This study analyzed the social interactions between three female African elephants - Tyranza, Gina, and Asali - at the Memphis Zoo. Researchers observed and quantified affiliative behaviors like touching and agonistic behaviors like aggression. Statistical analysis found no significant difference in the frequency of behaviors involving the matriarch elephant, Tyranza. While Gina displayed the most agonistic behaviors, these actions were distributed evenly between individuals and primarily involved stealing food. The results suggest all elephants exhibited similar levels of affiliative behavior toward each other.
This study analyzed the social interactions between three female African elephants - Tyranza, Gina, and Asali - at the Memphis Zoo. Researchers quantified the frequency of affiliative behaviors (e.g. touching) and agonistic behaviors (e.g. aggression) between pairs of elephants. Statistical analysis found no significant difference in behaviors involving the matriarch elephant, Tyranza. Although Gina displayed the most agonistic behaviors overall, these were distributed evenly among individuals and mostly consisted of stealing food. The frequency of affiliative behaviors was also not significantly different among elephants. Therefore, the study found no clear influence of social hierarchy on interaction frequencies.
1. The study analyzed aggressive and submissive behaviors in female spotted hyenas to determine if submissiveness is an independent personality trait from aggressiveness. 2. It found no correlation between rates of aggression and submissiveness when hierarchy was not considered, but found a positive correlation when hierarchy was accounted for. 3. Rates of both aggressiveness and submissiveness were consistent over time, providing preliminary support for submissiveness being a quantifiable personality trait like aggressiveness. However, more research is needed to fully establish submissiveness as a personality trait.
This document contains a map and overview of the Shelby Farms Greenline, a multi-use trail in Memphis, Tennessee. The map shows the greenline route, access points, bike rentals, and points of interest along the trail such as the Wolf River and Overton Park. The overview provides context for the greenline as a multi-use trail through Shelby Farms Park.
Modern technology is playing an increasingly important role in closing gaps in our knowledge about biodiversity and helping conservation efforts become more intelligent and efficient. Technologies like GIS, remote sensing, radio telemetry, camera traps, audio traps, drones, DNA analysis, and smartphone applications are providing conservationists with valuable data on species populations, movements, behaviors, land use changes, and more. This data helps with tasks like monitoring wildlife, predicting behavior, mapping habitats and invasive species, prioritizing land acquisition, and combating poaching. While technology introduces some challenges, it is expanding research and awareness of ecology.
Environmental Sustainability in Asia and Africa (2)Conner Bradley
The document discusses environmental sustainability challenges and conservation efforts in Asia and Africa. In Africa, threats include conflict between wildlife and people, overexploitation of resources, deforestation, and rising poaching. Conservation groups work with local communities to prevent poaching through methods like anti-poaching dogs and community conservancies. In Asia, challenges include lack of political will to fund conservation, overexploitation of fisheries and timber, and damage from climate events. The document highlights vulnerable species and recent conservation progress in Afghanistan with a new national park supporting both wildlife and indigenous groups. It stresses the importance of conservation biologists communicating their research to policymakers.
The document discusses the importance of biodiversity conservation and integrated action to address threats to biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity drives key ecological functions and provides valuable economic services. However, overconsumption, population growth, habitat loss, and failure to account for ecological trade-offs are reducing biodiversity. The consequences of biodiversity loss disproportionately impact the poor. Integrated scientific, political, and economic action is needed worldwide to mitigate human-caused biodiversity decline.
This document discusses the ecological impact of white-nosed syndrome, a wildlife disease affecting bats. It describes how the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans has caused high mortality rates among bat populations in North America, with over 5.7 million bats dying. The fungus thrives in cold temperatures and infects hibernating bats, whose immune systems are weakened during hibernation. Conservation efforts aim to monitor disease spread and investigate antifungal treatments, while closing caves to limit human-assisted dispersal. However, challenges remain in understanding and controlling this geographically widespread disease due to limited research funding.
This study experimentally evaluated attachment behaviors in owned cats using Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test. 28 cats of different ages, body types, sexes, and reproductive statuses underwent the test. The cats spent more time exploring when with their owner compared to alone or with a stranger. They exhibited alert behaviors more frequently with a stranger. The cats were less active when alone. The results were consistent with attachment behaviors found in children, suggesting cats can form attachments to their owners. Further research is needed to study separation anxiety in cats.
