ways social workers can increase their cultural competence for practice with diverse populations. 4. Analyze the implications of diversity for social work practice in today’s world. 5. Evaluate what knowledge about human behavior and the social environment social workers need to work competently with diverse population groups. Essay Questions 1. Explain how empowerment social work embodies the profession’s value orientation held about diverse populations. 2. Illustrate how social workers acquire the self-awareness necessary to eliminate personal bias from their work with diverse population groups. 3. Analyze the skills social workers need in engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation to relate affectively and to practice effectively with diverse populations. 4. Evaluate the role of self-awareness with respect to key aspects of diversity, including cultural and ethnic, sexual, and religious diversity. Incorporate questions reflective practitioners might use to enhance their self-awareness into your response. 5. Formulate a rationale as to the importance for social workers to understand the effects of differential status.
- 22. 15 Chapter 8 Empowerment SocialWork Practice Multiple Choice 1. Professional relationships ______. a. are business ventures b. are the same as friendships c. are similar to personal relationships d. evolve from the purpose of social work 2. Jim and Madge are participating in family counseling because of a court order. They are most likely ______. a. voluntary clients b. hard to reach clients c. involuntary clients d. unmotivated clients 3. Assessment ______. a. evaluates practice effectiveness b. specifies the nature of the problem c. involves developing goals and objectives d. refers to selecting alternative solutions 4. Exploring the effect of the client’s customs and traditions considers the impact of ______ on the client’s functioning. a. cultural diversity b. social institutions c. social injustice d. interpersonal communication 5. The type of evaluation that evaluates with clients where they stand on achieving the goals and objectives developed in the action plan is called ______. a. outcome assessment b. progress evaluation c. program evaluation d. action research 6. According to an empowerment view of social work, the expert professional role ______. a. creates more problems for clients than for social workers b. maximizes the roles of clients c. empowers clients d. traps clients in a culture of dependence on experts 7. When a social worker’s expertise doesn’t extend to the issue presented by a client, the social worker should ______. a. immediately terminate work with this client b. read a related journal article to prepare for the next session c. make a referral d. continue working with the client after disclosing the lack of expertise 8. Social workers’ final activities with client serve to stabilize success and ______. a. prevent recidivism in clients’ everyday functioning b. alleviate problems in clients’ everyday functioning
- 23. 16 c. generalize outcomesinto clients’ everyday functioning d. restrict options for clients’ everyday functioning 9. In her social work class, Chen Li learns that she needs to respond to clients’ feelings with sensitivity and understanding. This fundamental skill for developing positive professional relationships is ______. a. empathy b. warmth c. genuineness d. cultural competence 10. To extend her understanding of a new resident’s family, Carmen Molina, a social worker at Pleasant Valley Nursing and Retirement Center, visually illustrates the structure and interrelationships within the residents’ family. The tool she is using is called a ______. a. cultural history b. social history c. genogram d. eco-map Short Answer 1. Describe the roles of the social worker in working collaboratively with clients in the social work helping relationship. 2. Describe ways in which social workers can promote clients strengths and competence. 3. Examine client rights and responsibilities to determine how these rights and responsibilities apply to each of the phases of the social work intervention process. 4. Assess the implications of the human rights principles delineated by the International Federation of Social Workers for generalist social work practice. 5. Critique the implications of social work professionals shifting from the role of expert professional to one of collaborative partner. Essay Questions 1. Propose ways that empowerment applies to intervention with individuals, families, groups, organizations, neighborhoods, and communities. 2. Illustrate how the integrated view of persons and their social environments guides the assessment of situations in generalist social work practice. 3. Analyze how research evidence informs practice and how practice informs research. 4. Because generalist social workers seek solutions in both personal and environmental structures, evaluate what they take into consideration when translating client outcome goals into intervention strategies. 5. Critique why maximizing clients’ rights throughout all facets of empowerment processes- engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation- requires social workers to ensure clients’ full participation in accessing services and decision-making.
- 24. 17 Chapter 9 Social WorkFunctions and Roles Multiple Choice 1. Maintaining professional standards is a function of the ______ role. a. broker/advocate b. researcher/scholar c. colleague/monitor d. activist 2. Stella Rosenthal works in an aging services resource and referral program. She links clients to community based resources for older adults. Her role is that of a ______. a. facilitator b. networker c. broker/advocate d. teacher 3. Jose Melendez mobilizes the action of community members to address the shortages of food supplies in area food pantries. Jose’s work reflects the ______ role. a. broker/advocate b. convener/mediator c. activist d. planner 4. ______ is a social work function intended to bring about a better understanding of choices, to supply information about options, and to identify problems for subsequent action. a. Advice b. Education c. Consultancy d. Assessment 5. Contributing to the professional body of knowledge is one purpose of the ______ role. a. convener/mediator b. researcher/scholar c. broker/advocate d. colleague/monitor 6. The social work roles of enabler, facilitator, planner, and colleague-monitor are all associated with the ______ function of social work. a. consultancy b. outreach c. resource management d. education 7. Prevention activities are primarily ______ in nature. a. educational b. medical c. psychological d. social 8. Michael Williams applies adult learning principles to the staff development training modules he designs. His job focuses on the social work function called ______.
- 25. 18 a. education b. consultancy c.empowerment d. resource management 9. The local chapter of the NASW has a mentorship program in which seasoned social workers are paired with new professionals to assist these new social workers in applying professional values, standards, and ethics in their practice of social work. These mentor- colleagues are applying strategies of ______. a. professional liability b. on-the-job training c. knowledge development d. professional acculturation 10. Maria Lopez works with the coalition made up of representatives from local social service agencies to identify and address gaps and barriers in the social service delivery network. Which social work role does Maria’s work with the coalition represent? a. Broker/advocate b. Activist c. Coordinator d. Convener/mediator Short Answer 1. Describe ways social workers in their roles as activists and advocates could address human rights issues. 2. Describe ways social workers can extend advocacy initiatives into the international arena. 3. Illustrate ways in which social justice and human rights are integrated into the core purposes of social work as explicated by the General Assemblies of the IASSW and the IFSW. 4. Compare and contrast the social work functions of sonultancy, resource management, and education. 5. Evaluate the significance of integrating practice, policy, and research into day-to-day social work practice. Essay Questions 1. Provide examples of how the roles associated with consultancy, resource management, and education serve as means for addressing social justice issues and human rights concerns. 2. Generalist social work integrates direct practice, policy analysis and formulation, and research and evaluation. Illustrate what practice knowledge and skills are needed to carry out these activities. 3. Analyze the common elements or themes evident in the various roles and strategies associated with the function of consultancy for problem solving. 4. Evaluate the purpose of information as a central component to empowerment at various client system levels. 5. Prepare a position statement that compels social workers to achieve the professional expectation to contribute to the knowledge base of practice through their research and scholarship role.
