This study determined the teaching competencies, professional commitment, and job satisfaction of 62 Senior High School Teachers from the Divisions of San Jose City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The findings showed that the mean age of the respondents was 35 years, females, Bachelor of Secondary Education graduates, had 0–4 years in teaching, were Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) passers, and Teacher II in position. The teaching competency of the respondents was rated as strongly agree. Moreover, the professional commitment was rated as moderately agree. Job satisfaction was generally described as agree. The teaching competencies of the respondents were significantly correlated with job satisfaction. Furthermore, professional commitment has a negative relationship with the job satisfaction of the respondents.
Teachers constitutes the most important asset in teaching profession, thus, their readiness and interest towards work is important to the educational development. This study adopted a quantitative research of the survey type to provide a numeric description of portion of the population. The perception of teachers towards work and teaching profession were examined and the findings reveal that, teachers are willing to show more commitment to their work and the teaching profession. The study recommends that stakeholders should give support to teachers towards fulfilling the school objectives.
Empowering Teachers in Ghanaian Basic Schools: Prospects and ChallengesAJHSSR Journal
Whilst teacher empowerment is not new in literature, it appears that its practice is novel tomany head teachers of basic schools in Ghana. The study sought to investigate the prospects and challenges of teacher empowerment in Ghanaian Basic Schools. Using the convergent parallel design, a total of 282 teachers were randomly sampled from 32 basic schools in the Central Region of Ghana for the study. Whereas all 282 teachers answered the structured questionnaires, six (6) of them were further sampled to provide responses for the semi-structured interviews. The study revealed that the extent of teacher empowerment in the basic school is high. With regard to the prospects of teacher empowerment, the study established that teacher empowerment makes teachers more effective and helps to create the school‟s vision for students‟ success. The study further found that the main challenges facing teacher empowerment include: the hierarchical school structures, lack of trusts for teachers and favouritism from the part of head teachers. In view of the findings, the study recommended that head teachers of the basic schools should trust and respect teachers, support staff development and teachers‟ decisions. Additionally, head teachers of the basic schools should allocate adequate time for the development of collaborative relationships among teachers.
As ESP teachers, the teachers are always forced to maintain their knowledge because the development of specific knowledge is changing very fast. The teachers should progressively develop their competence because it will influence the goal of teaching (Latha, 2014). This study focuses on investigating the kinds of challenges that have faced by vocational teachers in developing their professional competence. The research design of this study is a case study. The participants of this study were five vocational teachers who have been teaching in Vocational Schools in Indramayu at least for about two years. The writer used a semi-structured interview to collect the data. The data from the meeting were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. The result showed that there are three main challenges in developing professional competence. Those challenges are the availability of seminars and workshops in their city, the less support from the institution, and the lack of facilities and infrastructure.
The Mismatch between EAP Teachers’ Beliefs and Classroom Practices toward For...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Beliefs are formed through personal experiences and the interactions that individuals are involved in daily life (Hsieh, 2002). These beliefs can be transformed into attitudes, which in turn affect intentions, and decisions are formed through the intentions that lead to the action (Bauch,1984). The match or mismatch between instructors’ beliefs and practices, between instructors’ cognitions and their authentic practices in the classroom are two main fields of the teaching process (Clark & Peterson, 1986). However, teachers may not always apply what they believe in the classroom. This study aims to reveal the discrepancy between what they believe theoretically and what they do in the classroom. To this end, three instruments were used in this study: (1) classroom observations, (2) semi-structured interviews, and (3) a questionnaire. The
Teachers constitutes the most important asset in teaching profession, thus, their readiness and interest towards work is important to the educational development. This study adopted a quantitative research of the survey type to provide a numeric description of portion of the population. The perception of teachers towards work and teaching profession were examined and the findings reveal that, teachers are willing to show more commitment to their work and the teaching profession. The study recommends that stakeholders should give support to teachers towards fulfilling the school objectives.
Empowering Teachers in Ghanaian Basic Schools: Prospects and ChallengesAJHSSR Journal
Whilst teacher empowerment is not new in literature, it appears that its practice is novel tomany head teachers of basic schools in Ghana. The study sought to investigate the prospects and challenges of teacher empowerment in Ghanaian Basic Schools. Using the convergent parallel design, a total of 282 teachers were randomly sampled from 32 basic schools in the Central Region of Ghana for the study. Whereas all 282 teachers answered the structured questionnaires, six (6) of them were further sampled to provide responses for the semi-structured interviews. The study revealed that the extent of teacher empowerment in the basic school is high. With regard to the prospects of teacher empowerment, the study established that teacher empowerment makes teachers more effective and helps to create the school‟s vision for students‟ success. The study further found that the main challenges facing teacher empowerment include: the hierarchical school structures, lack of trusts for teachers and favouritism from the part of head teachers. In view of the findings, the study recommended that head teachers of the basic schools should trust and respect teachers, support staff development and teachers‟ decisions. Additionally, head teachers of the basic schools should allocate adequate time for the development of collaborative relationships among teachers.
As ESP teachers, the teachers are always forced to maintain their knowledge because the development of specific knowledge is changing very fast. The teachers should progressively develop their competence because it will influence the goal of teaching (Latha, 2014). This study focuses on investigating the kinds of challenges that have faced by vocational teachers in developing their professional competence. The research design of this study is a case study. The participants of this study were five vocational teachers who have been teaching in Vocational Schools in Indramayu at least for about two years. The writer used a semi-structured interview to collect the data. The data from the meeting were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. The result showed that there are three main challenges in developing professional competence. Those challenges are the availability of seminars and workshops in their city, the less support from the institution, and the lack of facilities and infrastructure.