This study analyzed the social interactions between three female African elephants - Tyranza, Gina, and Asali - at the Memphis Zoo. Researchers quantified the frequency of affiliative behaviors (e.g. touching) and agonistic behaviors (e.g. aggression) between pairs of elephants. Statistical analysis found no significant difference in behaviors involving the matriarch elephant, Tyranza. Although Gina displayed the most agonistic behaviors overall, these were distributed evenly among individuals and mostly consisted of stealing food. The frequency of affiliative behaviors was also not significantly different among elephants. Therefore, the study found no clear influence of social hierarchy on interaction frequencies.
1. The study analyzed aggressive and submissive behaviors in female spotted hyenas to determine if submissiveness is an independent personality trait from aggressiveness. 2. It found no correlation between rates of aggression and submissiveness when hierarchy was not considered, but found a positive correlation when hierarchy was accounted for. 3. Rates of both aggressiveness and submissiveness were consistent over time, providing preliminary support for submissiveness being a quantifiable personality trait like aggressiveness. However, more research is needed to fully establish submissiveness as a personality trait.
This document contains a map and overview of the Shelby Farms Greenline, a multi-use trail in Memphis, Tennessee. The map shows the greenline route, access points, bike rentals, and points of interest along the trail such as the Wolf River and Overton Park. The overview provides context for the greenline as a multi-use trail through Shelby Farms Park.
Modern technology is playing an increasingly important role in closing gaps in our knowledge about biodiversity and helping conservation efforts become more intelligent and efficient. Technologies like GIS, remote sensing, radio telemetry, camera traps, audio traps, drones, DNA analysis, and smartphone applications are providing conservationists with valuable data on species populations, movements, behaviors, land use changes, and more. This data helps with tasks like monitoring wildlife, predicting behavior, mapping habitats and invasive species, prioritizing land acquisition, and combating poaching. While technology introduces some challenges, it is expanding research and awareness of ecology.
Environmental Sustainability in Asia and Africa (2)Conner Bradley
The document discusses environmental sustainability challenges and conservation efforts in Asia and Africa. In Africa, threats include conflict between wildlife and people, overexploitation of resources, deforestation, and rising poaching. Conservation groups work with local communities to prevent poaching through methods like anti-poaching dogs and community conservancies. In Asia, challenges include lack of political will to fund conservation, overexploitation of fisheries and timber, and damage from climate events. The document highlights vulnerable species and recent conservation progress in Afghanistan with a new national park supporting both wildlife and indigenous groups. It stresses the importance of conservation biologists communicating their research to policymakers.
The document discusses the importance of biodiversity conservation and integrated action to address threats to biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity drives key ecological functions and provides valuable economic services. However, overconsumption, population growth, habitat loss, and failure to account for ecological trade-offs are reducing biodiversity. The consequences of biodiversity loss disproportionately impact the poor. Integrated scientific, political, and economic action is needed worldwide to mitigate human-caused biodiversity decline.
This document discusses the ecological impact of white-nosed syndrome, a wildlife disease affecting bats. It describes how the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans has caused high mortality rates among bat populations in North America, with over 5.7 million bats dying. The fungus thrives in cold temperatures and infects hibernating bats, whose immune systems are weakened during hibernation. Conservation efforts aim to monitor disease spread and investigate antifungal treatments, while closing caves to limit human-assisted dispersal. However, challenges remain in understanding and controlling this geographically widespread disease due to limited research funding.
This study experimentally evaluated attachment behaviors in owned cats using Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test. 28 cats of different ages, body types, sexes, and reproductive statuses underwent the test. The cats spent more time exploring when with their owner compared to alone or with a stranger. They exhibited alert behaviors more frequently with a stranger. The cats were less active when alone. The results were consistent with attachment behaviors found in children, suggesting cats can form attachments to their owners. Further research is needed to study separation anxiety in cats.
What are socioecology and sociobiology What can they tell us about .pdffckindswear
What are socioecology and sociobiology? What can they tell us about primate behavior? Use at
least two non-human primate species in your answe
Solution
Answer:
Socioecology focuses on the relationship between social behavior and the natural environment
and favors selection for the individual’s daily survival. Sociobiology focuses on the genetic
predisposition to behaviors and those behaviors’ enhancement of reproductive success.