- 26. 19 Chapter 10 Social Workand Social Policy Multiple Choice 1. The ______ is a major source of citizen entitlements for the indigent, unemployed, aged, persons with disabilities, and children and families. a. Social Security Act of 1935 b. Supplemental Security Income c. Economic Opportunity Act d. Omnibus Reconciliation Act 2. Which of the following is a social insurance program? a. Medicaid b. SSI c. Medicare d. TANF 3. The program established by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 is called ______. a. ADFC b. SSI c. OASDHI d. TANF 4. In 1974, several state-administered categorical assistance programs (OAA, AB, APTD) were brought under federal administration as the ______ program. a. SSI b. CETA c. JPTA d. TANF 5. ______ of the Social Security Act expanded the provision of social services through block grants to states. a. Title V b. Title XVIII c. Title XIX d. Title XX 6. The Great Depression ______. a. caused people to focus entirely on private issues related to poverty b. caused people to notice the institutional and structural breakdown of the economy c. precipitated a renewed interest in the psychoanalytic perspective d. set the direction for government intervention to remain primarily a concern of the states 7. New Federalism ______. a. consolidated AFDC, SSI, and SNAP b. replaced AFDC with the Family Assistance Plan c. emphasized privatization of social services d. enhanced the public welfare role of the federal government
- 27. 20 8. Tomeka saysshe is a liberal with respect to social welfare policies. She most likely believes that ______. a. personal inadequacies cause social problems b. government’s role in welfare should be limited c. partnerships between government and businesses should address issues welfare d. welfare is a citizen right 9. The Brown family income is less than current poverty guidelines for a family their size. Although both parents work, neither parent has employment-based health benefits. For which medical assistance program are they most likely qualified? a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. Medigap d. Medicheck 10. Joe has no source of income but doesn’t qualify for SSI or TANF. The financial assistance program designed for people like Joe is called ______. a. the Economic Opportunity Act b. Medicaid c. General Assistance d. APTD Short Answer 1. Distinguish between social policy as a process and as a product. 2. Describe social work as policy practice. 3. Generate examples that compare and contrast public assistance and social insurance. 4. Analyze the implications of political ideologies for the development and implementation of social welfare policies. 5. Assess the shifts in social welfare policy beginning with the New Deal programs. Essay Questions 1. Explain how social welfare policies expand access to society’s opportunity structures, heighten the ability of social and economic resources, create conditions favorable to personal growth and well-being, and ensure the protection of human rights. 2. Illustrate how social workers include the activities of policy analysis and policy advocacy in their practice repertoire. 3. Contrast how the ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, and radicalism differ in their definition of social and economic justice. 4. Recommend ways that social workers can collaborate with their clients to advocate policy reform in the various fields of social work practice. 5. Generate several ethical dilemmas that arise from social workers’ competing obligations to serve the best interests of clients and their commitment to the employing agency.
- 28. 21 Chapter 11 Social Workand Poverty, Homelessness, Unemployment, and Criminal Justice Multiple Choice 1. A family’s standard of living in comparison to that of other community members is a measure of ______. a. absolute poverty b. relative poverty c. feminization of poverty d. persistence of poverty 2. The McKinney-Vento Act deals with ______. a. victim restitution b. unemployment compensation c. homelessness d. public welfare assistance 3. ______ provides benefit coverage for individuals who suffer work related disease or injury. a. Workers compensation b. Unemployment compensation c. Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled d. Temporary Assistance for Needy families 4. The ______ model emphasizes including options for vocational education for prisoners. a. deterrence b. control c. rehabilitation d. retribution 5. Zeke has just learned that he will be released from prison before he serves his full sentence; however, he will remain under court supervision for a stipulated period of time. Zeke has most likely been ______. a. assigned to community services b. given probation c. cleared of all charges d. granted parole 6. Jennifer works for a social service agency that provides services to women who have been sexually assaulted. The agency Jennifer works for provides these services through a ______. a. victim-offender mediation program b. victim assistance program c. court services program d. victim witness program 7. From a structural perspective, Tracy argues that ______ is critical for eradicating poverty. a. changing the familial culture of poverty b. creating a work ethic in people who are poor c. increasing the sense of stigma attached to public welfare d. supporting social reform
- 29. 22 8. Of thefollowing, which offense is most common among youths who are delinquent? a. crimes against persons b. public order offenses c. property crimes d. drug offenses 9. Cassandra Lewis, a social worker who specializes in legal issues, wants to join an association of professionals with similar interests. She should explore professional association related to ______. a. police social work b. occupational social work c. probation and parole d. forensic social work 10. You are participating in a debate on the causes of poverty. Your team is supposed to develop arguments based on the structural perspective. Which of the following are you most likely to research to support your debate points? a. psychological ramifications of the culture of poverty b. shortfalls in the institutional fabric of society c. motivational factors related work ethic differences d. the relationship between personal character and income levels Short Answer 1. Describe ways the assumptions about empowerment inform the social worker’s regard for disenfranchised populations. 2. Discuss social justice and human rights issues related to juvenile justice and hate crimes. 3. Debate whether social work should be the primary profession for working with disenfranchised populations including persons who are poor, homeless, unemployed, or involved in the criminal justice system. 4. Refute three commonly held misconceptions about people who are poor. 5. Evaluate the underlying social and economic justice issues related to the root causes of homelessness. Essay Questions 1. Illustrate how issues of poverty, unemployment, homelessness, and criminal justice raise concerns with respect to ensuring social justice and protecting human rights. 2. In addition to unemployment compensation benefits, propose other components that should be included in a comprehensive economic policy to deal with unemployment issues. 3. Analyze the potential short-term and long-term biopsychosocial effects of poverty for persons at various life cycle stages. 4. You have just been hired by a social service agency to create a comprehensive, multisystem level approach to homelessness. Evaluate the issues you plan to address and the components of the program you envision taking into consideration direct service, policy practice, advocacy, and public education. 5. Hypothesize about the unique challenges social workers confront when working in the context of the criminal justice system.
- 30. 23 Chapter 12 Social Workin Health, Rehabilitation, and Mental Health Multiple Choice 1. The ______ contends that prejudicial attitudes and employment, architectural, and other environmental barriers rather than the disability are the likely source of limitations for people with disabilities. a. environmental mode of disability b. ADA model of disability c. social model of disability d. medical model of disability 2. The central goal of vocational rehabilitation is ______. a. supplying adaptive devices b. counseling c. physical rehabilitation d. employability 3. The telecommunication device especially designed to assist in communication with persons who are deaf is called a(n) ______. a. TTD b. ADA c. OASDI d. Telephone 4. ______ is credited with establishing social work in medical settings and developing a hospital-based social work department at Massachusetts General Hospital. a. Mary Jarrett b. Ida Cannon c. Mary Richmond d. Dorthea Dix 5. Of the following drugs, which is a stimulant? a. Alcohol b. Barbiturates c. Heroine d. Cocaine 6. Mr. Jensen, who is in the end stages of cancer, and his family are consulting with a social worker about ways to bridge support to ensure a peaceful and pain-free death. They are most likely working with a social worker affiliated with a(n) ______ agency. a. home health b. hospice c. long-term care d. public health 7. Providing educational services for children with developmental disabilities that are “normal and similar” rather than “separate and special” reflects the principle of ______. a. mainstreaming b. effectiveness c. normalization d. deinstitutionalization
- 31. 24 8. Reports indicatethat addiction recovery rates are exceptionally high for those individuals participating in mandatory addictions treatment programs offered through ______. a. mental health centers b. family service agencies c. traditional 12-step programs d. employee assistance programs 9. One of your assignments in a course called “Social Work and Mental Health” is to develop a panel presentation focusing on contemporary perspectives on mental illness. Your paper on the biochemical nature of mental illness reflects ______. a. cognitive theories of mental illness b. psychological theories of mental illness c. organic theories of mental illness d. sociocultural theories of mental illness 10. As a school social worker, Carl Smith works collaboratively with parents and other members of the interdisciplinary school team to ensure that students with developmental disabilities, in so far as possible, enroll in regular classrooms. This type of enrollment is called ______. a. standardization b. normalization c. mainstreaming d. deinstitutionalization Short Answer 1. Describe ways to communicate effectively with persons who are deaf and hard of hearing. 2. Describe social workers’ roles in primary health care. 3. Defend the statement, “Social work with persons with disabilities is a human rights initiative.” 4. Analyze ethical and social justice issues related to social work and genetics for their implications for social work practice. 5. Evaluate the kinds of issues that persons with HIV/AIDS face to develop a rationale for applying the generalist approach in this field of practice. Essay Questions 1. Illustrate how “environmental modification” is an empowerment intervention strategy in services for people with a wide range of disabilities. 2. Propose roles social workers can play in the mental health rights movement. 3. Analyze why social justice and human rights issues revolve around ensuring a standard of living for the health and well-being of individuals and their families. 4. Evaluate ethical dilemmas that arise for social work practitioners who work with clients who have been court-ordered to participate in drug or alcohol treatment programs. 5. Predict how changing demographics will affect employment opportunities, service delivery provisions, and continuing education requirements for social work professionals in the health care field.
