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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) Which memory capacity is the largest?
A) 1,500,000,000,000 bytes
B) 100 gigabytes
C) 3,500,000 kilobytes
D) 10 terabyte
E) 12,000,000 megabytes
Answer: E
Explanation: E) We convert each of these capacities to bytes (rounding off) to compare them.
The value in A remains the same, 1 1/2 trillion bytes. The value in B is 100 billion bytes. The
value in C is 3 1/2 billion bytes. The value in D is 10 trillion bytes. The answer in E is 12
trillion bytes.
5) Binary numbers are composed entirely of
A) 0s
B) 1s
C) 0s and 1s
D) 0s, 1s and 2s
E) any digits between 0 and 9
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Binary is base 2. In Mathematics, numbers in base n are composed entirely of
digits between 0 and n-1.
6) Volatility is a property of
A) RAM
B) ROM
C) disk
D) software
E) computer networks
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Volatility means that the contents of memory are lost if the electrical power is
shut off. This is true of RAM (Random Access Memory), but not ROM (Read Only Memory) or
disk. Software and computer networks are not forms of memory.
7) The ability to directly obtain a stored item by referencing its address is known as
A) random access
B) sequential access
C) read-only access
D) fetch access
E) volatility
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Random access is meant to convey the idea that accessing any item is equally
easy, and that any item is retrievable based solely on its address. Random access is the form of
access used by both RAM and ROM memory. Disk access, called direct access, is a similar idea,
and direct and random access are sometimes referred to synonymously. Sequential access is
used by tape.

3
8) Which phase of the fetch-decode-execute cycle might use a circuit in the arithmetic-logic
unit?
A) fetch
B) decode
C) execute
D) during fetch or execute, but not decode
E) could be used in fetch, decode or execute phase
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The fetch phase retrieves (fetches) the next program instruction from memory.
The decode phase determines which circuit(s) needs to be used to execute the instruction. The
instruction is executed during the execute phase. If the instruction is either an arithmetic
operation (like add or multiply) or a logical operation (like comparing two values), then it is
carried out by the ALU.
9) In order for a computer to be accessible over a computer network, the computer needs its own
A) MODEM
B) communication line
C) network address
D) packet
E) router
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In order to differentiate between the computers on a network, each is given its
own, unique, network address. In this way, a message intended for one computer can be
recognized by that computer through the message's destination address. A MODEM is a device
that is used to allow a computer to communicate to another computer over a telephone line. A
communication line is the network media itself. A packet is a collection of data that is sent over
a network. A router is a hardware device used to take a message from one network and move it
to another based on the message's destination address.
10) For a computer to communicate over the Internet, it must use
A) the TCP protocol
B) the IP protocol
C) the combined TCP/IP protocol
D) the Ethernet protocol
E) the ARPANET protocol
Answer: C
Explanation: C) IP is the Internet Protocol, but the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) also
must be used because it handles such problems as how to piece together packets of the same
message that arrive out of order. Ethernet is a LAN protocol, which might be used in addition to
TCP/IP in some networks, but it is not needed to communicate over the Internet. There is no
such thing as the ARPANET protocol.

4
11) A URL (Universal Resource Locator) specifies the address of
A) a computer on any network
B) a computer on the Internet
C) a local area network (LAN) on the Internet
D) a document or other type of file on the Internet
E) a Java program on the Internet
Answer: D
Explanation: D) URLs are used to locate documents (or other types of files such as an image or
sound file) anywhere on the Internet. An URL contains the address of the LAN or WAN and the
specific computer from which the file is to be retrieved; it specifies the file's address, not just the
computer's address.
12) It is important to dissect a problem into manageable pieces before trying to solve the problem
because
A) most problems are too complex to be solved as a single, large activity
B) most problems are solved by multiple people and it is easy to assign each piece to a separate
person
C) it is easier to integrate small pieces of a program into one program than it is to integrate one
big chunk of code into one program
D) our first solution may not solve the problem correctly
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Any interesting problem will be too complex to solve easily as a single activity.
By decomposing the problem, we can build small solutions for each piece and then integrate the
pieces. Answer D is true, but it is not the reason why we will break a problem into pieces.
13) Once we have implemented the solution, we are not done with the problem because
A) the solution may not be the best (most efficient)
B) the solution may have errors and need testing and fixing before we are done
C) the solution may, at a later date, need revising to handle new specifications
D) the solution may, at a later date, need revising because of new programming language
features
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Explanation: E) A program should not be considered as a finished product until we are
reasonably assured that it is efficient and error-free. Further, it is common that programs require
modification in the future because of a change to specifications or a change to the language or
computer running the program.