Socioecology:
1. Primatologists consider the following environmental factors:
a. Quality and quantity of different foods
b. Distribution of food resources, water, predators and sleeping sites
c. Activity patterns (diurnal, nocturnal)
d. Relationship with other species
e. Impact of human activities
2. Environmental factors such as resource availability and predation have a strong influence on
group size and structure.
3. Multimale and multifemale groups have an advantage when predation pressure is high. Adult
males may join forces to chase and attack predators. (Savannah baboons have been known to kill
domestic dogs and to attack leopards and lions)
4. Solitary foraging may be related to diet and distribution of resources or predator avoidance.
Sociobiology:
1. Natural selection acts on behavior in the same way it acts on physical characteristics.
2. Behavior is a phenotypic expression and genes code for specific behaviors.
3. This approach provides an opportunity to study the effects natural selection has had in shaping
primate behavior.
Nonhuman primates are research subjects because they are so similar to humans. Shared ancestry
is a major reason why human and nonhuman primates have many characteristics in common:
tool use, long-lasting social relationships, and complex communication systems. By learning
about nonhuman primates we may come to learn more about ourselves.
Individuals of certain nonhuman primate species, however, are bipedal for some activities. By
studying those species of nonhuman primates that are occasionally bipedal, and discovering the
circumstances in which they display bipedality, we may gain some understanding of the factors
that promoted the evolution of bipedality in humans.
Human and nonhuman primates also share physiological characteristics. For example, the way in
which the brains of rhesus monkeys and humans are organized is similar. One brain area that has
been studied extensively is the visual system.
Neuroanatomical studies of the nonhuman primate brain have been extremely useful in helping
us to understand how the human brain functions and how we see. In this way, nonhuman
primates serve as models of particular processes. Study of nonhuman primates has also
contributed to our understanding of basic biological phenomena such as reproduction; to better
understanding of diseases such as AIDS.
Nonhuman primates are also studied because they are fascinating animals. They live in a wide
range of habitats, and show many interesting differences in behavior and life styles. For example,
in so.
Spaying and neutering companion animals is crucial for both individual health and population health. Studies have shown that sterilized dogs live 1.5 years longer on average than intact dogs due to lower risks of cancers, infectious diseases, and trauma. Spaying and neutering is also crucial to reduce pet overpopulation and the millions of animals euthanized in shelters annually. The high number of unwanted animals stems from accidental and intentional breeding by pet owners and commercial breeders. In addition to animal welfare impacts, pet overpopulation poses economic costs like the $1 billion spent annually on sheltering animals. Overall, sterilization benefits both individual companion animals and populations by increasing longevity and reducing shelter intakes and euthan
The Social Daily Activity Correlation of Olive Baboon (Papio Anubis) in Gash...Sryahwa Publications
Baboons range throughout sub-Saharan Africa, across a multitude of habitat types making them the most widespread African primate genus and perhaps coincidentally, are one of the best studied
primates. In recent times, the rapid expansion of human population, the spread of agriculture, and the resulting destruction of natural habitats has drastically increased in sub-saharan Africa.
The document discusses several studies that examine cultural differences in prosocial behavior:
- Whiting (1975) found that children in Kenya were the most prosocial, while those in Japan and India were the least, and that household responsibilities predicted higher prosocial behavior.
- Levine et al (2003) observed helping behaviors across 23 countries and found that places like Brazil and Denmark ranked higher than the US, suggesting cultures emphasizing social responsibility over achievement help more.
- Korte & Ayvalioglu (1981) found that small communities and squatter settlements in Turkey helped strangers more than large cities or suburbs, indicating community size impacts prosocial norms.
This document outlines a proposed case study comparing attitudes towards treatment and cruelty of dogs and cats in the US and Vietnam. It hypothesizes that a country's socioeconomic status correlates with its attitudes. The study would use surveys to collect data on attitudes and tendencies towards cruelty in urban and rural areas of both countries. It would analyze the data and compare results to the hypotheses and explore correlations between attitudes and demographic variables. The goal is to better understand differences globally and inform animal welfare programs.
