The document summarizes the evolution of four technologies: cameras, lighting systems, automobiles, and airplanes. It describes how cameras progressed from camera obscuras to modern digital cameras. Lighting evolved from inefficient incandescent bulbs to more efficient fluorescent and LED bulbs. Cars transitioned from steam-powered vehicles to gasoline-powered cars with internal combustion engines. Airplanes advanced from early wood and cloth biplanes to modern jet-powered aircraft with composite materials and fly-by-wire control systems. All four technologies improved over time to become more efficient, higher performing, and better suited to human needs and comfort.

1. Contemporary product
design
Technology road map of products

2. Camera:
• A camera is a device that records or stores
image. These images may be still photos or
moving images such as videos or movies.
• The name camera comes from a Latin word
camera obscura, an early mechanism for
projecting images.
• The still camera takes one photo each time
the user presses the shutter button.
A typical movie camera continuously takes
24 film frames per second as long as the
user holds the shutter button.

3. Evolution of camera,
• Camera obscura
• Daguerreotype – uses special copper plate to capture the
light from the image. The problem was it took 15 minutes
of exposure to fully capture the image.
• Then the emulsion plates were invented, which only takes
2-3 seconds of exposure time. Then the dry plates were
invented, which can store images for future use.
(Big cameras)
• In 1913, 35mm roll films became the standard for cameras
and still being used now.
• Over 30 years later, polaroid cameras were born. Which
took instant images.
• SLR cameras were created, which were the first WYSIWYG
cameras.
• Digital cameras and the DSLR, which have greatly changed
the way camera work.

4. Lighting system:
• In 1879 Edison set out to invent a long-lasting electric light bulb that
could compete with gas lighting (particularly for indoor use). His first
successful prototype was on October 22, 1879 when his
incandescent light burned for 13 and a half hours.

5. • Compared with the other major light sources incandescent is the least
efficient. When a lighting design calls for energy efficiency,
fluorescent or high intensity discharge lighting makes more
sense. Incandescent lamps produce large amounts of heat as a
by-product.
• Incandescent bulbs require more energy to run. The less energy you
use, the less you spend for electricity. The less electricity that is
produced the less carbon and other pollutants released into the
atmosphere.
• CFLs are up to four times more efficient than incandescent bulbs. You
can replace a 100-watt incandescent bulb with a 22-watt CFL and get
the same amount of light. The disadvantage is the presence of
mercury which is not good for atmosphere.
• LED’s are eco-friendly and much brighter and instantaeneous than
other lights.

6. Automobile(cars):
• Car is an automobile that run on rails as a
street car or railroad car.
• In 1769, a French military engineer
named Nicolas created a steam powered
road vehicle. He used a steam engine
attached to three-wheeled cart.
• Then the design of steam power engines
were improved, by making them smaller
and lighter.
• Then people asked for more efficiency,
more performance and more speed

7. • Then internal combustion engine came in to
existence, which used petrol or gasoline to run the
vehicle.
• People comfort and quality is ensured.
• Now we have variety of automobile for different
costs, from luxury to normal cars. Also the race
cars.
• Now there is a immense demand for hybrid
electric vehicles which produce no emission and
causes less pollution.
• Finally the automobile is produced such that it will
satisfy the human needs and ensures quality and
human comfort.

8. Airplane:
• An aircraft is a vehicle which is able to fly in
the air, or in general the atmosphere of the
planet.
• The first powered flight was developed in
the year 1903 by Orville and Wilbur wright.
• First aerial combat took place in the year
1914, and first successful parachute jump in
the year 1922.
• In the year 1939, first successful turbo-jet
was introduced (Me-262).
• In 1952, first commercial jetliner was
introduced and in 1981 solar powered craft
flies across English channel.

9. • Early aircraft were powered by propeller, and were biplanes
(wing mounted atop of each other).
• Then piston engines and smooth curved fuselage structure
where the support were all internal (monocoque structure)
improved the aircraft performance.
• Earlier the planes were made of wood and cloth, which was
replaced by metal (which weighed too much and also can
corrode).
• The need was to develop lighter, faster, and long distance
travelling aircrafts.
• Then the jet engines replaced piston engine and, the metal
plane was replaced by composites which and much lighter
and safer.
• Then the ‘fly by wire’ control system introduced in 1970,
allowed pilots to fly aircrafts more smoothly.
• Today, aircraft manufacturers continue to adapt their
machines to the market's desire to get there faster, more
efficiently, and more comfortably