- 32. 25 Chapter 13 Social Workwith Families and Youths Multiple Choice 1. Society’s role in representing the interests of children is called ______. a. local control b. habeas corpus c. absolute sovereignty d. parens patriae 2. ______ laws detail mandatory reporting procedures. a. Federal b. State civil c. State criminal d. Local 3. The most common form of child maltreatment is ______. a. sexual abuse b. child neglect c. emotional abuse d. physical abuse 4. The landmark legislation regarding child abuse and neglect is the ______. a. Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act b. Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act c. Child Abuse Prevention and Enforcement Act d. Adoption and Safe Families Act 5. Providing services to ensure children’s safety and to prevent out-of-home placement is most likely an example of ______. a. primary prevention services b. family reunification services c. family support services d. family preservation services 6. Which of the following characteristics is a macrolevel factor related to the incidence of child abuse and neglect? a. the violence that permeates society b. the low self-esteem of the caregiver c. social isolation d. parental unemployment 7. When Carl Rolgoff, a social worker at the child welfare agency, was exploring placement options for the Johnson children, he was interested to learn that their maternal grandparents were willing and able to take the children into their home. Placing children with their grandparents is officially called ______. a. foster care b. family preservation c. family reunification d. formal kinship care
- 33. 26 8. As aschool social worker, Sherri most likely emphasizes ______. a. direct service for children and families b. clinical casework c. home-school-community liaisons d. a non-ecological approach 9. Jenny Norris works at Resources for New Parents, a program that provides information about infant development, education about parenting, and referrals to community resources. She most likely works in a ______. a. family preservation program b. foster family program c. primary prevention program d. homemaker services program 10. Communities that promote resiliency in youths are characterized by all of the following except ______. a. a sense of caring and support b. high expectations for youths c. personal autonomy d. social networks that promote social cohesion Short Answer 1. Explicate the different types of child abuse and neglect, including characteristics and relative incidence. 2. Describe family violence from an ecological perspective. 3. Prepare an argument for a seamless continuum of family-centered child welfare services. 4. Compare and contrast primary prevention activities and other chld welfare programs and services. 5. Critique the validity of the statement, “Family group conferencing is a ‘welfare knows best’ model of the child welfare practice.” Essay Questions 1. Note factors social workers should consider in resolving the ethical dilemma of protecting the child versus preserving the family. 2. Propose factors that contribute to resiliency and vulnerability in at-risk youths. 3. Analyze how upholding the primacy of the family, protecting children, and providing family services are examples of social justice and human rights. 4. Evaluate the strengths and challenges experienced by blended families, single-parent families, gay and lesbian families, multigenerational families, and grandparent-headed families. 5. In their policy practice role, recommend advocacy actions social workers could take to promote a coordinated and comprehensive family policy.
- 34. 27 Chapter 14 Adult andAging Services Multiple Choice 1. Lobbying for work safety legislation is a ______ intervention. a. microlevel b. midlevel c. mezzolevel d. macrolevel 2. The purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act is to alleviate discrimination against people with disabilities in ______. a. personal interactions b. employment and public accommodations c. public spaces d. housing 3. ______ is the federal legislation that stipulates taking a comprehensive approach to the legal issues surrounding domestic violence and sexual assault. a. Title XX of the Social Security Act b. CAPTA legislation c. The ADA d. The Violence Against Women Act 4. ______ is the federal legislation that first defined elder abuse. a. The Social Security Act of 1935 b. The Old Age Assistance Act of 1990 c. The 1987 reauthorization of the Older Americans Act d. The 1998 Regulation of the Prevention and Treatment of Elder Abuse Act 5. Aging in place ______. a. is unrealistic b. means living at home until one becomes frail c. requires comprehensive planning d. is a vision for living in one’s own home throughout the lifespan 6. In addition to spousal caregivers, ______ are most likely the “kin-keepers” in families. a. sons and sons-in-law b. daughters and daughters-in-law c. granddaughters d. nieces and nephews 7. Although her mother begs to go to the doctor, Sarina tells her that she is complaining again for no reason and refuses to make an appointment. This type of purposeful withholding of medical attention from an elderly person could be considered the type of elder abuse called ______. a. physical abuse b. neglect c. verbal abuse d. self-neglect
- 35. 28 8. Of thefollowing fields of practice, in which are gerontological social workers most likely to practice? a. Victim assistance programs b. Aging services c. Genetic counseling services d. Family services 9. Police social worker Ametra understands that KayCee will need support for follow- through after she called the police to protect her from her partner’s violent temper. Ametra talks with KayCee about working with someone who can accompany her as she goes through various legal proceedings. Ametra is most likely going to refer KayCee to a ______. a. shelter b. counseling service c. domestic violence advocacy program d. support group 10. Avis needs some relief from the responsibilities of providing care for her husband. The social workers at Aging Alternatives indicates that she will most likely locate respite care through ______. a. services located in nursing homes b. home health care services c. multipurpose senior centers d. adult day care services Short Answer 1. Describe the issues of discrimination addressed by the Americans with Disabilities Act as well as those social justice issues that continue to impede the full participation in society be people with disabilities. 2. Discuss the implications of empowerment for working with older adults. 3. Propose ethical issues that arise in working with situations involving elder abuse. 4. In the context of employee assistance programs, compare and contrast potential social worker involvement at the micro-, mezzo-, and macrolevels of practice. 5. Assess the issues of intimate partner violence experienced by same-sex and opposite-sex couples. Essay Questions 1. Defend the proposition that “human rights applies to all persons regardless of age.” 2. Propose some research questions associated with the field of gerontology. 3. Outline indicators social workers would evaluate in their assessment of elder abuse. 4. Assess the ethical issues associated with identifying the primary client and with balancing the rights of caregivers and the “cared for” in providing support to family members who assume caregiving roles for aging parents, life partners, and other dependent adults. 5. Draw conclusions about why intimate partner violence is regarded as an arm of oppression and a violation of human rights.