This document discusses the field of animal behavior and its importance and applications. It notes that animal behavior is the study of how animals interact with each other and their environment, and serves as a bridge between physiology and the environment. It then outlines several ways in which the study of animal behavior contributes to and influences other fields, such as neuroscience, environmental management, human behavior studies, and conservation. Specific examples are given of insights gained into areas like communication, emotional expression, migration patterns, and pest control from animal behavior research. The document also discusses how animal behavior courses can increase scientific literacy and interest in biology.
Rats display helping behaviors like opening doors to release trapped cagemates from restrainers. This study aims to investigate if rats are motivated by empathy or personal distress to help. Rats were tested in pairs, with one rat trapped in a restrainer with a modifiable door. The free rat's behavior was observed with or without an escape option. Preliminary results found similar rates of door opening whether the free rat could escape or not, suggesting empathy rather than escaping distress motivated helping. Further analyses of vocalizations and time near the restrainer are needed to fully understand the rats' motivations. Studying rodent empathy can provide insights into the evolution of this complex social behavior.
This study examined potential gender differences in spiritual well-being between men and women. 75 college students completed the Spiritual Well-Being Scale to assess their religious and existential well-being. The results confirmed the hypothesis that men and women do not have any statistically significant differences in their levels of overall spiritual well-being. While some past studies found higher spiritual well-being in women, this study aligned with others that found no significant gender gap. The purpose was to further explore the relationship between gender and spiritual well-being.
Can attitudes about animal neglect be diff erentiatedFábio Coltro
This document describes a study that explored whether attitudes about animal neglect can be differentiated from attitudes about animal abuse. 683 college students completed a survey measuring their attitudes toward various treatments of animals. Previous research found the survey measured attitudes about cruelty, utilitarian treatment, and caregiving/neglect of animals. The current study conducted a factor analysis of the cruelty and caregiving/neglect items separately for men and women. Results showed cruelty and neglect can be differentiated for both men and women, but the structure of these attitudes differs between the sexes, with women expressing more discomfort than men with both cruelty and neglect.
1) A study on rowi, an endangered kiwi species in New Zealand, found that individuals released in larger groups had higher post-release survival rates than those in small groups, suggesting social mechanisms affect survival. The findings informed changes to rowi release protocols.
2) A talk discussed promising future directions for research at the intersection of mechanisms of animal behavior, development, ecology, and evolution. Closer integration of these fields is needed to realize future progress.
3) Playback experiments found that male western bluebirds respond more aggressively to songs of non-kin compared to kin, suggesting vocal signatures serve as kin recognition cues in this species.
Introductory Psychology: Research DesignBrian Piper
lecture 3 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes correlation and experiments
This document discusses gender differences in aggressive behavior. It first establishes that statistics show men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes. It then explores some possible explanations for this difference, including social learning theory, deindividuation, institutionalization, and biological factors like levels of testosterone. The author argues that both environmental and biological factors likely contribute to gender differences in aggression.
The document discusses genetics and its impact on human behavior. It begins by defining behavioral genetics and inheritance patterns. It then summarizes several twin and gene studies that examine the role of genetics in antisocial behavior. The studies found genetics account for about 50% of variations in antisocial behavior. The document also discusses the role of epigenetics in influencing gene expression and behavior based on environmental factors and parental experiences. In particular, it examines how stress and enriched environments in parents can lead to epigenetic changes that impact offspring behavior.
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
7
\
Hypothesis, Operational Definitions & Ethogram
Hypothesis: Captive male chimpanzees are more likely to engage in social behaviors with female chimpanzees than male chimpanzees in the wild.
Since research shows that females are more likely to engage in social behaviors in wild environments, males in captive environments may lead to increased interactions with other group members. Chimpanzees in the wild are not normally monogamous and do not engage much with their offspring, which leads to less parental care. Since these chimpanzees will be in an enclosed space with less females to mate with, they will tend to be more engaged with a specific female, leading to increased parental care. (Mitani, 2009).
Operational Definitions:
Sampling method: focal sampling
Data collection method: 3 minute intervals; 1-0 time sampling
Behavior Abbreviation Definition
1. Eating habits [EH 1 or 2] Eating, drinking or searching for food.
1=Eating, drinking or searching for food alone. 2=Eating, drinking or searching for food with others.
