This document discusses several studies on the impact of technology on learning and teaching. It summarizes that teachers' views on their subject matter influence how they incorporate technology into instruction. It also discusses how motivation models can be used to design pedagogical activities to engage students. Finally, it mentions that meta-analyses have found that students generally learn more and score higher on tests in technology-rich environments compared to traditional classrooms without technology.

1. Technology in the U.S. Title Impact on Learning Technology Push/Pull Organizational Structure Motivation Technology Support Meta-Analysis Kulick & Svin - Kachala Meta-Analysis ACOT & W. Virginia Wenglinsky Technology Impact Conclusions

2. Kevin Sonstebo ED633

5. Research shows this (organizational structure) does affect instruction in meaningful ways. Susan Stodolsky and Pamela Grossman, examined teachers’ conceptions of their subject matter and how that related to course content, sequences, grouping of students, and achievement. Based on 400 teachers in 16 public and private high schools in CA Identified: the way that teachers view their content dictates technologies they incorporate in the instructional phases Must make Creative use of new technologies that have been tested and found effective.

6. Fact – mankind has still been having the same motivational requirements since his/her existence. Type of Learning System -ARCS - attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. Empirical research confirm validity in regards to lower drop-out rates Pedagogical activities are planned and applied in order to reach certain goals. Research shows that motivation messages for students provides 3 times more chance of success Research indications to motivation Keller and Suzuki (2004) state, “technology offers many innovative features that can be used to make instruction more appealing to learners.

7. Mixed methods case study (2005) Third grade students, total of 22, with several on IEPs for LD and SPL services Participatory Technology Made learning more fun Various Technologies Made learning more interesting and they paid more attention Results suggest use of technologies in group participation increases engagement

8. Kulick’s Meta-Analysis Study Svin-Kachala’s Students learn more in less time with computers On average, computer-based instruction scored at the 64 th percentile on tests of achievement compared with those w/o computers at 50 th . On a study of meta-analysis by nine different studies from 1978-88 show a percentile gain from 9-22% in many different aspects from elementary to college education. Students in technology rich environments experience positive effects on achievement in all major subject areas. There is achievement in regular and special education students Level of effectiveness influenced by student population, software design, educator’s role and student access

9. INITIATIVE Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow (ACOT) West Virginia’s Basic Skills / Computer Education Statewide New learning experience requiring higher reasons and problem solving Positive impact on student attitude Changes teacher view of cooperative group work More involvement with skills higher test scores Teachers believed it assisted and their comfort level grew as well Girls and boys didn’t differ in achievement