The Mismatch between EAP Teachers’ Beliefs and Classroom Practices toward For...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Beliefs are formed through personal experiences and the interactions that individuals are involved in daily life (Hsieh, 2002). These beliefs can be transformed into attitudes, which in turn affect intentions, and decisions are formed through the intentions that lead to the action (Bauch,1984). The match or mismatch between instructors’ beliefs and practices, between instructors’ cognitions and their authentic practices in the classroom are two main fields of the teaching process (Clark & Peterson, 1986). However, teachers may not always apply what they believe in the classroom. This study aims to reveal the discrepancy between what they believe theoretically and what they do in the classroom. To this end, three instruments were used in this study: (1) classroom observations, (2) semi-structured interviews, and (3) a questionnaire. The
The Implementation of Curriculum Innovation and Islamic Religious Education L...inventionjournals
This study aims to explore curriculum innovation and PAI teaching at Al Azhar integrated SMA in Medan. This research used qualitative approach with four research questions: How does the curriculum innovation, strategy, media and evaluation of PAI learning in integrated Senior high school Al Azhar Medan? Data collection was done through interviews, observation and documentation. The findings of the study are: Curriculum. The Learning used 2013 curriculum with a scientific-based approach, and KTSP curriculum. The method/strategy. The learning model is a goal-oriented, but the majority has shifted towards the process and achievement of competence, although not total. Applied learning methods have also undergone innovation in order to support a smooth learning. Media, media was used quite well, but in order to support a smooth and achievement of learning in line with the principles embodied in the curriculum applied, this fact needs to be improved towards better, both in terms of accuracy, presentation and materials used. Evaluation, applying the evaluation, including: an oral question in class, quizzes, daily tests, individual assignments, group assignments, repeat semester examination, reports practical work or lab reports, response or practice exams, and a final exam.
Assessment of Feedback Given by Cooperating Teachers to Student-TeachersPremier Publishers
Effective feedback from cooperating teachers is of paramount importance in promoting student- teachers’ professional development. Taking this into consideration, the current teachers training program requires cooperating teachers to take part in practicum and provide written and oral feedback to student-teachers assigned to them. The current study, therefore, tried to investigate the nature and effectiveness of feedback given by cooperating teachers to student teachers. A questionnaire and interview were used to gather the necessary data. The findings of the study suggest that most of the subjects were satisfied by the practice teaching. The other outcome of the study is that most cooperating teachers observed their student-teachers’ classes very infrequently and gave them insufficient feedback. In addition, the feedback was given mainly orally and its focus was limited to few aspects of teaching. On the basis of these findings, the paper concludes that the feedback given by cooperating teachers is not as supportive and varied as it should be.
The Mediating Effect of Sense of Efficacy on the Relationship Between Instruc...charisseasoncion1
The primary objective of this study was to determine the role of teacher self-efficacy in mediating the
relationship between teachers' instructional practices and organizational commitment.
No nation whether developed or developing countries can rise above the level of its education without giving adequate consideration for its Human and Material resources in terms of curriculum to be used. One of the Basic qualities of a curriculum is dynamism. This implies that a good curriculum is never static rather it changes along with changes in societal needs and aspirations, political and economic factors. For example in Nigeria the educational system has witnessed some changes in Content, Context and Structure (9-3-4 educational systems). Like most of the countries in the world, the changes have come as result of the growing awareness of the need to develop technologically, socially, and economically.
Domains and Standards of School Leadership: Evaluation of Tertiary School Tea...IJAEMSJORNAL
School Leaders are modifiers of teaching and learning, crucial to maintaining good teachers and necessary for improving educational standards. This study described Standards of School Leadership in terms of: Leading Learning and Teaching Domain, Leading School Development Domain, Organizational Management Domain, and Professional Growth and Development Domain. The descriptive method of research was used in this study. A total of 107 tertiary school teachers which have permanent appointment or considered as regular employee for more than 3 years were surveyed around Nueva Ecija. After analyses of data, the following conclusions were formulated: first, domains of school leadership can be viewed from leading learning and teaching, leading school development, organizational management, and professional growth and development. Second, among these domains, organizational management was found to be the focus of school leaders. Third, school leaders create a culture of professional learning that fosters continuous improvement in learning, teaching and assessment. Fourth, school leaders engage in a continuous process of evidence-based school self-evaluation. Fifth, ensure the safe functioning of the school on a day-to-day basis. Last, school leaders recognize the need to manage workload to ensure a sustainable work/life balance. The researchers want to recommend some matters based from the formulated conclusions. It is indeed noticeable that organizational management is the main focus of the school leaders thus, it is recommended that school leaders should not let other domains of school leadership be taken for granted. Continuous harnessing on the strengths based on the standards is highly recommended. On the others hand, strengthening of the following is also recommended: school leaders should foster a commitment to inclusion and equality of opportunity of each student; promote communication within the school and manage challenging and complex situations and build professional networks with other school leaders.