2. Grooming [GO OR GS] Touching, licking or intense visual
inspection of skin. GO=Grooming another individual by using hands or lips to part another individual’s hair. GS=Grooming ones-self by using their own hands to part their own hair (Proctor, et. al., 2011).
3. Social Play [SP 1, 2 or 3] Affiliative interaction of playful gestures.
1=Participate in solitary play, such as somersaults, pirouettes, tossing and tumbling with an object, and swinging in a tree. 2=Participate in dyadic play. Playful interactions between two individuals, such as rubbing, biting, tickling, wrestling or chasing one another. 3=Participate in larger group play, same as 2, except with 3 or more individuals (Lonsdorf, et. al., 2014).
4. Parental Care [PC 1 or 2] Caring of the youth. 1=Male more
responsible for caring of the youth. 2=Female more responsible for caring of the youth.
5. Aggression [AG 1 or 2] Individual performs an aggressive or
submissive behavior. 1=No aggression or low aggression. Does not include physical contact with one another. Charging displays, such as piloerection and branch shaking. 2=Moderate aggression with higher levels of physical contact with one another. Chasing and attack displays, such as hitting, kicking, pounding and dragging (Muller & Wrangham, 2004).
6. Sexual Behavior [SB 1 or 2] Individual interacts in sexual behavior,
either alone or with other individuals. 1=Mounting. 2=Masturbation. 3=Copulation. (Chelluri, et. al., 2012).
7. Vocalizations [VO 1, 2 or 3] Communication behaviors, such as
socializations and greetings. 1=Barking.
2=Pant-grunts (bobbing or crouching). 3=Screaming (Laporte & Zuberbuhler).
8. Traveling [TR 1 or 2] Movement from one place to another.
1=riding ventrally; infant clings to the belly of the mother, grabbing on to hair. 2=riding dorsally; infant sits/lays on mother’s back.
(Lonsdorf, et. al., 2014).
9. Caretaker Interactions [CI 1 or 2].
Research Methods (Unit 4: Issues and Debates)MissHSociology
Edexcel Psychology Unit 4: A-Level
Key notes and studies on research methods in psychology.
Evaluation points for all methods and description of studies: Milgram, Hofling, Charlton, Bandura, Mumford and Whitehouse, Loftus and Palmer, Gauntlett and Camberbatch, DeBellis, Freud (Little Hans).
Notes on how to improve research in Psychology.
Biological and evolutionary basis of behaviour_20231220_130204_0000.pptxbrownmagoma39
The document discusses the biological and evolutionary basis of emotions. It argues that complex emotions in humans evolved to manipulate group members and ensure social harmony, even if actions benefit the group over individuals. While emotions may cause irrational decisions, they encourage behaviors that protect the group. The document also explores how behaviors evolve through natural selection, with examples of how behaviors increasing or decreasing individual fitness can still spread if they benefit genetic relatives.
This document summarizes a research article that reviewed scientific studies on behavioral differences between dog breeds. The summary finds that while some studies have found behavioral differences, particularly in aggression, the research has been inconsistent and most breeds have not been sufficiently explored. More standardized and controlled experiments are needed to better understand breed behaviors and how genetics and environment impact traits like aggression. The research to date has limitations and cannot make definitive conclusions about behavioral stereotypes of breeds.
The document discusses research on morality in animals and how it relates to human morality. It describes experiments that show animals displaying behaviors related to cooperation, fairness, and empathy. However, it notes we must be careful not to anthropomorphize animal behavior as truly moral. The document also discusses theories of how human morality may have evolved through natural selection as a way to promote cooperative social behaviors among early humans. There is an ongoing debate around whether morality is solely a product of evolution and social instincts or involves additional non-scientific philosophical factors.
This document summarizes key concepts from sociology, including research methods, feedback, associations between variables, experiments, and four famous social psychology experiments.
It discusses three types of studies - case studies, cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal studies. It also describes two types of feedback - positive and negative. Experiments are defined as manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable. Famous experiments summarized include Milgram's obedience experiment, Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, and Rosenhan's study on distinguishing sane from insane behaviors.