- 36. 29 Answer Key Chapter 1 1.A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A Chapter 2 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B Chapter 3 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A Chapter 4 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. C
- 37. 30 9. B 10. D Chapter5 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. D Chapter 6 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. B Chapter 7 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. D Chapter 8 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D
- 38. 31 7. C 8. C 9.A 10. C Chapter 9 1. C 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. D Chapter 10 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. C Chapter 11 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. B Chapter 12 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B
- 39. 32 5. D 6. B 7.C 8. D 9. C 10. C Chapter 13 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. C Chapter 14 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. D
- 40. Exploring the Varietyof Random Documents with Different Content
- 41. ST. CYPRIAN ANDTHE PEAKS OF THE ROSENGARTEN One quits the historic spot with a sense of the greatness of the past as well as with a lingering regret that nothing after all can adequately conjure up for one the stirring scenes, strenuous and vividly "coloured" life, romance and chivalry, that the walls and rooms of Runkelstein must have witnessed. In an easterly direction from Bozen lies the Eggenthal and its famous waterfall. The road through the former is one of great picturesqueness and grandeur—along the hillsides, across high
- 42. bridges, and throughgorge-like rock cuttings, which to be fully appreciated cannot be travelled better than a-foot. In the same direction, too, lies the beautiful Karrersee, surrounded by its belt of sombre pines above whose feathery tops shine the rocky peaks and snow-clad summits of the Dolomite giants. THE ROSENGARTEN From Bozen, too, the famous Rosengarten, which lies to the east of the town, should be visited. But it is not a garden of roses after all, but a collection of stupendous and rocky peaks which blush red at sunset. Those who expect flowers other than alpen rosen, gentian, and the like, will be disappointed, as was the young lady who undertook the excursion in the hope of seeing roses galore such as one may find in the "attar" districts of the Balkan Provinces and especially in Bulgaria. But if from Bozen one looks merely for the rosy hue to tint the skyward-piercing pinnacles of rock, which have been poetically called the "Rosengarten," or rambles in the picturesque and beautiful valleys and tiny defiles at their feet, one will not be disappointed. And the "roses," like other similar phenomena, are in a sense a weather glass; the deeper the red they glow the finer the ensuing day. At first a plum-hued twilight, such as one gets in the Maloja valley, seems to fall down out of the sky, and then the mountain peaks commence to receive their baptism of crimson. Then at last, as the sun sinks behind the interposing Guntschna Berg, only the highest peaks continue for a short time longer to glow with increasing, and then fading, depth of colour, till at length the plum- bloom shadows conquer the "roses" and the cool twilight comes. The origin of the descriptive phrase "the Rosengarten" is (so far as we have been able to discover) lost in the mists of antiquity. But there is a rather pretty legend concerning the Garden itself. Long ago (the story tells us), when men were perhaps happier and
- 43. certainly less sophisticatedand cynical than they are now, and believed in fairies, gnomes, and magic, there lived a dwarf named Laurin or Laurenz reigning over the other dwarfs, who inhabited a country in the centre of the Schlern. By some means or other this dwarf managed to see and fall in love with the beautiful, golden- haired sister of a retainer of Dietrich of Bern, in Switzerland. After having seized her he bore her to his palace of crystal in the interior of the mountains, and there kept her prisoner. Soon, however, the brave and gallant knight Dietrich, and his squire, who was named Dietlieb, determined to rescue the abducted maiden, and for this purpose they came up from Italy where they were at the time, and finding an opening entered the Schlern, and after a fierce fight succeeded in conquering the dwarf, notwithstanding the fact that of course the latter was assisted by a magician. Laurin was not, however, killed, but spared by Dietrich at the request of Dietlieb. It was unfortunate clemency, however, as Laurin, professing himself grateful and offering them refreshment after their labours and fight, gave them drugged wine, so that when they awoke they discovered that they had been bound and cast into a dungeon of the dwarf's castle. From this predicament they were happily freed by Dietlieb's sister, Simild, and after another fierce encounter with the dwarfs they defeated them, and trod the famous Rosengarten roses underfoot, their places being taken by those that bloom at sunset upon the peaks above the site of Laurin's mythical palace. That, at all events, is the story we have been told, and though the Rosengarten and its miniature valleys are beautiful enough for real roses to have their home there, none grow there now save figurative ones caused by the sunset light. The Rosengarten is a fine centre for mountain ascents, and the famous Vajolett towers and other rocky pinnacles present unfailing attractions to the adventurous rock climber, even though nowadays there can be very few "virgin" peaks or pinnacles to scale. From the Rosengarten itself as well as from Bozen one can witness the blooming of the roses, and the really wonderful and entrancing
- 44. play of colour,light and shadow over the stupendous peaks which forms an unforgettable experience when seen during the late afternoon of a summer day and onwards till twilight comes to gradually throw its blue and mystic mantle over the valleys and the mountain summits. KLAUSEN North of Bozen, prettily situated by the banks of the Adige, and some one thousand seven hundred feet above sea-level, stands the little, though somewhat important, town of Klausen, with its long, narrow street following the configuration of the gorge in which most of the houses lie, dominated by the great Benedictine monastery of Säben perched upon a steep vine-clad promontory overlooking the town and river, and six hundred feet above it. A castle till the end of the seventeenth century, the convent was attacked by the French in 1809, and from all accounts the nuns were not respected, for upon the walls of one of the towers on the hill is a painted crucifix, which the people of Klausen say was placed there in memory of one of the nuns who, pursued by the soldiery, jumped to her death over the battlements. The first impression of Klausen is that of cleanliness, for the tall houses strike one in the brilliant sunshine of a summer day as very white, though most of them are relieved by patches of vivid green, where window shutters hang upon the walls or keep the sunshine from the windows. Klausen folk are fond of flowers, too, for many hang trailing from balconies; pink and red geraniums, a variety of clematis, and bunches of ruby-coloured valerian, and tufts of yellow and orange nasturtiums. There are generally many monks about the streets, too; sombre-looking figures in rough frieze habits, who look at the stranger with mild curiosity, and then pass on their silent way up the hillside, or through the one long, narrow street which runs between the mountain side and the rushing river. Klausen women bore a brave part in Hofer's struggle against the French and Bavarians, and dressed in their husbands' and brothers'
- 45. clothes gave materialaid in driving back the French through the pass in 1797. There is not much to see in Klausen itself, but as a typical southern Tyrolese village it is interesting. Picturesque it certainly also is, set amid crags and rocks of purple porphyry, whose bases and lower slopes are beautified by the greenery of many vineyards, and half encircled by the rushing Eisack. Near by is the famous Castle Trostburg, romantically beautiful with grey walls and red-tiled roof perched high above the pine forest which clothes the steep sides of the rocky spur upon which it stands, and with a patch of vineyard clinging to the wall of its upper square and solid-looking keep. The climb up to it is a steep one, but the view one obtains into the Grödener Thal and of the surrounding heights well repays one. OSWALD v. WOLKENSTEIN The castle is one of the comparatively few still remaining in the possession of the family with whose history it has for many centuries been identified. The Counts of Wolkenstein date their occupation from the twelfth century, and one of the most famous of the line was that Oswald born at Castle Trostburg in 1367, or about, whose romantic adventures might form the basis or plot of half a dozen historical novels. As a Minnesinger he set out early in life upon his travels in a gallant and adventurous age; devoted, one must imagine, to the service and adoration of the fair sex, as were supposed to be Minnesingers in general. Like many another adventure-loving lad, he ran away from his ancestral home, light of heart and equally light of purse, to wander through the world singing his way to fame and fortune, or to failure and poverty, as the case might happen. He appears in the first instance to have attached himself to the suite of one of a party of Tyrolese nobles under Duke Albrecht III., of Austria, who were bent upon a filibustering expedition into Lithuania,
- 46. a district thenlying between Poland and Courland. Afterwards he wandered far and wide over the world, visiting in turn Russia, England, Spain, France, and then sailing for the East, and travelling through Asia Minor and Persia. He seems, from contemporary and other accounts, to have been "everything by turns, and nothing long," except that he probably always kept up his "minnesinging." He certainly was page, soldier, sailor, and sea-cook; and for all one can tell these were but the chief occupation of many he followed during his wandering and adventurous life. At all events he appears to have acted at times as tutor, turning the half score of languages he had picked up to good and practical account. Amongst his more knightly adventures were campaigns against the English in the service of the Earl of Douglas—he was probably present on August 10, 1388, at the famous battle of Otterburn (Chevy Chase)— previously against the Swedes in Denmark in the service of Queen Margaret, who in 1397 united the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden together. Among his more peaceful victories and doings was the favour which he found in the eyes of the Queen of Aragon, who appears to have not only admired his poetic gifts, but to have loaded him with personal favours, caresses, and presents of jewelry. For several years after his visit to Spain he wandered about, and then at last (like the prodigal son) set his face towards Tyrol. No one recognized him, and he appears to have fallen under the spell of the daughter of a neighbouring knight, who, however, would not consent to marry him unless he would first obtain his knighthood by becoming a Crusader. Deeply in love with the fair Sabina and not doubting her sincerity, Von Wolkenstein took ship for Palestine, and in due course attained the coveted distinction by gallant conduct in battle, in consequence of which he attracted the attention and gained the personal friendship of Sigismund of Hungary.