The Impact of Teacher Professional Development on Student Success.hussanisoyat
In the dynamic landscape of education, where the demands on both teachers and students continue to evolve, the role of teacher professional development has gained significant prominence. Recognizing that the quality of teaching directly influences student success,
India is a country of versatility, diverse culture, and complex social dimensions. India has been a country of agriculture, and even in today’s era, the majority of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihood; however, despite all these facts, India has seen a tremendous growth and change in economy, science and technology, education, and so on. In the process of development, invention and innovation have gained immense importance, which have resulted in application of inventions and innovations in the form of technology. In this background, the legal protection for the inventors arises, which is being catered by intellectual property rights (IPR) in the whole world as well as India. In Indian context, the IPR has not yet reached every business organization because the word IPR has always been misunderstood by most of the people that it is meant only for science and scientific inventions, but the fact is IPR’s applicability is much wider and it is applicable even to the smallest businesses. In the entire world, China is a nation which has the highest number of IPR grants, followed by USA. IPR in the present situation is very prominent and relevant because changes in industries like telecommunication, computer science, and so on are in the frontline and India is not lagging in invention and innovations. In 2021, out of the total number of applications received, China has the major contribution, which amounts to 40%. But very shockingly, India is not even in the top 10, which hints us that India needs to be vigilant and needs more attention of IPR. This research article speaks on how India is progressing in applicability of IPR and why India is not extensively using the provisions of IPR. We all know that IPR includes various elements like patents, copyrights, and trademarks; geographical indicators; industrial design; and utility models. But to be more precise and detailed, we have narrowed down our study only to patents in India, and even in that, we have considered patent applications, patent grants, and patents in force. It is to be noted that India’s economy is vibrant and dynamic. An economy like India is truly in need of extensive use of IPR and its provision to protect the rights of the real owner and inventor. But most of the population is ignorant about the IPR, so we are making an attempt to understand what is India’s position in IPR and its applicability. To narrow down our research, we have confined our study to only patents. In a further study, we can analyze how we can improve the awareness, and it may also help us in updating of IPR laws and its provisions.
Researchers from the leadership and spirituality domain identified that spiritual leadership is one of the key leadership styles to transform the working environment of any organization. But the literature is scant that answers the key question: how a spiritual leader plays a role in transforming the organization to accept organizational change in post-coronavirus disease 2019 situation. Using the grounded theory approach, 16 face-to-face interviews were conducted at the top management level in the hospitality industry of Pakistan. The data were assessed using NVIVO software to develop themes and subthemes. The results indicate that leaders’ own spiritual level and knowledge are critical to developing a positive relationship between a leader and follower and helpful in disseminating spiritual knowledge over time to accept the ongoing change in the organizations. Also, the respondents strongly emphasized uplifting the stakeholders, society, and followers as a whole. This study provides key insights for the theory and managers alike.
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The Implementation of Curriculum Innovation and Islamic Religious Education L...inventionjournals
This study aims to explore curriculum innovation and PAI teaching at Al Azhar integrated SMA in Medan. This research used qualitative approach with four research questions: How does the curriculum innovation, strategy, media and evaluation of PAI learning in integrated Senior high school Al Azhar Medan? Data collection was done through interviews, observation and documentation. The findings of the study are: Curriculum. The Learning used 2013 curriculum with a scientific-based approach, and KTSP curriculum. The method/strategy. The learning model is a goal-oriented, but the majority has shifted towards the process and achievement of competence, although not total. Applied learning methods have also undergone innovation in order to support a smooth learning. Media, media was used quite well, but in order to support a smooth and achievement of learning in line with the principles embodied in the curriculum applied, this fact needs to be improved towards better, both in terms of accuracy, presentation and materials used. Evaluation, applying the evaluation, including: an oral question in class, quizzes, daily tests, individual assignments, group assignments, repeat semester examination, reports practical work or lab reports, response or practice exams, and a final exam.
Assessment of Feedback Given by Cooperating Teachers to Student-TeachersPremier Publishers
Effective feedback from cooperating teachers is of paramount importance in promoting student- teachers’ professional development. Taking this into consideration, the current teachers training program requires cooperating teachers to take part in practicum and provide written and oral feedback to student-teachers assigned to them. The current study, therefore, tried to investigate the nature and effectiveness of feedback given by cooperating teachers to student teachers. A questionnaire and interview were used to gather the necessary data. The findings of the study suggest that most of the subjects were satisfied by the practice teaching. The other outcome of the study is that most cooperating teachers observed their student-teachers’ classes very infrequently and gave them insufficient feedback. In addition, the feedback was given mainly orally and its focus was limited to few aspects of teaching. On the basis of these findings, the paper concludes that the feedback given by cooperating teachers is not as supportive and varied as it should be.
The Mediating Effect of Sense of Efficacy on the Relationship Between Instruc...charisseasoncion1
The primary objective of this study was to determine the role of teacher self-efficacy in mediating the
relationship between teachers' instructional practices and organizational commitment.
No nation whether developed or developing countries can rise above the level of its education without giving adequate consideration for its Human and Material resources in terms of curriculum to be used. One of the Basic qualities of a curriculum is dynamism. This implies that a good curriculum is never static rather it changes along with changes in societal needs and aspirations, political and economic factors. For example in Nigeria the educational system has witnessed some changes in Content, Context and Structure (9-3-4 educational systems). Like most of the countries in the world, the changes have come as result of the growing awareness of the need to develop technologically, socially, and economically.