5
14) Java is an example of a(n)
A) machine language
B) assembly language
C) high-level language
D) fourth generation language
E) both C and D
Answer: E
Explanation: E) While Java was created during the fourth generation, it is clearly also a high-
level language. Machine language is the executable language of a machine, with programs
written in 1s and 0s only. Assembly language uses mnemonics. Fourth generation languages are
tools wrapped inside of programs so that the user has the flexibility to write some code to
executed from within the program.
15) In the following list, which statement is not true regarding Java as a programming language?
A) It is a relatively recent language, having been introduced in 1995
B) It is a language whose programs do not require translating into machine language before they
are executed
C) It is an object-oriented programming language
D) It is a language that embraces the idea of writing programs to be executed using the World
Wide Web
E) All of the above are true
Answer: B
Explanation: B) All languages require translation into machine language. The other statements
are all true about Java.
16) Comments should
A) rephrase the code it explains in English
B) be insightful and explain what the instruction's intention is
C) only be included in code that is difficult to understand
D) be used to define variables whose names are not easy to understand
E) all of the above
Answer: B
Explanation: B) One might answer E, but that then includes A and C, making "all of the above"
incorrect. Comments should not rephrase in English what an instruction says, but instead should
explain what that instruction is doing in relation to the program. Introductory programmers often
have difficult explaining their code and wind up stating the obvious in their comments. While
l variables should have comments that
explain their use.

6
17) The main method for a Java program is defined by
A) public static main( )
B) public static main(String[ ] args);
C) public static main(String[ ] args)
D) private static main(String[ ] args)
E) the main method could be defined as in A, C or D but not B
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In A, the parameter is missing. The parameters are defined later in the text, but
in effect, they allow the user to run the program and include some initial arguments if the
program calls for it. In B, the semicolon at the end of the statement is not allowed. In D,
"private" instead of "public" would make the program non-executable by anyone and thus makes
the definition meaningless.
18) The line of Java code "// System.out.println("Hello");" will
A) do nothing
B) cause "Hello" to be output
C) cause a syntax error
D) cause "(Hello)" to be output
E) there is no way to know without executing this line of code
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The characters "//" denote the beginning of a comment. The comment is not
compiled and so, nothing would happen when this code is executed.
19) The instruction: System.out.println("Hello World"); might best be commented as
A) // prints "Hello World" to the screen
B) // prints a message
C) // used to demonstrate an output message
D) //
E) // meaningless instruction
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Comments in A and B state the obvious while the comments in D and E are
meaningless. The comment in C explains why the instruction appears in the program.
20) Which character below is not allowed in an identifier?
A) $
B) _
C) 0 (zero)
D) q
E) ^
Answer: E
Explanation: E) Java identifiers can consist of any letter, digit, $ or _ as long as the identifier
starts with a letter or _. ^ is not a legal character.

7
21) Which of the following is not syntactically legal in Java?
A) public class Foo
B) System.out.println("Hi");
C) { }
D) s t a t i c main(String[ ] args)
E) only B is legally valid, all of the rest are illegal
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The Java compiler would not recognize "s t a t i c" as "static" because the Java
compiler treats white space (blanks) as separators between entities. The other statements are all
legal, including "{ }" which is a block that happens to have no statements within it.
22) Which of the following is a legal Java identifier?
A) i
B) class
C) ilikeclass!
D) idon'tlikeclass
E) i-like-class
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Java identifiers cannot have the characters "!", "'" or "-" in them making answer
C, D and E wrong. The word "class" is a reserved word in Java and cannot be used as an
identifier. The identifier "i" is perfectly legal although it is not necessarily a good identifier since
it is not descriptive of its use.
23) A unique aspect of Java that allows code compiled on one machine to be executed on a
machine of a different hardware platform is Java's
A) bytecodes
B) syntax
C) use of objects
D) use of exception handling
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The translation process for a Java program is to first compile it into bytecodes,
which are architecturally neutral (that is, they can be used no matter what the architectural
platform is). To execute the program, the bytecodes must be further compiled by a Java
compiler or interpreted by a Java Virtual Machine.

