Quantum computing approaches computation in a fundamentally different way than classical computers by exploiting principles of quantum mechanics. While not yet commercially available, many companies are working to build quantum computers that may be able to solve certain problems exponentially faster than today's computers, such as factoring large numbers. Quantum computers are expected to be available within 5 years and initially act as co-processors to classical computers, with potential applications in materials science, drug development, machine learning, and other optimization problems.

1. BASEL BERN BRUGG DÜSSELDORF FRANKFURT A.M. FREIBURG I.BR. GENEVA
HAMBURG COPENHAGEN LAUSANNE MUNICH STUTTGART VIENNA ZURICH
Quantum Computing
the next REAL BIG THING!?
Peter Denk, Christoph Pletz

2. Quantum Computing “Business Summary”
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?2 9/26/2018
Not commercially available today but (probably) in 5 years
Many big players and startups are working on it
Approaches computation in a fundamental different way
Will not replace classical computers
Will act like co-processors or GPUs today
Will be exponentially more powerful in certain areas than today’s computers
May bring digitalization to the next level

3. Agenda
Name Presentation3 9/26/2018
1. Problems quantum computers will be able to solve
2. Principles of quantum mechanics
3. Building a quantum computer
4. Quantum bits
5. Quantum gates
6. Programming
7. Current state of development

4. Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?4 9/26/2018
Problems quantum computers will
be able to solve

5. Some problems are intractable classically
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?5 9/26/2018
FeMoco MoleculeCaffeine Molecule
Can be simulated on
today’s super computers
Can not be simulated on
today’s super computers

6. Some problems are intractable classically
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?6 9/26/2018
RSA-2048 challenge (RSA Laboratories)
– Factorization: find the two prime numbers p1, p2 where p1 * p2 =
– The price was $200,000 (challenge ended in 2007)
– Classical computer: 1 billion years
– Quantum computer: 100 seconds (but not very soon)
2519590847565789349402718324004839857142928212620403202777713783604366202070
7595556264018525880784406918290641249515082189298559149176184502808489120072
8449926873928072877767359714183472702618963750149718246911650776133798590957
0009733045974880842840179742910064245869181719511874612151517265463228221686
9987549182422433637259085141865462043576798423387184774447920739934236584823
8242811981638150106748104516603773060562016196762561338441436038339044149526
3443219011465754445417842402092461651572335077870774981712577246796292638635
6373289912154831438167899885040445364023527381951378636564391212010397122822
120720357

7. Problems that might be solved by quantum computers
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?7 9/26/2018
Nitrogen fixation
– Production of fertilizers with less energy consumption
Carbon capture
– Mitigate global warming
Materials science
– Lossless power lines, better batteries, smart materials
Medicine/Pharma
– Drug development
– Diagnostics

8. Problems that might be solved by quantum computers
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?8 9/26/2018
Machine learning
– Perform certain calculations, new architectures
Logistics
– Route planning
– Warehouse management
– Airline schedules
Daimler and Volkswagen are already working on QC use cases

9. Computational Complexity Theory
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?9 9/26/2018
P
NP
NP
complete
P  polynomial time
NP  non-deterministic polynomial time
BQP  bounded error quantum polynomial time
BQP
linear
polynomial
exponential
n
t

10. Computational Complexity Theory
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?10 9/26/2018
P Problems
– Addition, multiplication, sorting, testing for prime numbers
NP Problems
– Factorization
NP complete Problems
– Traveling salesman
• Optimizations

11. Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?11 9/26/2018
Principles of quantum mechanics

12. Double Slit Experiment with Bullets
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?12 9/26/2018 Measurehowmanybulletsarriveatagivendistance
X = 0
X = 0

13. Double Slit Experiment with Waves
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?13 9/26/2018
Measuremaxwaveamplitude
x = 0
x = 0
Interference Pattern

14. Double Slit Experiment with Electrons
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?14 9/26/2018 Measurehowmanyelectronsarriveatagivendistance
x = 0
x = 0
Interference Pattern
x = 0

15. Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?15 9/26/2018
Superposition
– 𝛼 and 𝛽
• may be positive, negative or even complex
• Are called “Probability amplitudes”
Observation  “Collapse of the wave function”
– 𝛼 2
is the probability to find the system in state 𝑆1
Interference
𝛼 𝑆1 + 𝛽 𝑆2

16. Electron Spin
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?16 9/26/2018
Spin
Measurement
Spin
Preparation All electrons have
spin (spin up)
3
2
ℏ
Spin
Measurement
Spin
Preparation All electrons have
spin (spin down)−
3
2
ℏ
Spin
Measurement
Spin
Preparation 50% have spin up
50% have spin down1
2
( ↑ + ↓ )
↑
↓

17. Entanglement
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?17 9/26/2018
??
Spin
Measurement
Spin
Measurement
if electron 1 is measured as “up” … … then electron 2 will be
also measured as “up”

18. Decoherence
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?18 9/26/2018
Happens if a quantum system is not perfectly isolated
Interactions with the environment are like unintentional observations/measurements
 Collapse of the wave function
On of the hardest challenges when building a quantum computer

19. Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?19 9/26/2018
Building a Quantum Computer

20. Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?20 9/26/2018

21. Classical World Quantum World
sad black/white squares colorful, 3-D bodies
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?21 9/26/2018
???