- 47. Alas! for hishopes. On returning to Tyrol covered with glory, and a "true knight," he did so only to find the fickle and deceitful Sabina married to another. In addition to this he was only just in time to see his father die. As a younger son he inherited the castles of Castelruth and Hauenstein, Trostburg and its lands descending to his elder brother. A KNIGHT'S ADVENTURES His roving disposition was not likely to be stayed now that he had lost both his intended wife and his father, so he once more set out on his travels, this time in the retinue of his friend Sigismund, in whose company he visited several countries. For several years he wandered through western Europe and as far south-east as Egypt, where he appears to have been received with much honour. Once more back in Tyrol in 1405, he became involved in the political upheavals which were caused by the drastic measures of reform instituted by Duke Frederick of the Empty Purse, against which the Tyrolese nobles fiercely rebelled. The ex-Minnesinger took the part of the latter, and in consequence drew down upon himself Frederick's vengeance. The latter burned his two castles, and compelled Von Wolkenstein to flee for his life to the protection of a relative who was the owner of the castle of Greifenstein, which is situated on an inaccessible pinnacle of rock between Bozen and Meran. Duke Frederick and his forces hotly besieged the castle, but failed to reduce it; and although Oswald was severely wounded and lost the sight of one eye he escaped, and a little later joined an expedition against the Moors in the train of John I., King of Portugal. During the severe fighting which took place, and at the capture of Ceuta in 1415, he appears to have so greatly distinguished himself that, we are told, "his fame was such that the troubadours enshrined his deeds in their songs." Ultimately, he came to his own in Tyrol owing to an act of the Council of Constance in Baden, which not only condemned John
- 48. Huss—amongst many ecclesiasticalenactments—to be burned, but also ordered that Duke Frederick, now an outlaw, who had burned Oswald von Wolkenstein's castles, should rebuild them, and restore to the knight all the property that he and his followers had seized. It is not easy, however, to comprehend how an outlaw who was fleeing from one place to another in fear of his life was to accomplish these things, nor how property taken by the soldiery years before, and probably long ago converted into cash or other uses, could be given up and restored. We are told, however, that after visiting France in Sigismund's train Oswald returned to his favourite castle of Hauenstein, the ruins of which nowadays are so lost in the vast pine forest which surrounds them as to be almost undiscoverable. Then Sabina, his old love, once more comes upon the scene, this time as the claimant of the castle on account, so she alleged, of an unrepaid loan made by her grandfather to the Wolkensteins. She invited her old suitor Oswald to join her in a pilgrimage to some shrine for old acquaintance sake; and when he came to her, unsuspecting and unarmed, she promptly had him seized, thrown into a dungeon, and there kept him a prisoner in chains. He lay in treacherous Sabina's castle until by chance Sigismund, hearing of his parlous state, intervened on his friend's behalf, and Oswald von Wolkenstein was set free. He was, however, so maimed by rheumatism and the fetters which had galled him that he ever afterwards went lame. Once more he was cast into prison, this time by Duke Frederick's machinations, and lay in a horrible underground and tunnel-like cell in Vellenberg not far from Innsbruck. He had married in 1417 Margaret, a daughter of the house of Schwangau, after a long period of betrothal, and to her he was deeply attached. On his second release, after three years' incarceration, he returned to Hauenstein to find his wife dead, and his home fallen into disrepair from neglect.
- 49. A few yearslater we find him, unconquered in spirit though broken in body, at Rome to attend the coronation of his friend Sigismund, who but a year or two later was driven from the throne. In 1435 Oswald once more, as a man of fifty-eight, returned to forest- enshrouded Hauenstein, where he died nine years afterwards, never having again left it. Of course, the castle is haunted by the spirit of this unhappy and adventurous knight and Minnesinger, and there is still this belief amongst the peasantry of Seis and the neighbourhood round about. And the few who have ever ventured near the ruined pile after sundown aver that those who do are sure to hear the ancient Minnesinger chanting a dirge-like lay, accompanying himself upon his lute. But if this be so Oswald's spirit has wandered far from his body, for his remains repose at Neustift near Brixen. He was not only one of the most picturesque and romantic figures of the band of Minnesingers who were so numerous during the Middle Ages, but also in a measure an historical figure. By some authorities he is considered to be the last of these strange wandering minstrel adventurers. Probably it would be more correct to speak of him as the last really great Tyrolese "Minnesinger;" but, whichever estimate be right, his place on the roll of fame relating to the deeds and songs of these is assured by reason of his gallantries, misfortunes, and adventurous and knightly doings. ST. ULRICH On the way to Klausen one is wise to make a diversion down the narrow but picturesque Grödener Thal to St. Ulrich, which charming village, situated in a basin and almost surrounded by thickly wooded slopes, and beyond them stupendous and rocky peaks with the serrated pinnacles of the Langkofel in the background, is the centre of the Toy industry of Tyrol and an increasingly popular tourist resort. The road is a steeply ascending one, and one comes upon
- 50. the first glimpseof the village, which stands midway down the valley between Waidbruck and Wolkenstein, quite suddenly. One's first impression is of a typical Tyrolese village of considerable size, its white—very white—houses standing out clear cut and prominently against the background of dark-green pines, and the lighter green of the valley fields in which they are, many of them, set. Of late years the clean-looking cottages of the villagers, the balconies of which are as often as not hung with delightful flowers, have been supplemented by good and large hotels, villas, and other modern up-to-date tourist accommodation. But, nevertheless, St. Ulrich is not yet spoiled, and there are still many of the almost mahogany- coloured barns and storehouses left, with their picturesque balconies running right round them, on which the grain and herbs are placed to dry, wood to season, and other stores are kept, forming so sharp a contrast to the hotels and white houses. Although we imagine St. Ulrich's chief attraction is its quaint and interesting toy-making industry, there are many others including most beautiful scenery, and the numberless excursions which can be made from it. In winter time, to quote the quaint phraseology and spelling of a local guide-book, it has "a very strange charme for the friends of Tobogganing and Ski-sport has the valley in the always mild and snowy winter-time." And regarding the accommodation offered, the same luminous authority goes on to say there are "very comfortable stabled hotels and land-houses extraordinary fit as a summerset for residence, likewise for a start place for numerous high-parties to the Dolomites." But let us give a brief description of the Toy Industry, which chiefly serves to differentiate the village from all others in Southern Tyrol. St. Ulrich's wares are ultimately sent all over the world, and whether in New York, London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, or Rome one is almost sure to find amongst the toys, carved figures of saints, crucifixes, artists' "lay figures," chalets, and other articles some examples of work from this famous valley of wood carvers. The fact that nearly 3000, or about three out of every five, of the inhabitants are
- 51. engaged more orless directly in the work will give some idea of its magnitude. The carving industry at St. Ulrich is supposed to date from about the commencement of the seventeenth century, and there are some figures of the Virgin and Saints still extant in churches of the district bearing dates of that period, and other images of apparently much earlier date, which show that even in those remote times the carvers of St. Ulrich and the Grödener Thal possessed considerable skill and reputation. It was, however, one Johann von Metz who at the commencement of the eighteenth century appears to not only have raised the standard of the work of carving to greater perfection, but also to have organized and extended the sphere of the trade itself. In the years which immediately followed, the peasants were in the habit of themselves setting out into other lands with stocks of their work for sale; and some at least, according to tradition, found their way to England, and even across the Atlantic, where they abandoned the active work of carving for that of establishing trading depôts in connection with St. Ulrich, and thus they distributed the work done in the far-off and almost then unknown Grödener Thal throughout the commercial world. Nowadays to sally forth with their stock-in-trade on their backs or in a cart is no longer the practice of the workers. The greater number are employed by firms which act as wholesale distributing agencies for them, to whom they take their weekly output of work. Most of the villages of the valley are employed in the carving industry; St. Christina, for example, making a speciality of "lay figures" and hobby horses. Not only are most of the men of the villages in the Grödener Thal thus employed, but also many of the women and children. And it is no uncommon sight to see quite mites cutting away at blocks of the softer kinds of wood by the roadside or on the doorsteps of the cottages; and sometimes one meets the women on their way down from the woods or upper pastures with their barrel-like receptacles
- 52. upon their backs,roughly shaping some article which will be finished off when they get home. "TOY LAND" Some of the carving done is really good, but it cannot be said to be cheap. One cannot find bargains in St. Ulrich, or, for the matter of that, in any of the villages of "Toy Land." The demand is too great, and the means of distribution too well organized for the peasants to care in the least whether one purchases a "bit" or not. There are practically no shops where carving is sold by the workers themselves, as nearly all are employed under contract or otherwise by wholesale dealers. But the tourist can generally visit one or other of the large ateliers, where, in particular, the carving of images and more elaborate articles is done under the superintendence of artists. It is an experience and a sight well worth spending an hour or two over. In that time, by watching several figures at various stages approaching completion, one can obtain a very good and clear idea of the different transformations which the rough-hewn block undergoes ere it assumes its final shape of a Virgin, St. Joseph, St. Antony, or St. Christopher. Many of these statues and smaller figures are sent to a different workshop for painting and gilding; and it is chiefly in the white chalets on the mountain side that the toys and smaller articles are made. The goods are stored principally in the larger houses of the villages. One of the chief depôts bears the name of the man who developed the industry, whilst other well-known merchants are Insam, Purger, and Prinoth. In these warehouses one sees shelf upon shelf laden with toys, figures, dolls, and other carved work; miniature waggons, monkeys on sticks, hobby horses painted in gay and let us add entirely "unnatural" colours, with flaming red, jet black, or piebald manes. The toys are of all prices, just as they are of many sizes and qualities as regards "finish;" hobby horses costing from half-a-krone to several florins each; dolls ranging in price from a halfpenny and