8
24) Java is similar in syntax to what other high level language?
A) Pascal
B) Ada
C) C++
D) FORTRAN
E) BASIC
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The creators of Java decided to use syntax similar to C++ so that C++
programmers could easily learn Java. Variable declarations, assignment statements, loops,
selection statements and comments are among the features that have nearly identical syntax.
There are many differences however, so don't assume that any C or C++ programmer will easily
or instantly be able to program in Java.
25) An error in a program that results in the program outputting $100 instead of the correct
answer, $250 is
A) a programmer error
B) a syntax error
C) a run-time error
D) a logical error
E) a snafu
Answer: D
Explanation: D) While this is an error (answer A), programmers classify the type of error in
order to more easily solve the problem. Syntax errors are caught by the compiler and the
program cannot run without fixing all syntax errors. Run-time errors arise during program
execution and cause the program to stop running. Logical errors are errors whereby the program
can run to completion, but gives the wrong answer. If the result should have been $250, then the
logic of the program is wrong since it output $100. A snafu is a term expressing a messed up
situation in combat and should not be used by respectable programmers!
26) Which of the following is true regarding Java syntax and semantics?
A) a Java compiler can determine if you have followed proper syntax but not proper semantics
B) a Java compiler can determine if you have followed proper semantics but not proper syntax
C) a Java compiler can determine if you have followed both proper syntax and semantics
D) a Java compiler cannot determine if you have followed either proper syntax or semantics
E) a Java compiler can determine if you have followed proper syntax and can determine if you
have followed proper semantics if you follow the Java naming convention rules
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Compilers for all languages have the ability to detect syntax errors because
improper use of the syntax leads to situations where the compilers cannot translate the code
properly. However, compilers are unable to follow the semantics of a program because this
requires a degree of understanding what the program is intended to do and computers have no
sense of understanding (at least at this point).

9
27) Following Java naming convention, which of the following would be the best name for a
class about store customers?
A) StoreCustomer
B) Store Customer
C) storeCustomer
D) STORE_CUSTOMER
E) Store-Customer
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The Java naming convention states that classes should all start with an upper
case letter and that multiple-word names should start each new name with an upper case letter
while the remaining characters are lower case. Words should either be connected together
without spaces, or connected with the "_" character. Answers B and E are not legal names, and
using Java naming convention, C would qualify as a variable name and D would qualify as a
constant.
28) Which of the following would be a good variable name for the current value of a stock?
A) curstoval
B) theCurrentValueOfThisStockIs
C) currentStockVal
D) csv
E) current
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Java allows long variable names but the programmer must find a good
compromise between an excessive long name (as with B) and names too short to understand their
use (A and D). The name current possibly might be reasonable if there are no other "current"
values being referenced in the program.
29) Which of the following is a legal Java identifier?
A) 1ForAll
B) oneForAll
C) one/4/all
D) 1_4_all
E) 1forall
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Java identifiers cannot start with a number (so the answers in A, D and E are
illegal) and cannot include the "/" character, so the answer in C is illegal.

10
30) A color image is broken down into individual pixels (points), each of which is represented by
A) a 1 for white and a 0 for black
B) 3 values denoting the intensity of red, green, and blue in the image
C) a single number indicating the intensity of color between white and black
D) two numbers, a value that denotes where between white and black the color is, and a
brightness
E) none of the above, it is not possible to represent a color image
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Black and white images are stored using 0s and 1s while color images are
stored using three values, one each for the degree of red, the degree of blue, and the degree of
green.
31) Which of the following characters does not need to have an associated "closing" character in
a Java program?
A) {
B) (
C) [
D) <
E) all of these require closing characters
Answer: D
Explanation: D) { is used to open a block, and so } is needed to close the block. ( is used to
open an expression and so ) is needed to close an expression. [ is used to start an array index so ]
is needed to close the array index. < is "less than" and > is "greater than" and these are not
needed together, so < requires no closing character.
32) Mistyping "println" as "printn" will result in
A) a syntax error
B) a run-time error
C) a logical error
D) no error at all
E) converting the statement into a comment
Answer: A
Explanation: A) If the Java compiler cannot make sense of a command, the compiler cannot
convert it and responds with a syntax error. While "println" is recognized as a command,
"printn" is not, and so the compiler provides a syntax error.