What are socioecology and sociobiology What can they tell us about .pdffckindswear
What are socioecology and sociobiology? What can they tell us about primate behavior? Use at
least two non-human primate species in your answe
Solution
Answer:
Socioecology focuses on the relationship between social behavior and the natural environment
and favors selection for the individual’s daily survival. Sociobiology focuses on the genetic
predisposition to behaviors and those behaviors’ enhancement of reproductive success.
Socioecology:
1. Primatologists consider the following environmental factors:
a. Quality and quantity of different foods
b. Distribution of food resources, water, predators and sleeping sites
c. Activity patterns (diurnal, nocturnal)
d. Relationship with other species
e. Impact of human activities
2. Environmental factors such as resource availability and predation have a strong influence on
group size and structure.
3. Multimale and multifemale groups have an advantage when predation pressure is high. Adult
males may join forces to chase and attack predators. (Savannah baboons have been known to kill
domestic dogs and to attack leopards and lions)
4. Solitary foraging may be related to diet and distribution of resources or predator avoidance.
Sociobiology:
1. Natural selection acts on behavior in the same way it acts on physical characteristics.
2. Behavior is a phenotypic expression and genes code for specific behaviors.
3. This approach provides an opportunity to study the effects natural selection has had in shaping
primate behavior.
Nonhuman primates are research subjects because they are so similar to humans. Shared ancestry
is a major reason why human and nonhuman primates have many characteristics in common:
tool use, long-lasting social relationships, and complex communication systems. By learning
about nonhuman primates we may come to learn more about ourselves.
Individuals of certain nonhuman primate species, however, are bipedal for some activities. By
studying those species of nonhuman primates that are occasionally bipedal, and discovering the
circumstances in which they display bipedality, we may gain some understanding of the factors
that promoted the evolution of bipedality in humans.
Human and nonhuman primates also share physiological characteristics. For example, the way in
which the brains of rhesus monkeys and humans are organized is similar. One brain area that has
been studied extensively is the visual system.
Neuroanatomical studies of the nonhuman primate brain have been extremely useful in helping
us to understand how the human brain functions and how we see. In this way, nonhuman
primates serve as models of particular processes. Study of nonhuman primates has also
contributed to our understanding of basic biological phenomena such as reproduction; to better
understanding of diseases such as AIDS.
Nonhuman primates are also studied because they are fascinating animals. They live in a wide
range of habitats, and show many interesting differences in behavior and life styles. For example,
in so.
Spaying and neutering companion animals is crucial for both individual health and population health. Studies have shown that sterilized dogs live 1.5 years longer on average than intact dogs due to lower risks of cancers, infectious diseases, and trauma. Spaying and neutering is also crucial to reduce pet overpopulation and the millions of animals euthanized in shelters annually. The high number of unwanted animals stems from accidental and intentional breeding by pet owners and commercial breeders. In addition to animal welfare impacts, pet overpopulation poses economic costs like the $1 billion spent annually on sheltering animals. Overall, sterilization benefits both individual companion animals and populations by increasing longevity and reducing shelter intakes and euthan
The Social Daily Activity Correlation of Olive Baboon (Papio Anubis) in Gash...Sryahwa Publications
Baboons range throughout sub-Saharan Africa, across a multitude of habitat types making them the most widespread African primate genus and perhaps coincidentally, are one of the best studied
primates. In recent times, the rapid expansion of human population, the spread of agriculture, and the resulting destruction of natural habitats has drastically increased in sub-saharan Africa.
The document discusses several studies that examine cultural differences in prosocial behavior:
- Whiting (1975) found that children in Kenya were the most prosocial, while those in Japan and India were the least, and that household responsibilities predicted higher prosocial behavior.
- Levine et al (2003) observed helping behaviors across 23 countries and found that places like Brazil and Denmark ranked higher than the US, suggesting cultures emphasizing social responsibility over achievement help more.
- Korte & Ayvalioglu (1981) found that small communities and squatter settlements in Turkey helped strangers more than large cities or suburbs, indicating community size impacts prosocial norms.
This document outlines a proposed case study comparing attitudes towards treatment and cruelty of dogs and cats in the US and Vietnam. It hypothesizes that a country's socioeconomic status correlates with its attitudes. The study would use surveys to collect data on attitudes and tendencies towards cruelty in urban and rural areas of both countries. It would analyze the data and compare results to the hypotheses and explore correlations between attitudes and demographic variables. The goal is to better understand differences globally and inform animal welfare programs.