Domains and Standards of School Leadership: Evaluation of Tertiary School Tea...IJAEMSJORNAL
School Leaders are modifiers of teaching and learning, crucial to maintaining good teachers and necessary for improving educational standards. This study described Standards of School Leadership in terms of: Leading Learning and Teaching Domain, Leading School Development Domain, Organizational Management Domain, and Professional Growth and Development Domain. The descriptive method of research was used in this study. A total of 107 tertiary school teachers which have permanent appointment or considered as regular employee for more than 3 years were surveyed around Nueva Ecija. After analyses of data, the following conclusions were formulated: first, domains of school leadership can be viewed from leading learning and teaching, leading school development, organizational management, and professional growth and development. Second, among these domains, organizational management was found to be the focus of school leaders. Third, school leaders create a culture of professional learning that fosters continuous improvement in learning, teaching and assessment. Fourth, school leaders engage in a continuous process of evidence-based school self-evaluation. Fifth, ensure the safe functioning of the school on a day-to-day basis. Last, school leaders recognize the need to manage workload to ensure a sustainable work/life balance. The researchers want to recommend some matters based from the formulated conclusions. It is indeed noticeable that organizational management is the main focus of the school leaders thus, it is recommended that school leaders should not let other domains of school leadership be taken for granted. Continuous harnessing on the strengths based on the standards is highly recommended. On the others hand, strengthening of the following is also recommended: school leaders should foster a commitment to inclusion and equality of opportunity of each student; promote communication within the school and manage challenging and complex situations and build professional networks with other school leaders.
The Impact of Teacher Professional Development on Student Success.hussanisoyat
In the dynamic landscape of education, where the demands on both teachers and students continue to evolve, the role of teacher professional development has gained significant prominence. Recognizing that the quality of teaching directly influences student success,
India is a country of versatility, diverse culture, and complex social dimensions. India has been a country of agriculture, and even in today’s era, the majority of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihood; however, despite all these facts, India has seen a tremendous growth and change in economy, science and technology, education, and so on. In the process of development, invention and innovation have gained immense importance, which have resulted in application of inventions and innovations in the form of technology. In this background, the legal protection for the inventors arises, which is being catered by intellectual property rights (IPR) in the whole world as well as India. In Indian context, the IPR has not yet reached every business organization because the word IPR has always been misunderstood by most of the people that it is meant only for science and scientific inventions, but the fact is IPR’s applicability is much wider and it is applicable even to the smallest businesses. In the entire world, China is a nation which has the highest number of IPR grants, followed by USA. IPR in the present situation is very prominent and relevant because changes in industries like telecommunication, computer science, and so on are in the frontline and India is not lagging in invention and innovations. In 2021, out of the total number of applications received, China has the major contribution, which amounts to 40%. But very shockingly, India is not even in the top 10, which hints us that India needs to be vigilant and needs more attention of IPR. This research article speaks on how India is progressing in applicability of IPR and why India is not extensively using the provisions of IPR. We all know that IPR includes various elements like patents, copyrights, and trademarks; geographical indicators; industrial design; and utility models. But to be more precise and detailed, we have narrowed down our study only to patents in India, and even in that, we have considered patent applications, patent grants, and patents in force. It is to be noted that India’s economy is vibrant and dynamic. An economy like India is truly in need of extensive use of IPR and its provision to protect the rights of the real owner and inventor. But most of the population is ignorant about the IPR, so we are making an attempt to understand what is India’s position in IPR and its applicability. To narrow down our research, we have confined our study to only patents. In a further study, we can analyze how we can improve the awareness, and it may also help us in updating of IPR laws and its provisions.
Researchers from the leadership and spirituality domain identified that spiritual leadership is one of the key leadership styles to transform the working environment of any organization. But the literature is scant that answers the key question: how a spiritual leader plays a role in transforming the organization to accept organizational change in post-coronavirus disease 2019 situation. Using the grounded theory approach, 16 face-to-face interviews were conducted at the top management level in the hospitality industry of Pakistan. The data were assessed using NVIVO software to develop themes and subthemes. The results indicate that leaders’ own spiritual level and knowledge are critical to developing a positive relationship between a leader and follower and helpful in disseminating spiritual knowledge over time to accept the ongoing change in the organizations. Also, the respondents strongly emphasized uplifting the stakeholders, society, and followers as a whole. This study provides key insights for the theory and managers alike.
The era of globalization has affected everyone, including businesses transitioning into electronic devices, and entrepreneurship is going to be digitalized. This means that the world as all people know is changing, and businesses and entrepreneurship skills are going to be transitioned into adapting new technology. This paper discusses five main points, which are defining digital entrepreneurship, the elements and concepts of digital business for digital entrepreneurs, the opportunity for digital business, differences between traditional and digital business, and how to become a digital entrepreneur. This paper uses qualitative descriptive research with a literature review study as its method. The result of the research further gave an insight into what is digital entrepreneurship, the elements and models explained for businesses, opportunities for businesses especially potential sectors that have not been or are soon to be “disrupted” yet, tables of advantages and disadvantages on each type of business, and steps on being a good digital entrepreneur.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a pattern recognition, which is used in resource matching. It is the theory and development of computer systems with the ability to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. AI has grown exponentially in the past decade and is assisting managers to make better and quick decisions with precision. The application of AI in different sectors has been predominant and its role in Human Resource Management (HRM) has been profound. Growing competition worldwide has made it important to automate the process of HRM. AI has created a disruption as it has displaced an established process with an innovative one. This is a conceptual study with an attempt to understand the role of AI in various activities of HRM. It also highlights the scope of AI in recruitment and selection, workforce management, and learning and development.
