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Università degli Studi di Padova
                       Facoltà di Ingegneria
             Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica




    METODI KERNEL BASATI SU ALBERI PER
L’APPRENDIMENTO DEL LINGUAGGIO NATURALE


Relatore: Ch.mo Prof. Giorgio Satta

Laureando: Francesco Tonin


                         17 Dicembre 2007
Università degli studi di Padova
      Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale



                                   Outline
 Cenni alle Linear Learning Machines e ai Kernel Methods

 NLP e approcci discriminativi : Tree Kernels

 Risultati teorici: - kernel K m
                      - pre-computazione dei kernel

 Test eseguiti su WSJ treebank

 Conclusioni e potenziali sviluppi futuri


                                                                                   2
Università degli studi di Padova
      Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale



                  Linear Learning Machines
 Compiti di Classificazione - Regressione (Supervised learning)

 Tipologie principali : Perceptron - SVM

                                                  h = sgn( w ⋅ x + b)
                                                  w ⋅ xi + b > 0 ⇒ xi ∈ A
                                                  w ⋅ xi + b < 0 ⇒ xi ∈ A



                                                                                   3
Università degli studi di Padova
       Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale



                            Kernel Methods
 In generale, dati di input non separabili linearmente
       mappare i dati in uno Spazio di Features dove siano linearmente
                 separabili
 Mappatura implicita, mediante una funzione K detta Kernel


                                                                                    
                                                              K ( x, y) = φ ( x ) ⋅φ ( y )




                                                                                       4
Università degli studi di Padova
       Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale



                             NLP: Tree Kernels
 NLP: Statistical Parsing, Relation Extraction, Semantic Role Labeling…
 Approccio discriminativo : Perceptron - SVM con Kernel
 Convolution Kernels definiti su strutture discrete: alberi di derivazione
  (essenzialmente)

K (T , T ′) =       ∑ λ ⋅ δ ( t , t ′)
                            t
                t ⊆ T ,t′⊆ T ′                        Φ( T )
(Collins e Duffy, 2001)




                                                                                    5
Università degli studi di Padova
       Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale



                                  Kernel K m
 Essenziale la complessità temporale del calcolo della funzione kernel
 Ammissibile anche calcolo approssimato, purché correlato alla
  “somiglianza” tra alberi
 Definizione del kernel K m :
                     K m (T , T ′) =     ∑ ) ∑ C ( n, n′ )
                                          (
                                       n∈N T n′∈N (T ′ )
                                                           m


                      Cm ( n, n′) = max t
                                        t∈ A

                      A = { t : t ⊆ t (n) ∧ t ⊆ t (n′) }
 K m computabile con complessità temporale O ( r ⋅ | T | + | T ′ |)

                                                                                    6

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Tesi ML NLP Presentazione

  • 1. Università degli Studi di Padova Facoltà di Ingegneria Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica METODI KERNEL BASATI SU ALBERI PER L’APPRENDIMENTO DEL LINGUAGGIO NATURALE Relatore: Ch.mo Prof. Giorgio Satta Laureando: Francesco Tonin 17 Dicembre 2007
  • 2. Università degli studi di Padova Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale Outline  Cenni alle Linear Learning Machines e ai Kernel Methods  NLP e approcci discriminativi : Tree Kernels  Risultati teorici: - kernel K m - pre-computazione dei kernel  Test eseguiti su WSJ treebank  Conclusioni e potenziali sviluppi futuri 2
  • 3. Università degli studi di Padova Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale Linear Learning Machines  Compiti di Classificazione - Regressione (Supervised learning)  Tipologie principali : Perceptron - SVM h = sgn( w ⋅ x + b) w ⋅ xi + b > 0 ⇒ xi ∈ A w ⋅ xi + b < 0 ⇒ xi ∈ A 3
  • 4. Università degli studi di Padova Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale Kernel Methods  In generale, dati di input non separabili linearmente mappare i dati in uno Spazio di Features dove siano linearmente separabili  Mappatura implicita, mediante una funzione K detta Kernel     K ( x, y) = φ ( x ) ⋅φ ( y ) 4
  • 5. Università degli studi di Padova Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale NLP: Tree Kernels  NLP: Statistical Parsing, Relation Extraction, Semantic Role Labeling…  Approccio discriminativo : Perceptron - SVM con Kernel  Convolution Kernels definiti su strutture discrete: alberi di derivazione (essenzialmente) K (T , T ′) = ∑ λ ⋅ δ ( t , t ′) t t ⊆ T ,t′⊆ T ′ Φ( T ) (Collins e Duffy, 2001) 5
  • 6. Università degli studi di Padova Metodi Kernel basati su alberi per l’apprendimento del linguaggio naturale Kernel K m  Essenziale la complessità temporale del calcolo della funzione kernel  Ammissibile anche calcolo approssimato, purché correlato alla “somiglianza” tra alberi  Definizione del kernel K m : K m (T , T ′) = ∑ ) ∑ C ( n, n′ ) ( n∈N T n′∈N (T ′ ) m Cm ( n, n′) = max t t∈ A A = { t : t ⊆ t (n) ∧ t ⊆ t (n′) }  K m computabile con complessità temporale O ( r ⋅ | T | + | T ′ |) 6

Editor's Notes

  1. Ritagliare le immagini???