This document discusses the field of animal behavior and its importance and applications. It notes that animal behavior is the study of how animals interact with each other and their environment, and serves as a bridge between physiology and the environment. It then outlines several ways in which the study of animal behavior contributes to and influences other fields, such as neuroscience, environmental management, human behavior studies, and conservation. Specific examples are given of insights gained into areas like communication, emotional expression, migration patterns, and pest control from animal behavior research. The document also discusses how animal behavior courses can increase scientific literacy and interest in biology.
Rats display helping behaviors like opening doors to release trapped cagemates from restrainers. This study aims to investigate if rats are motivated by empathy or personal distress to help. Rats were tested in pairs, with one rat trapped in a restrainer with a modifiable door. The free rat's behavior was observed with or without an escape option. Preliminary results found similar rates of door opening whether the free rat could escape or not, suggesting empathy rather than escaping distress motivated helping. Further analyses of vocalizations and time near the restrainer are needed to fully understand the rats' motivations. Studying rodent empathy can provide insights into the evolution of this complex social behavior.
This study examined potential gender differences in spiritual well-being between men and women. 75 college students completed the Spiritual Well-Being Scale to assess their religious and existential well-being. The results confirmed the hypothesis that men and women do not have any statistically significant differences in their levels of overall spiritual well-being. While some past studies found higher spiritual well-being in women, this study aligned with others that found no significant gender gap. The purpose was to further explore the relationship between gender and spiritual well-being.
Can attitudes about animal neglect be diff erentiatedFábio Coltro
This document describes a study that explored whether attitudes about animal neglect can be differentiated from attitudes about animal abuse. 683 college students completed a survey measuring their attitudes toward various treatments of animals. Previous research found the survey measured attitudes about cruelty, utilitarian treatment, and caregiving/neglect of animals. The current study conducted a factor analysis of the cruelty and caregiving/neglect items separately for men and women. Results showed cruelty and neglect can be differentiated for both men and women, but the structure of these attitudes differs between the sexes, with women expressing more discomfort than men with both cruelty and neglect.
1) A study on rowi, an endangered kiwi species in New Zealand, found that individuals released in larger groups had higher post-release survival rates than those in small groups, suggesting social mechanisms affect survival. The findings informed changes to rowi release protocols.
2) A talk discussed promising future directions for research at the intersection of mechanisms of animal behavior, development, ecology, and evolution. Closer integration of these fields is needed to realize future progress.
3) Playback experiments found that male western bluebirds respond more aggressively to songs of non-kin compared to kin, suggesting vocal signatures serve as kin recognition cues in this species.
Introductory Psychology: Research DesignBrian Piper
lecture 3 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes correlation and experiments
This document discusses gender differences in aggressive behavior. It first establishes that statistics show men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes. It then explores some possible explanations for this difference, including social learning theory, deindividuation, institutionalization, and biological factors like levels of testosterone. The author argues that both environmental and biological factors likely contribute to gender differences in aggression.
The document discusses genetics and its impact on human behavior. It begins by defining behavioral genetics and inheritance patterns. It then summarizes several twin and gene studies that examine the role of genetics in antisocial behavior. The studies found genetics account for about 50% of variations in antisocial behavior. The document also discusses the role of epigenetics in influencing gene expression and behavior based on environmental factors and parental experiences. In particular, it examines how stress and enriched environments in parents can lead to epigenetic changes that impact offspring behavior.
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
7
\
Hypothesis, Operational Definitions & Ethogram
Hypothesis: Captive male chimpanzees are more likely to engage in social behaviors with female chimpanzees than male chimpanzees in the wild.
Since research shows that females are more likely to engage in social behaviors in wild environments, males in captive environments may lead to increased interactions with other group members. Chimpanzees in the wild are not normally monogamous and do not engage much with their offspring, which leads to less parental care. Since these chimpanzees will be in an enclosed space with less females to mate with, they will tend to be more engaged with a specific female, leading to increased parental care. (Mitani, 2009).
Operational Definitions:
Sampling method: focal sampling
Data collection method: 3 minute intervals; 1-0 time sampling
Behavior Abbreviation Definition
1. Eating habits [EH 1 or 2] Eating, drinking or searching for food.
1=Eating, drinking or searching for food alone. 2=Eating, drinking or searching for food with others.