The banking sector has incorporated emerging changes to meet customer requirements and enhance growth. Merger and acquisitions are one of the major changes in the banking industry. Mergers and acquisitions have created scope for the adoption of disruptive inventions in banking technology. The adoption of financial technology (FinTech) over recent years has changed the landscape of Indian public sector banks. These disruptive innovations improve the performance, efficiency, and quality of services of public sector banks. Technological innovation in banking has increased the competency level of public sector banks. Customers are interested to adopt these disruptive inventions because the electronic mode is having more scope and is convenient for them. This study identifies the financial progress and inventions in the banking sector. The study aims to know the changes brought by disruptive technologies on the services of public sector banks.
Bilibili video website has grown into a giant video platform. With the anime culture that can attract the younger
generation, Bilibili has built a large-scale user creation platform. To stimulate users’ creative inspiration, Bilibili
issued several plans to provide corresponding rewards for the content produced by video creators, attracting
more and more people to participate in the creative party. In this context, many excellent works were born, but at
the same time, there are also works with mixed qualities in the video, i.e., “low-innovation” works. "Low-innovation"
works hinder personal development and have a bad impact on the production climate of the platform. First, this
paper uses the principal component analysis algorithm to pre-process the user data of Bilibili to improve the
efficiency of the algorithm. Based on the K-means clustering algorithm, it analyzes and identifies "low-innovation"
users. According to the analysis results, it sets different incentive plans for different types of user groups and plays
a positive role in the video quality of Bilibili.
Faculty members were challenged to continue teaching beyond the traditional mode during the COVID19 pandemic. Therefore, the research focused on the level of management functions and technological preparedness
of the faculty members with permanent employment status under the business programs of higher education
institutions (HEIs) in Nueva Vizcaya. The idea behind the research was drawn from the theories of planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling and technology preparedness in terms of technology access, technology skills
and literacy, and attitude toward technology. The study’s findings revealed that faculty members have a high level
of management and technology preparedness. Moreover, the study revealed that the profile of the faculty members
had no relationship to their level of implementation of management strategies. On the other hand, younger faculty
members have greater technology access and literacy skills. Furthermore, profiles were not a significant factor in
their level of attitude toward technology. More results showed that when the level of implementation of management
strategies is high, the result is also high in terms of technological preparedness. Based on the study’s findings, the
researcher recommended an enhanced program for better implementation of flexible learning in HEIs.
Human resources (HR) must be acknowledged and recognized as an organization’s most valuable asset
and the driving force in creating and sustaining competitive advantage in the global marketplace. Challenges of
ineffective planning, management, and application of HR functions have been the major issues affecting the rate
of employee turnover in organizations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of HR management
practices on tertiary institution performance in Ondo State, Nigeria. A sample size of 327 was taken from a
population of 1776 using Taro Yamane’s (1964) formula, and a stratified sampling technique was adopted. The
questionnaire was recovered in 324 copies, accounting for 99.08% of the total for analysis. The data were analyzed
through ordinary least square (OLS) regression, and it was found that the calculated t-statistics score of 1.645 is less
than the t-statistics score of the four hypotheses. The null hypotheses were rejected, while alternative hypotheses of
2.127 and 2.483 were accepted. According to the findings of the study, HR management practices have a significant
impact on the performance of higher education institutions in Ondo State, Nigeria. It is suggested that effective
planning, well-managed implementation, and a policy free of tribalism and nepotism—a policy free of bias—will
create a competitive advantage and positively impact the performance of tertiary institutions, particularly Rufus
Giwa Polytechnic, Owo.
Currency fluctuations and inflation are the natural norm for most major economies. Numerous factors influence economic growth, including a country’s exchange rate system performance, the outlook for inflation, and interest rate differentials. These are the most significant factors that hinder the economic growth of every nation. As a result, this analysis investigates the impact of exchange rate and inflation on Nigeria’s growth performance from 1986 to 2021. Impulse response and variance decomposition were estimated. The real gross domestic product (RGDP) was used as a proxy for growth performance, while the inflation rate (IFNR), real exchange rate (REXR), and interest rate (INTR) were also used as proxies. The results of impulse response and variance decomposition estimates in the short-run (third quarter) and long-run (tenth quarter) show that real exchange rate D(REXR), INTR, and IFNR all have a positive impact on RGDP variation, with values of 13.38%, 31.88%, and 22.40%, respectively, in the third quarter. In the long run (the 10th quarter), REXR contributed approximately 28.76% of the variation in RGDP. The interest rate contributed 24.14%, while the IFNR has contributed about 28.27% of the variation in RGDP in the long run. Therefore, summing the contributions of REXR, INTR, and INFR to RGDP, these variables contributed about 81.17% of the variation in RGDP in the long run. Hence, the research concluded that REXR, INTR, and IFNR have a positive effect on growth performance as proxied by RGDP in Nigeria within the period of the research. The research recommended that the government should provide a policy that will reduce the excess growth of aggregate demand (AD) in the economy, which will reduce inflationary pressure, in order to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of 2030 in Nigeria, which include restoring economic growth and macroeconomic stability through macroeconomic variables such as the exchange rate, inflation, and other significant variables.