- 53. even less tofive or six kronen. Figures intended to form the contents of Noah's arks are there by the bushel, the cheaper kind bearing, it must be admitted, but faint and partial resemblance to the animals they are intended to represent; the better kinds being excellent miniatures of lions, elephants, tigers, giraffes, bears (especially good these), and the hundred and one smaller animals and insects of the patriarch's great family party; and accompanying all the delightful smell of freshly cut pine and other woods in the warehouses given over to unpainted things, and the somewhat overpowering smell of new paint in the others. Some of the dolls, more especially those which have Tyrolese costumes represented in wood, need great care in carving; and others are swiftly done, some by elementary machinery. The best wood used is the pinus cembra, or Swiss pine, which originally grew thickly on the sides of the mountains, but has now largely to be imported owing to the fact that whilst the trees have been cut down by the thousand, scant provision appears to have been made for the future by planting others. There is, however, plenty of the wood still left in the immediate neighbourhood. Nowadays at St. Ulrich there is an excellent Imperial School of Drawing, and modelling, and there would appear to be a distinct advance of recent years in the carving (of animals and figures especially) in consequence of the teaching given, though in their main characteristics the animals and small figures produced have not much varied from the ancient types. The church of St. Ulrich, although comparatively modern, dating only from quite the end of the eighteenth century, has a beautifully adorned interior; rather ornate and highly coloured perhaps, but interesting and typical. There is also in it a Mater Dolorosa by Maroder, and in the sacristy a fine marble Madonna by a pupil of Canova, Andrea Colli. The restored chapel of St. Anthony is also worth seeing, as it possesses a remarkably fine altar-piece, the work of Deschwanden.
- 54. CONCERNING DIALECT There isa distinct dialect in the villages of the Grödener Thal, locally known as Ladin, which is said by philologists to be directly derived from the Latin tongue, and to date from the days of the Roman occupation. It is certainly so different from the dialects of modern Italy that it is almost impossible for the stranger, even though well- versed in those, to understand it. In some points it may be said to resemble the Grisons Romanche, and Romanese of the Engadine; but the parallel is not at all a close one, and needs several distinct qualifications. Although a deeply interesting one to philologists, it is impossible to deal with the question at all fully here. Certainly one would be inclined to think that this peculiar dialect has an Etruscan origin, for it is well-known that considerable remains of that people have from time to time been unearthed in the Grödener Thal, and, indeed, in the immediate neighbourhood of St. Ulrich itself. St. Ulrich is charming in winter, when the village is half-buried in snow, and the lower slopes of the environing mountains provide excellent toboggan "runs," and ski-ing grounds. How different the little place appears under these conditions from the sunny spot set amid green fields and pleasant pastures that it is in summer, only those who have seen it under both conditions can easily realize. And truly (as the local guide we have before quoted says) "in winter there are many grateful excursions for the high-flying parties, and swift ski-ing." By "high-flying parties" one should doubtless understand those who wish to ascend the higher slopes. Costume still survives at St. Ulrich and in the Grödener Thal, where (although less worn than even a decade ago) one still meets with women wearing the old style dress, with huge broad-brimmed felt hats trimmed with wide ribbons, and having short "streamers" down behind, or the still quainter high "sugar-loaf" hats, shaped almost like those of dancing dervishes, fitting down over the ears and allowing only the least suspicion of the forehead to remain visible. Wide linen collars, almost large enough to be called capes, with either plain edges or scalloped, and handsome aprons of silk,
- 55. brocade, or othermaterials; wide skirts and a profusion of ribbons go to make up a costume which is always picturesque and often actually handsome. From Klausen, to which one returns on one's way northward, one proceeds to Brixen, charmingly situated in the valley of the Eisack, amid green fields, and pastures, and afforested slopes. The twin towers of the Cathedral in the centre of the picture at once catches the eye from whatever point one approaches the town. SUMMER TIME NEAR ST. ULRICH, GRÖDENER THAL Brixen, though little more in size and population than a large village, is yet one of the most interesting places in Southern Tyrol. It is not only historically and architecturally important, but is a pleasant place from which to explore the beauties of the neighbouring Puster Thal, Valser Thal, and Lusen Thal if only one's time permits. Anciently it was one of the most notable towns in Southern Tyrol, for it was during nearly a thousand years, and, in fact, until 1703, the capital
- 56. of an ecclesiasticalprincipality, with a long line of distinguished bishops, some of them almost as much noted for their militant as their spiritual qualities. It is still the seat of a bishopric, and in the town are many evidences of its past ecclesiastical importance and splendour. Artists find much in Brixen to attract them, as do also students of architecture, and although the valley is wider than in some similar resorts, making mountain ascents longer before one can reach the higher peaks, there are many excursions to be made, and interesting villages to be visited. That it is an attractive town its many visitors make evident, and in the pleasant gardens, which seem always cool even on the hottest summer day, situated between the Eisack and the smaller Rienz, one meets not only with interesting Brixen types (sometimes peasants in costume), but also most of the foreign visitors who may be staying in the place. BRIXEN CATHEDRAL The Cathedral, dating from the fifteenth century, is a handsome and even striking building, with its lofty twin towers, and their beautifully "weathered" copper domes. These are the oldest parts, most of the building itself having been restored and rebuilt as recently as the middle half of the eighteenth century. There are some extremely beautiful and interesting cloisters, with numerous frescoes on the groined roof, and some quaint mural tablets and tombstones. The view from the cloisters upon a sunny day across the courtyard is one of great charm in its play of light and shade, tempting one to linger in their hoary coolness and solitude. There is also an ancient chapel of St. John, dating from the eleventh century, containing some good frescoes of the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. The tombstone of the famous Oswald von Wolkenstein is in the inner courtyard, which lies between the Cathedral and the Church of St. Michel, depicting the knightly minnesinger in armour with lance, and pennon, and lyre. Near this is also an interesting copper relief, depicting the scene
- 57. of the Resurrection,placed there as a memorial of a noted local coppersmith named Hans Kessler, who lived in the first half of the seventeenth century. One reaches the Bishop's Palace by several interesting streets, in which some of the more ancient houses are to be found. There is a charming courtyard with colonnades, and a delightful garden, peaceful and full of flowers and the sentiment of other days. And here, fortunately, the traveller can gain admission for half an hour's restful contemplation of its beauty, and perhaps the study of some of the historical events which the town has witnessed. From Brixen to Sterzing one traverses the widening, narrowing, and again widening valley of the Eisack. Past Spinges, with its memories of the fierce battle in 1797, when General Joubert was marching through the Puster Thal to make a junction with Napoleon. His advance was not, however, permitted unchecked. The inhabitants of Spinges might not be many, but they were Tyrolese. It happened, too, that a few companies of the Landsturm were in the neighbourhood, and so these and the men of Spinges marched out to meet Joubert's immensely superior force. The French troops were armed with bayonets as well as guns, and the barrier they made was found unpierceable by the brave but badly armed patriots. But the opportunity or need produced the man as it had done rather more than four centuries before in Switzerland when Arnold von Winkelried gathered the Austrian spears into his bosom at Sempach. In this case it was one Anton Reinisch, of Volders, who "played the man," and heroically leapt, scythe in hand, amongst the French bayonets, a score of which pierced his body, and thus, hewing right and left ere he fell, carved a way for his comrades, and enabled them to break up the French lines. THE MAID OF SPINGES
- 58. But Spinges willbe celebrated still more in romance, as it has been in history, by the act of that anonymous maiden "the Maid of Spinges," who, during the fight around the church of the village, mounted in company with the men the wall of the churchyard, and, armed with a hay fork, helped, by her strong arms as well as her example, to successfully repel three fierce attacks of the French soldiery. Unknown[18] by name, yet the fame of her courageous act, typical as it was of those of many others of her sex during the long and fierce struggle waged by the Tyrolese against the invaders of their beloved land, has descended through generations. On the other side of the valley to Spinges is Franzenfeste at the mouth of the defile known as the Brixener Klause. Few people stop at Franzenfeste, we imagine. To ramble on the hillsides would be an act of foolhardiness, for they are honeycombed with forts. It is a great strategic position, commanding the Brenner and the entrance to the Puster Thal; and investigation of the hillsides and neighbourhood, it is needless to say, is not encouraged by the Austrian Government. It is possible in the future that the spot which saw much fighting in 1797 and 1809 will again be the scene of military operations, and a struggle not less fierce, and far more bloody. Who knows? STERZING AND MATREI Sterzing, with its sunny main street of which a most charming vista is got as one enters the town through the ancient gateway on the Brenner road, and shady arcades which remind one of the "unter den Lauben" of Meran, stands on the site of a Roman settlement, Vipitenum. It is situated at the junction of three beautiful valleys, the Ridnaun Thal, Pflersch Thal, Pfitscher Thal, in a broad basin-like depression, encircled by shapely mountain slopes, and on the right bank of the Eisack. Though nowadays possessing a population of less than 3000, Sterzing at once strikes one as having an air of importance and prosperity, hardly in keeping with its small size.