2. Grooming [GO OR GS] Touching, licking or intense visual
inspection of skin. GO=Grooming another individual by using hands or lips to part another individual’s hair. GS=Grooming ones-self by using their own hands to part their own hair (Proctor, et. al., 2011).
3. Social Play [SP 1, 2 or 3] Affiliative interaction of playful gestures.
1=Participate in solitary play, such as somersaults, pirouettes, tossing and tumbling with an object, and swinging in a tree. 2=Participate in dyadic play. Playful interactions between two individuals, such as rubbing, biting, tickling, wrestling or chasing one another. 3=Participate in larger group play, same as 2, except with 3 or more individuals (Lonsdorf, et. al., 2014).
4. Parental Care [PC 1 or 2] Caring of the youth. 1=Male more
responsible for caring of the youth. 2=Female more responsible for caring of the youth.
5. Aggression [AG 1 or 2] Individual performs an aggressive or
submissive behavior. 1=No aggression or low aggression. Does not include physical contact with one another. Charging displays, such as piloerection and branch shaking. 2=Moderate aggression with higher levels of physical contact with one another. Chasing and attack displays, such as hitting, kicking, pounding and dragging (Muller & Wrangham, 2004).
6. Sexual Behavior [SB 1 or 2] Individual interacts in sexual behavior,
either alone or with other individuals. 1=Mounting. 2=Masturbation. 3=Copulation. (Chelluri, et. al., 2012).
7. Vocalizations [VO 1, 2 or 3] Communication behaviors, such as
socializations and greetings. 1=Barking.
2=Pant-grunts (bobbing or crouching). 3=Screaming (Laporte & Zuberbuhler).
8. Traveling [TR 1 or 2] Movement from one place to another.
1=riding ventrally; infant clings to the belly of the mother, grabbing on to hair. 2=riding dorsally; infant sits/lays on mother’s back.
(Lonsdorf, et. al., 2014).
9. Caretaker Interactions [CI 1 or 2].
Research Methods (Unit 4: Issues and Debates)MissHSociology
Edexcel Psychology Unit 4: A-Level
Key notes and studies on research methods in psychology.
Evaluation points for all methods and description of studies: Milgram, Hofling, Charlton, Bandura, Mumford and Whitehouse, Loftus and Palmer, Gauntlett and Camberbatch, DeBellis, Freud (Little Hans).
Notes on how to improve research in Psychology.
Biological and evolutionary basis of behaviour_20231220_130204_0000.pptxbrownmagoma39
The document discusses the biological and evolutionary basis of emotions. It argues that complex emotions in humans evolved to manipulate group members and ensure social harmony, even if actions benefit the group over individuals. While emotions may cause irrational decisions, they encourage behaviors that protect the group. The document also explores how behaviors evolve through natural selection, with examples of how behaviors increasing or decreasing individual fitness can still spread if they benefit genetic relatives.
This document summarizes a research article that reviewed scientific studies on behavioral differences between dog breeds. The summary finds that while some studies have found behavioral differences, particularly in aggression, the research has been inconsistent and most breeds have not been sufficiently explored. More standardized and controlled experiments are needed to better understand breed behaviors and how genetics and environment impact traits like aggression. The research to date has limitations and cannot make definitive conclusions about behavioral stereotypes of breeds.
The document discusses research on morality in animals and how it relates to human morality. It describes experiments that show animals displaying behaviors related to cooperation, fairness, and empathy. However, it notes we must be careful not to anthropomorphize animal behavior as truly moral. The document also discusses theories of how human morality may have evolved through natural selection as a way to promote cooperative social behaviors among early humans. There is an ongoing debate around whether morality is solely a product of evolution and social instincts or involves additional non-scientific philosophical factors.
This document summarizes key concepts from sociology, including research methods, feedback, associations between variables, experiments, and four famous social psychology experiments.
It discusses three types of studies - case studies, cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal studies. It also describes two types of feedback - positive and negative. Experiments are defined as manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable. Famous experiments summarized include Milgram's obedience experiment, Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, and Rosenhan's study on distinguishing sane from insane behaviors.