This study looked into effective integration of management information system (MIS) in secondary
schools in Awka Education Zone in Anambra State. The study was guided by three research questions and two
hypotheses tested at the 0.05 level of significance based on a descriptive survey research approach. The sampling
technique adopted was purposive type in order to focus on a determined specialized number of respondents. The
study’s sample size was 130 secondary school teachers. A researcher-created questionnaire was used to gather the
data. The tool was rigorously evaluated by two experts. When the instrument’s internal consistency was examined
using Cronbach’s alpha, a reliability value of 0.88 was found. A t-test was used to assess the hypotheses after
arithmetic mean and standard deviation scores were used to analyze the data. The findings demonstrated that
the MIS assists the school in managing tests, enrolments, and fees by providing different people with password
protection. The findings further revealed that MIS opportunities and needs should be identified and prioritized
according to educational objectives rather than technical criteria. In addition, there is no significant difference in the
male and female teachers’ knowledge about MIS in secondary schools. The implications of the study were drawn
and recommendations proffered.
This study determined the teaching competencies, professional commitment, and job satisfaction of 62 Senior High School Teachers from the Divisions of San Jose City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The findings showed that the mean age of the respondents was 35 years, females, Bachelor of Secondary Education graduates, had 0–4 years in teaching, were Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) passers, and Teacher II in position. The teaching competency of the respondents was rated as strongly agree. Moreover, the professional commitment was rated as moderately agree. Job satisfaction was generally described as agree. The teaching competencies of the respondents were significantly correlated with job satisfaction. Furthermore, professional commitment has a negative relationship with the job satisfaction of the respondents
This study looks into the relationship between corporate characteristics and inventive accounting in Nigeria’s listed consumer firms. A correlational research design was employed, and the size of the sample consisted of 20 consumer firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group for a period of 10 years (2011–2020), both inclusive. A regression model was employed as the technique for data analysis. The findings of the study reveal that financial distress, surplus cash flows, and audit remuneration have a statistically significant effect on the creative accounting of listed consumer firms in Nigeria, while only gearing ratio was found to have an insignificant effect on the creative accounting of listed consumer firms in Nigeria. Therefore, it is necessary and desirable for the management of the listed consumer firms in Nigeria to expand their asset base and increase the scheme of their functions with a view to having effective and efficient management of their scarce resources (surplus cash flows) while decreasing the quantum of remunerations paid to auditors, as they have empirically been found to be of strong influence on the creative accounting of listed consumer firms in Nigeria. The boards of directors of the listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria, in collaboration with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria, should come up with a whistleblowing strategy aimed at ensuring strict compliance with the local and global reporting standards, as this will assist in reducing managerial opportunistic tendencies among the listed consumer firms in Nigeria.
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This viewpoint paper is about rethinking the human resources (HR) strategy in the face of systematic failures in the devolved health sector in Kenya. The paper gives a background introduction of the health sector of Kenya as defined and established by the constitution of Kenya, explains the sharing of functions devolved in the health sector, and explains the history of devolution of the health sector. Under the identification and justification of the study, the paper highlights how specialized skills in health service provision are concentrated in urban centers and emphasizes a lack of inter-county transfer of services. The paper further explains the distribution of healthcare service provision, the current management of HR, and the statement of specific problems in Kenya; such problems minclude
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Teaching Competencies and Professional Commitment: Relationship to Job Satisfaction of Senior High School Teachers
1. BOHR International Journal of Advances in Management Research
2022, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 81–85
https://doi.org/10.54646/bijamr.010
www.bohrpub.com
Teaching Competencies and Professional Commitment:
Relationship to Job Satisfaction of Senior High School Teachers
Jefferson S. Baer1 and Marjorie S. Velasco2,∗
1Department of Education, Division of San Jose City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
2Core Gateway College Inc., San Jose City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
∗Corresponding author: marge_db04@yahoo.com
Abstract. This study determined the teaching competencies, professional commitment, and job satisfaction of 62
Senior High School Teachers from the Divisions of San Jose City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The findings showed
that the mean age of the respondents was 35 years, females, Bachelor of Secondary Education graduates, had 0–4
years in teaching, were Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) passers, and Teacher II in position. The teaching
competency of the respondents was rated as strongly agree. Moreover, the professional commitment was rated as
moderately agree. Job satisfaction was generally described as agree. The teaching competencies of the respondents
were significantly correlated with job satisfaction. Furthermore, professional commitment has a negative relationship
with the job satisfaction of the respondents.
Keywords: Teaching competencies, professional commitment, job satisfaction, classroom management, content
knowledge and skills.
INTRODUCTION
Excellence in teaching is the desired goal of the Depart-
ment of Education (DepEd). To do this, the teacher should
pursue a high-quality education. Teaching does not only
mean knowing the content or mastery of the lesson. But
rather, the teacher requires a deep understanding of prin-
ciples and theories of teaching so that learning will be
transferred effectively to the learners. Teachers ought to
possess strong knowledge not only of the content but also
of strategies and skills in teaching.
Education is important for all. It helps every person to
gain knowledge and skills in many aspects. To have these, a
competent and committed teacher is needed. However, the
school should provide a conducive working environment
for teachers to be able to perform their duties and respon-
sibilities. A teacher is an asset to any school and occupies
the most important place in an educational institution
because he/she is in charge of the students. The provision
of facilitating working conditions for teachers will help in
the enhancement of their commitment to the profession. To
have a strong educational system, the government needs
trained, competent, and committed teachers who are aware
of their duties; thus, they will perform their jobs with the
best they can afford.