- 59. Formerly, however, thetown was an important mining centre, and the larger of its quaint and picturesque balconied and bay-windowed houses owe their origin to the wealthier inhabitants of the past. Marble quarrying and polishing is still carried on somewhat extensively, and doubtless helps to retain an air of commercial life and industry in the quaint old place. Sterzing is wonderfully decorative and compact in general effect; and there are a surprising number of fine and interesting buildings to be seen in its narrow old-time streets. The Rathaus, with its striking bow windows, is of late Gothic architecture, and in it is a fine fifteenth-century altar-piece, and some interesting and well-executed wood carvings. This building, now used by the town officials and magistrates, was formerly doubtless a mansion of a wealthy merchant. In it is one of the best preserved specimens of a Gothic ceiling, dating from about the middle of the fifteenth century, that we have seen in Tyrol in any private house of similar size. The church has been extensively, but on the whole well restored. It dates from the sixteenth century, and has a Gothic choir of note, and nave and aisles restored in the Rococo style, the ceiling paintings of which are by Adam Mölckh. The general effect of the interior is good, and the church has some interesting architectural details. The decline of Sterzing is attributable to the same cause as that of many other townlets and villages upon the old post-roads, and the roads over the passes which have gradually become less and less used as railroads have multiplied. But, in the case of Sterzing, its gradual descent from the position of importance it once occupied, traces of which are found in the numerous fine houses still standing, was undoubtedly more owing to the exhaustion or abandonment of the mining industry than to the coming of the railway which so seriously affected the road traffic of the Brenner Pass. Near Sterzing, it should be remembered, Hofer and his peasant forces fought the first big engagement of the struggle in 1809, which ended in the defeat of the Bavarians, who were driven back across
- 60. the Brenner, Hoferhaving crossed the Jaufen from his home at St. Martin in the Passeier Valley. Matrei, or, as it is also called, Deutsch-Matrei, is the only place of any size or importance which we have not already described on the line between Sterzing and Innsbruck, or along the Brenner road. The little town is charmingly situated, and like others of similar character and altitude (it lies nearly 3300 feet above sea-level), is becoming more and more resorted to by tourists and travellers upon the Brenner route. The Castle of Trautson, belonging to Prince Auersperg, stands on the hillside above it. Sterzing forms a fine centre for ascents and excursions, and there is a most interesting pilgrimage church on the north-eastern flank of the Waldrast Spitze dedicated to the Virgin, and known by the name of the mountain; it dates from the middle of the fifteenth century. Its foundation was in consequence of a peasant's dream, in which he was directed to go to the woods, lie down and rest, and there he should be told what to do. When he had done this the Virgin appeared to him, and bade him build a chapel on the spot over an image of her which had miraculously appeared no one knew how some years before. To this chapel was given the name of Maria Waldrast (Wood's rest), and although the monastery, which was built on the spot more than a century and a half later, in 1624, is now but a ruin, the pilgrimage is even nowadays made by the devout to the church which is so beautifully situated more than 5300 feet above sea-level. CHAPTER IX SOME TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF WALSCH-TYROL: TRENT, ITS HISTORY, COUNCIL, AND BUILDINGS—ROVEREDO AND DANTE—
- 61. ARCO—RIVA Trent, which iseasily reached from Bozen through the Etschland by the Bozen-Verona line, which winds through some delightful scenery and passes many a ruined castle perched high on inaccessible heights, is not only a large town of upwards of 25,000 inhabitants, but was anciently one of the wealthiest in Tyrol. It is generally supposed to have been founded by the Etruscans, and both Pliny and Ptolemy make mention of it; but whoever designed Trent seized upon a beautiful situation, and the builders have left behind them in the quaint town, broad streets, handsome palaces of dead and gone nobles, and a forest of towers and spires, delightful survivals of mediæval days. Surrounded by limestone crags, the city itself, notwithstanding its Italian character and fine atmosphere, gives one at first sight an impression of lack of colour which is not usually the case with Italian towns. Regarding the foundation of the city and the origin of its name, there is at least a local tradition that it was founded in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, about B.C. 616, by a body of Etruscans led by Rhaetius; and these founders, although so far removed from the sea, instituted the worship of Neptune, from which circumstance the ancient name Tridentum was derived. Be this as it may, the circumstance is interesting, as in these Etruscans under the leadership of Rhaetius one can perhaps discover the origin of the Rhaeti, who ultimately gave so much trouble to the Empire of Rome. At any rate, Rhaetius gave his name to the district in the immediate vicinity of Trent. The interesting Castle Del Buon Consiglio, which forms so dominating a feature of the town, and possesses a circular and lofty donjon of the type of Guy's Tower at Warwick, with its fine Renaissance loggia in the inner or fountain courtyard and several storied arcades in the older, was once the residence of the Prince Bishops, but now used as barracks. In it is preserved an ancient inscription relating to the government of the town, which proves that
- 62. the regulations andstatutes were very largely modelled upon those of Rome itself. Those who can do so should certainly endeavour to visit Trent during the latter part of the month of June, not merely from the fact that this month is charming by reason of the beauties of nature, the wealth of tender new foliage and delightful climate, but also because on the 26th of the month falls the Festival of Saint Vigilius, the patron saint of Trent, and the martyr missionary who anciently did much to Christianize the country. At this fête the ancient city, whose by-ways and narrower streets are full of interest, picturesqueness, and charm, is seen at its gayest and best. All the many churches are crowded with worshippers, thousands of whom have flocked down from the surrounding mountains and come in from the various villages of the Etschland, bound first upon religious observances in honour of their patron saint and afterwards to take part in the characteristic games and amusements which give the city for the time being such a festive and Bank Holiday air. In former days the more violent amusements were often supplemented by the performance of religious dramas, somewhat on the lines of the better known and more elaborate plays of Ober-Ammergau and the Brixenthal, and also by the illumination of the surrounding hills by huge bonfires, which are said to have had their origin in the religious observances of even more remote times than that of the Etruscan occupation. Saint Vigilius, who was born at Rome, eventually became the Bishop of Trent, and ultimately suffered martyrdom during one of the many persecutions which took place, and were similar in character to those of the fourth century. The city during its early wars was several times sacked, and more than once burnt by the Bavarian hordes which overran the country and even at last reached the gates of Rome itself. Thus Trent came to be built at various periods upon former foundations, and researches of recent times have tended to show that, as was the case with Rome itself, the comparatively modern Trent is built upon
- 63. soil several feetabove the level of its first site. One Italian authority, indeed, states that the streets of the original town lie some fourteen feet below the level of those of the present. Traces of at least three distinct lines of walls marking the growth of the city at various times have been excavated, leading also to the discovery of many interesting relics of Roman days, including tessellated pavements, portions of an amphitheatre of considerable size, ornaments, household utensils, etc. The bishops still retain their title of Prince, but they lost their power as territorial rulers at the time of the secularization which took place throughout Tyrol, and also in the principality of Salzburg. THE COUNCIL OF TRENT Although this ancient city, which is characterized nowadays by a cleanliness and order so often found wanting in Italian towns, has undergone many vicissitudes and has been the scene of important historical events, to the Trent folk of to-day and to many of the visitors who come to it the chief events in connection with its history will undoubtedly remain the sittings of the famous Council which commenced in the year 1545. Many may wonder how it came about that so comparatively small a town should have been chosen as the meeting-place of a Conference intended to attempt the co-ordination of the beliefs and doctrines and the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs of the whole of the then Christian world. Probably the sole reason for this selection was the geographical position of the city, which lay then, as it does to-day, a frontier town, so to speak, between Italian and German influences, and though situated on Austrian soil, yet containing an Italian-speaking population. The Council opened on December 13, 1545, and continued its sittings (with interruptions) until December 4, 1563, the last being the twenty-fifth in number. The meetings of the Council took place at various times during the reigns of three Popes, Paul III., Julius III.,