11
1.2 True/False Questions
1) All information is stored in the computer using binary numbers.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The computer is a digital device meaning that it stores information in one of two
states using binary. We must determine then how to represent meaningful information (such as a
name or a program instruction or an image) in binary.
2) Java is an object-oriented programming language.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Java is classified as a high-level programming language but it is also classified as
an object-oriented programming language because it allows the programmer to implement data
structures as classes.
3) System.out.print is used in a program to denote that a documentation comment follows.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Documentation comments follow // marks or are embedded between /* and */.
System.out.print is an instruction used to output a message to the screen (the Java console
window).
4) Java byte codes are directly executable whereas Java source code is not.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Neither Java source code nor Java byte codes are executable. Both must be
compiled or interpreted into machine code. Java byte codes are useful however in that they are
machine-independent but semi-compiled code that allows your Java code to be transmitted over
the Internet and executed on another computer even if that other computer is a completely
different type.
5) The Java compiler is able to find all programmer errors.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The Java compiler can find syntax errors but cannot find either logical errors
(errors that are caused because of poor logic in writing the program) or run-time errors (errors
that arise during the execution of the program).
6) Java is a case-sensitive language meaning that Current, current and CURRENT will all
reference the same identifier.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Java is case sensitive which means that Current, current and CURRENT will all be
recognized as different identifiers. This causes problems with careless programmers who do not
spell an identifier consistently in terms of upper and lower case characters.
7) Code placed inside of comments will not be compiled and therefore will not execute.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The compiler discards comments; therefore, any code inside a comment is
discarded and is not compiled. Your executable program consists only of the code that is
compiled.

12
8) The word "Public" is a reserved word.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: "public" is a reserved word, but since Java is case sensitive, "Public" differs from
"public" and therefore "Public" is not a reserved word.
9) Reserved words in Java can be redefined by the programmer to mean something other than
their original intentions.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Java reserved words cannot be redefined.
10) In a Java program, dividing by 0 is a syntax error.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Dividing by 0 is not detected at compile time, and because a computer cannot
divide by 0, this is a run-time error.
11) During translation, the compiler puts its output (the compiled Java program) into ROM.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: ROM stands for read-only-memory. The compiled output (the byte codes) may be
placed into RAM (writable random access memory) or into a file (on your hard drive, for
example).
12) Objects are defined by a class that describes the characteristics common to all instances of
the class.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: "An object is an instance of a class." And, the purpose of a class is to describe
these common characteristics.
13) Inheritance is a form of software reuse.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Inheritance allows us to capitalize on the similarities among various kinds of
classes that have a common base (parent) class. Thus we reuse the base class each time a class
inherits from it.
14) Polymorphism is the idea that we can refer to multiple types of related objects in consistent
ways.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Polymorphism allows us to use the same name for similar behaviors that occur
among diverse and possibly unrelated objects. For example, to "open" may refer to a file, or to a
device, or to a communications line, etc. The same term, "open," is being used
objects that are being opened are quite different.
15) In Java, identifiers may be of any length up to a limit determined by the compiler.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Java (and Java compilers) do not limit the length of the identifiers you use.
Identifiers may be as long as you wish. Good programming practice, however, will limit the
lengths of the identifiers you create.

13
1.3 Free-Form Questions
1) What is wrong with the following class definition?
public class Program1
{
public static void main(String[ ] args)
{
System.out.println("My first Java program")
}
}
Answer: The one executable statement in the main method is missing a ";" at the end of the line.
Executable statements end with ";".
2) What is wrong with the following class definition?
{
System.out.println("My second Java program");
}
Answer: The definition of a class is placed within { } statements, which are missing here.
3) Given the following class definition, what are the reserved words and what are the identifiers?
{
{
System.out.println("My third Java program");
}
}
Answer: The reserved words are public, class, static, void. The identifiers are main, String,
System, out, Program3, and args. Main is the name of a method defined within the Program3
class. String and System.out are classes already defined in Java and println is a method of
System.out. Program3 is a class, defined here, and args is a variable.
4) Provide a brief explanation of the role of main memory, the control unit, the arithmetic logic
unit, and registers. (see figure 1.13)
Answer: Main memory is used to store the currently executing processes along with their data.
The control unit performs the fetch-decode-execute cycle, which fetches an instruction from
memory, decodes it and determines how it is to be executed. The arithmetic logic unit comprises
a number of circuits that execute arithmetic and logic instructions. Registers are used to store
values in the CPU temporarily while the current instruction(s) need them.