22. Classical World Quantum World
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?22 9/26/2018
XOR
“new” bit
 oblivious of its
„ancestors“
 “copy-by-value”
 irreversible
still the “old” bits (identity
preserved)
 they just changed their
state, imprinted with
the other’s state
 entangled
 “copy-by-address”
 reversible
Q-XOR

23. Classical World Quantum World
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?23 9/26/2018
gates are hard-wired in silicon
high-level language
assembler
machine code
micro-code
electricity
fun fact: transistors rely on quantum effects
gates are programmed at run-time

24. Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?24 9/26/2018
Quantum Bits

25. Remember: 𝛼 ∗ 𝑆1 + 𝛽 ∗ 𝑆2
 infinitely many quantum states, the only constraint is | 𝛼 |2 + | 𝛽 |2 = 1
 one source of “exponentiality”
Stephen King experience:
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
∗ 𝟎 > −
−𝟕
𝟐 𝟐
∗ 𝟏 >
the probability of measuring a |0> state is (
1
2 2
)2 =
1
8
the probability of measuring a |1> state is (−
−7
2 2
)2 =
7
8

26. Remember: 𝛼 ∗ 𝑆1 + 𝛽 ∗ 𝑆2
−𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
∗ 𝟎 > +
𝟕
𝟐 𝟐
∗ 𝟏 >
would result in the very same probabilities

27. Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?27 9/26/2018
Quantum Gates

28. 2-bit gates, general:
𝛼 ∗ 0 + 𝛽 ∗ 1 weird_stuff(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿) ∗ 0 + crazy_stuff(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿) ∗ 1
Ꚛ
𝛾 ∗ 0 + 𝛿 ∗ 1 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 …
Remember: 𝛼 ∗ 𝑆1 + 𝛽 ∗ 𝑆2
1-bit gates, example:
1 ∗ 0 > + 0 ∗ 1 > 
1
2
∗ 0 > +
1
2
∗ 1 >
 infinitely many quantum gates, but only a subset is meaningful to us
 entanglement: Bit1 Ꚛ Bit2 can no longer be described in terms of Bit1 and Bit2
separately
 a measurement of bit 1 “fires back” at the state of bit 2, even after having
passed a zillion of other gates – 𝛾 and 𝛿 will still be there

29. Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?29 9/26/2018
Quantum Programming

30. IBM Experience

31. XOR (Classical)
Bit 1 Bit 2 Result
|0> |0> |0>
|0> |1> |1>
|1> |0> |1>
|1> |1> |0>

32. XOR (Classical)
Controller Target Result
|0> |0> |0>
|0> |1> |1>
|1> |0> |1>
|1> |1> |0>

33. Q-XOR (Quantum Madness, aka CNOT)
Controller Target Target „after“
|0> .7 |0> .4 |0> .28
|0> .7 |1> .6 |1> .42
|1> .3 |0> .4 |1> .12
|1> .3 |1> .6 |0> .18
|1> .54 |0> .46
assume: we measure the target as |1>
Controller was then became
|0> .7 |0> .777…
|1> .3 |1> .222…

34. Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?34 9/26/2018
Current state of development

35. Who has what?
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?35 9/26/2018
D-Wave Systems
– 2048 qubit QC commercially available
– … but not a Q-gate based “universal quantum computer”
IBM
– 20 qubit quantum computer available online (https://quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net/qx/experience )
– Announced prototype of 50 qubit processor
– QC framework: https://qiskit.org/
Alibaba
– 11 qubit quantum computer available online

36. Who has what?
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?36 9/26/2018
Microsoft
– Quantum computing development kit including Q#
– Working on “topological qubits”
Rigetti (https://www.rigetti.com)
– Development environment “Forest”
– Has a 19 qubit processor online
– Hopes to have 128 qubits within 12 months
Google
– Announced 72 qubit processor earlier this year

37. Who has what?
Quantum Computing – the next REAL BIG THING!?37 9/26/2018
Intel
– 49 qubit quantum processor (January 2018)
– 26 qubit “spin qubit” quantum processor (June 2018)
• Manufactured using traditional silicon fabrication methods

38. Name Presentation38 9/26/2018

39. Name Referent
Titel Referent
Tel. +00 00 000 00 00
vorname.name@trivadis.com
9/26/2018 Name Presentation39