- 64. and Pius IV.,and amongst the enactments of the Council the Canon of Scripture, including the Apocrypha, was confirmed, and the Church named as its sole interpreter; that traditions were to be considered as equal with Scripture, and the seven sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, the Lord's Supper, Penitence, extra-Unction, Orders, and Matrimony were also confirmed; transubstantiation, Purgatory indulgences, celibacy of the clergy, auricular confession, and other matters were dealt with. The first sitting was held under Cardinal Del Monte, the papal legate, who rose amidst the assembled prelates and representatives and asked them whether it was their wish, "For the glory of God, the extirpation of heresy, and the reformation of the clergy and people, and the downfall of the enemy of the Christian name, to resolve and declare that the Sacred General Tridentine Council should begin and was begun?" The whole company, we are told, answered "Placet," a Te Deum was sung, and it was agreed that the first sitting of the Council should be held on the 7th of January. The sittings were continued at various times without any untoward event till the year 1552, when Maurice of Saxony invaded Tyrol, and although the Council was sitting, most of its members fled the country after having re-enacted the various decrees and ordinances which had been previously passed. Ten years later, what was to all intents and purposes another Council met at Trent, and a solemn service was again held, at which Cardinal Gonzaga was elected president. A quarrel seems to have arisen between some of the archbishops and bishops and one of the French envoys. The former did not agree to some of the terms of the proposition made by the Archbishop of Reggio, whilst the latter raised an objection to the Council being considered a continuation of the first Council. The building in which the Council sat has been stated at various times to have been the Cathedral, in the Piazza del Duomo, but there seems very little doubt now that the place of meeting was not there but in the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, situated on the
- 65. Piazza of thesame name. In it on the north wall of the Choir hangs a large picture representing some three hundred of the various chief dignitaries as they sat in the Council Chamber. The members numbered nearly a thousand in all, and in addition to the cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, chiefs of religious orders, and representatives from the University, there were also present ambassadors from the Emperor of Germany, and from the Kings of France, Spain, and Portugal, from the republic of Venice and Genoa, from Switzerland, and from the German electors. There were at first serious disputes regarding the mode of conducting the business of the Council: what subjects were to be brought up for discussion, and which of those so brought up should have precedence. The German prelates and representatives appear to have been favourable to the discussion of subjects of a more practical nature, realizing as they did that one of the chief causes of disruption and want of unanimity in the Church was the presence of practical and easily located abuses. They therefore strongly urged that the first work of the Council should be of the nature of reforms affecting these abuses. On the other hand, the Italian prelates and envoys were most favourable to the discussion of matters of doctrine and ecclesiastical observances. These differences of opinion were, however, ultimately overcome by an agreement that for each session of the Council dealing with dogma there should be one held to consider the question of practical reforms. The first president, Cardinal Del Monte, frankly acknowledged that many abuses had crept into the Church, and to prove the sincerity of his reforming proposals voluntarily yielded up his pluralities of office; and this example was followed by the Prince Bishop of Trent, who offered to resign the See of Brixen. In 1547, owing to an epidemic then raging in Trent, the first session was closed, and the next sitting took place at Bologna. Charles V., who had been a very active promoter of the Council, objected to the change of venue and insisted upon it being adjourned. It again sat in 1551 at Trent, and an interesting feature of the sitting was the
- 66. presence of Protestantdelegates and envoys from Maurice, elector of Saxony, and from the elector of Brandenburg. Queen Elizabeth declined to send any representative, preferring to accept the decisions of an English convocation. After transacting a considerable amount of business the Council was adjourned, and did not again meet for a period of eleven years. On that occasion many points came up for discussion, and a considerable number of measures of practical reform were agreed upon. One of the most important was the suppression of the alms gatherers, men who were sent for the purpose from Rome to different countries with power to sell indulgences. It was by this means that a large amount of the money with which St. Peter's, Rome, was built was obtained. DECREES OF THE COUNCIL Amongst other important matters decreed by the Council was that prohibiting the sale, printing, or keeping of any books whatever on sacred matters under pain of anathema and fine imposed by a canon of the last Council of Lateran, unless first approved of by the ordinary. It also provided that offenders should have their books burnt; should pay a fine amounting to a hundred ducats; should be suspended a year from the exercises of their trades; and goes on to add that they should be visited with a sentence of excommunication; and, finally, should their contumacy become worse, be so chastised by their bishop by every means granted by the law that others might take warning from them and not be tempted to follow their example. It was also decreed that even those who lent forbidden books, which included the writings of arch-heretics, such as Luther, Calvin, and others, even though in MS., should be liable to the same penalties; and all those who should have any such books in their possession, unless confessing the author's name, should themselves be regarded as the author. Cardinal Lorraine, who attended with fourteen bishops, three abbots, and eighty learned doctors of divinity on behalf of King Charles IX. of
- 67. France, was chargedwith instructions from that monarch to entreat the Council to concede the following reforms and benefits: that in France the sacraments might be administered, the psalms sung, prayers offered up, and the catechism taught in the language of the people; and that the sacrament should be fully administered to the laity. Also that some strenuous means should be taken to check the licentious lives of the clergy; and that the Council should make any concessions tending towards peace and the abatement of schism which did not controvert or interfere with God's word. The French ambassadors also asked for clear instructions concerning the doctrines governing the uses of images, relics, and indulgences; and also they were instructed to urge argument against exacting fees for the sacrament, benefices without duties, and many other things which the more liberal minded and progressive of the prelates regarded as grave abuses in the Church. One astonishing objection which Renaud Ferrier, the then President of the Parliament in Paris, in company with Lansac, raised before the Council was to the dogma that the Pope's authority was supreme, their contention being that the Council was above the Pope! As we have said, this important Council on religion came to an end in December, 1563, when the President moved its dissolution. Before the closing scene, the acts of the Council were finally agreed to and signed, "the ambassadors also adding their names." Then the President dismissed the members in the following words: "After having given this to God, most reverend fathers, go ye in peace." To which all present replied, "Amen." Then Cardinal Lorraine rose and called down the blessing of the assembly upon the then reigning Pope, Pius IV., and also upon his predecessors, Paul III. and Julius III. "By whose authority," said the Cardinal, "this sacred Council was begun; to them peace from the Lord and eternal glory and happiness in the light of the Holy Saints." To which those present answered, "By their memory ever held in sacred benediction." Then there were prayers for the reigning monarchs whose ambassadors were present, for the holy œcumenical synod of Trent,