14
5) What is the output of the following when the main method is executed?
public class Question4
{
{
System.out.println("hi there");
System.out.println(" ");
System.out.println("how are you doing today? ");
}
}
Answer: hi there
how are you doing today?
Notice that while the Java compiler ignores "white space", blanks that appear in a println
statement inside of quote marks are retained and output in that manner.
6) What is wrong with the following println statement?
System.out.println("My fourth Java Program);
Answer: It is missing a closing ". The compiler will look for a second " before the end of the
statement. So, like { }, ( ), and [ ], an initial " must have a corresponding closing ".
7) Provide identifier names that would be used to represent a person's social security number,
income tax withheld, and net pay.
Answer: socialSecurityNumber, or ssn, incomeTaxWithheld or incomeTax, and netPay all
would be reasonable.
8) There are a number of reserved words in Java that have no current meaning (denoted with an *
in figure 1.18). Why?
Answer: Java language designers anticipate introducing these statements in future versions, but
have not yet implemented them because they are lower priority, or it has not been decided how
they will be implemented or precisely what they will mean.
9) Rewrite the following comment so that it can appear over multiple lines.
// This is one really enormously long comment that might run off the page
Answer: We can do this in two ways, preceding each line with // or by enclosing the comment in
/* and */
/* This is one really enormously
long comment that might run
off the page */
// This is one really enormously
// long comment that might run
// off the page

15
10) Examine figure 1.7 before answering this question. What 8-bit value comes immediately
before and what 8-bit value comes immediately after 10010111?
Answer: 10010110 comes immediately before 10010111 and 10010100 comes immediately
after 10010111.
11) Rewrite the following program with better formatting to make it easier to read.
public
class
MyProgram
{ public static void
main(
String[ ]
args)
{ System.out.println(
"Wow, this is messed up!"
);
} }
Answer: There are many ways this program might appear. The following would be very
acceptable:
public class MyProgram
{
{
System.out.println("Wow, this is messed up!");
}
}
12) A document of text is 15 pages long. Each page contains approximately 200 words and the
average length of each word is 5 characters. Also assume one blank space between each word
and no punctuation. How many bytes will it take to store this document in memory or on disk
using ASCII?
Answer: A character is stored in ASCII using 8 bits or 1 byte. Therefore, 5 characters per word
plus 1 blank space between words take 6 bytes per word (except for the first). Each page stores
200 words and there are 15 pages. So we need 15 * 200 * 6 - 1 (no blank space to start the text)
= 17,999 bytes which is 17.58 kilobytes, or nearly 18 Kbytes.

16
13) Provide a brief description of the roles of the following hardware elements (that is, what each
is used for):
a) CPU
b) Main memory
c) Secondary memory devices
d) Input/Output devices
s this through
the fetch-decode-execute cycle where the next program instruction is fetched from memory,
decoded in the CPU, and then executed by one or more circuits. b) Main memory is stored on
chips on the motherboard and is used for quick access to the current program for the fetch-
decode-execute cycle and to store data being used by this program. c) Secondary memory
devices are storage devices, used to store programs and data not currently being used. Storage
devices, such as the hard disk, also are used to store things for permanence and archives. d)
Input/Output devices are used to communicate with the computer. Input devices, like the
keyboard, take commands and data from the user and output devices, like the monitor, display
the results of the process/computation.
14) Considering that the Pentium IV processor runs at a clock speed of about 850 MHz. What
clock speed might we expect from a Pentium chip that would be released in 3 years?
Answer: 3400 MHz or 3.4 GHz. Explanation: The speed of processors has been doubling
roughly every 18 months (1 1/2 years). So, in 3 years, the speed will probably have doubled
twice, or be four times greater than it is now, 4 * 850 = 3400.
15) Write a Java program that will output on two separate lines the names of the authors of this
textbook.
Answer: public class OutputNames
{
{
System.out.println("John Lewis"); // output first author's name
System.out.println("William Loftus"); // output second author's name
}
}

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