Teaching competencies are required in many aspects of
teaching. It also includes teaching strategies to improve the
learning outcomes of the students. The K to 12 Basic Edu-
cation has a separate curriculum for Senior High School
(SHS). Some of the teachers who were hired to teach in
the senior high school were those from junior high school
who applied for the position in the senior high school.
Other teachers hired were not education graduates and just
had their units in education and had passed the Licensure
Examination for Teachers (LET).
Teachers who are committed professionally selected
teaching as a profession, equipped with the necessary
knowledge and skills, and dedication toward serving the
students academically.
In contrast, job satisfaction depends on several different
factors such as satisfaction with pay, promotion opportu-
nities, fringe benefits, job security, and relationship with
co-workers and supervisors [9]. A teacher who is satisfied
with his/her work will stay in the profession, be commit-
ted to their work, and be proud of being a teacher. Highly
satisfied teachers have a more positive relationship with
81
2. 82 Jefferson S. Baer and Marjorie S. Velasco
students and are more likely to help them achieve higher
academic outcomes [6]. Therefore, this study was con-
ceptualized to assess the competency, commitment, and
satisfaction, of senior high school teachers in the Division
of San Jose City, Nueva Ecija.
METHODOLOGY
This study was anchored on the Two-Factor Theory by
Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman [11]. A descriptive
research design was utilized in the study. Purposive sam-
pling was used in choosing 62 Senior High School Teachers
in San Jose City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The researchers
administered the questionnaire to the respondents by
sending the Google Survey Form through FB messen-
ger and explained the purpose of the research to elicit
valid answers from them. Later, the researchers collected
and tabulated the data gathered by means of descriptive
statistics such as frequency count, percentage, mean, and
standard deviation. Pearson Product Moment Correlation
(r) was used to test the relationship between the two sets of
variables.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The findings showed that the average age of the respon-
dents was 35 years, females, Bachelor of Secondary Edu-
cation graduates, had 0–4 years in teaching, were LET
passers, and Teacher II in position.
Teaching Competencies of the Respondents
The teaching competencies of the respondents got an over-
all mean of 4.30, described as strongly agree. The result
revealed that the respondents strongly agreed that they
have the ability to teach effectively. .
Classroom Management. The pooled mean for classroom
management was 4.39, described as strongly agree. This
implies that respondents believed that they were compe-
tent when it comes to classroom management, especially
in managing the classroom, managing time, discipline, and
physical environment of the classroom.
Table 1 shows that physical environment (4.47) got the
highest mean, followed by managing classroom (4.40), and
managing time (4.32) got the lowest mean. All items were
described as strongly agree. This indicates that respon-
dents believed that they should consider and be aware
of the physical condition of the classroom. According to
Turano [19], there are the following four major factors of
the classroom environment: physical environment, time
and instructional management, behavior management,
and teacher effectiveness, which make learning effective.
Moreover, Phillips [16] reported that the physical structure
of a classroom is a critical variable that can affect students’
morale and learning.
Table 1. Teaching competencies of the respondents.
Statement Mean Description
Classroom Management 4.39 Strongly Agree
Managing Classroom 4.40 Strongly Agree
Managing Time 4.32 Strongly Agree
Discipline 4.36 Strongly Agree
Physical Environment 4.47 Strongly Agree
Content Knowledge and Skills 4.20 Strongly Agree
Formulation of Goals and
Objectives
4.56 Strongly Agree
Selection and Organization of
Content
4.45 Strongly Agree
Selection and Use of Teaching
Strategies
3.69 Moderately Agree
Selection and Use of IMs 4.21 Strongly Agree
Assessment of Learning 4.60 Strongly Agree
Overall Mean 4.30 Strongly Agree
IMs – instructional materials.
Content Knowledge and Skills. Findings revealed that
content knowledge and skills got a pooled mean of
4.51, described as strongly agree. This implies that the
respondents strongly agreed that a teacher should have
a thorough knowledge of different areas of instructional
strategies that apply to the content and pedagogical knowl-
edge and skills in order to help all students learn. They
facilitate student learning of the subject matter through the
presentation of the content in clear and meaningful ways
and through the integration of technology.
Assessment of learning (4.60) got the highest mean,
followed by the formulation of goals and objectives (4.56),
both described as strongly agree. The assessment was an
integral part and necessary for the teaching and learning
process. Success in learning can be achieved if the tools
used by the teachers matched the styles of the students.
In contrast, selection and use of teaching strategies (3.69)
got the lowest mean, described as moderately agree. The
result also showed that the respondents were competent
in selecting and using teaching strategies appropriate for
the learning of the students. Teachers whose knowledge
allows them to see the “big picture” and to understand
their students’ learning preferences may also be more will-
ing to direct their strategies from teachers’ guides, build
lessons on student discussions, and make more significant
connections than teachers with less knowledge and skills
on the topic [8].
Professional Commitment of the Respondents
Table 2 shows the professional commitment of the teacher
respondents. It obtained an overall mean of 4.10, described
as moderately agree. It implies that the respondents some-
what agree on the following three domains: the affective,
continuance, and normative domains.
The affective domain obtained a mean of 4.30, described
as strongly agree. The result showed that teachers were
3. Teaching Competencies and Professional Commitment 83
Table 2. Professional commitment of the respondents.
Statement Mean Description
Affective 4.30 Strongly Agree
Continuance 3.93 Moderately Agree
Normative 4.06 Moderately Agree
Overall Mean 4.10 Moderately Agree
very much affected and enjoyed the company of his/her
colleagues in their organization, and there was a strong
feeling of belongingness. Under continuance, it has a mean
of 3.93, described as moderately agree. This implies that the
respondents moderately agreed that there was a need to
continue working with the organization they were in. This
can be attributed to the fact that the senior high school was
only in its fifth year of implementation and teachers were
still in the early stage. The normative domain had a mean
of 4.06, described as moderately agree. This implies that
loyalty is a moral obligation to one’s organization.
According to Crosswell [4], a teacher’s commitment and
loyalty to an organization can be discussed merely in terms
of external factors such as students and subject areas.
Teacher commitment could also be enhanced if school
cultures produce a such environment where teachers have
independence in performing their duties [21]. Commit-
ment to the students describes that the teachers who care
for their students as individuals try to adopt individual-
ized learning and assessment [15]. Student performance
highly depends on the commitment of teachers [2, 17].
Commitment to the teaching profession is devoted to
teaching as a profession [5].
Job Satisfaction of the Respondents
The results showed that job satisfaction had an overall
mean of 3.17, described as agree. It implies that the respon-
dents were satisfied with their work.
Table 3 shows that people and work on the present job
got the highest mean of 3.40, both described as strongly
Table 3. Job satisfaction of the respondents.
Statement Mean Description
People in Present Job 3.40 Strongly Agree
Job in General 3.47 Strongly Agree
Work on Present Job 3.40 Strongly Agree
Pay 2.83 Agree
Opportunities and Promotion 2.58 Agree
Supervision 3.32 Strongly Agree
Overall Mean 3.17 Agree
agree. This implies that respondents were satisfied with
the people and work in their job because they were active
and smart. Likewise, they were also creative. They use
their abilities and give a sense of accomplishment which
indicated that they were satisfied with their work. Han-
doko [10] argued that job satisfaction is an emotional state
that is favorable or unfavorable to which employees view
their job. Opportunities and promotion got the lowest
mean of 2.58, described as agree. Respondents believed
that there are opportunities and promotions allotted for a
teacher. It only takes proper time and is somehow limited.
Findings can also be attributed to the fact that there were
very limited higher positions to be filled in. There can only
be movements in the promotion once there are those who
retire with the higher position or if new items are created
because of the increase in the student population.
Relationship Between Teaching Competencies and Job
Satisfaction of Teachers
Table 4 shows that among the classroom management
skills, discipline was found to be positively and signifi-
cantly correlated with people in present job (r = 0.691),
job in general (r = 0.503), work in present job (r = 0.110),
and supervision (r = 0.098). This implies that the more
disciplined the respondents were, the higher their job sat-
isfaction in terms of people on present job, job in general,
work on present job, and supervision. The result was
Table 4. Relationship between teaching competencies and job satisfaction of teachers.
Job Satisfaction
Teaching Competencies PJ JG WPJ P OP S
Classroom Management Skills
Classroom Management 0.002 −0.034 0.164 0.004 0.104 −0.003
Management of time 0.090 0.054 0.090 0.011 0.082 0.110
Discipline 0.691* 0.503* 0.110* 0.322 0.134 0.098*
Physical Environment 0.708* 0.681* 0.653* 0.012 0.318 0.409*
Content Knowledge and Skills
Formulation of goals and objectives 0.423 0.217 0.103 0.812 0.321* 0.677*
Selection and organization of content 0.323 0.419 0.697 0.773 0.711* 0.198*
Selection and use of teaching strategies 0.501* 0.102 0.812 0.112 0.803* 0.612*
Selection and use of instructional materials 0.817* 0.256 0.258 0.012 0.193* 0.069*
Assessment of learning 0.256* 0.215 0.335 0.243 0.318* 0.067*
PJ – Present Job; JG – Job in General; WPJ – Work in Present Job; P – Pay; OP – Opportunities in
Promotion; S – Supervision.
4. 84 Jefferson S. Baer and Marjorie S. Velasco
similar to the findings of Mangkunegara and Octorend [14]
who mentioned that work discipline, work motivation, and
job satisfaction were highly and significantly correlated
with each other, while Suyitno [18] found only a weak
effect of competence, job satisfaction, and discipline of
work on the performance of the employee.
In contrast, the physical environment was positively
correlated with people in present job (r = 0.708), job in
general (r = 0.681), work on present job (r = 0.653), and
supervision (r = 0.409). Findings revealed that the better
the physical environment in the classroom, the higher the
job satisfaction of the teacher–respondents in terms of the
mentioned variables. Similar to the study by Vischer [20],
the studies of stress in the work environment paid little
attention to features of the physical environment in which
work was performed. Yet the evidence was accumulating
that the physical environment of work affected both job
performance and job satisfaction.
Table 4 reveals that in terms of content knowledge
and skills, the formulation of goals and objectives was
positively correlated with opportunities in promotion
(r = 0.321) and supervision (r = 0.677). Findings implied
that if the teachers can have a better formulation of goals
and objectives which were aligned and matched with the
learning styles of the students and competency of the cur-
riculum, the higher the job satisfaction of the respondents
in terms of opportunities for promotion and supervision.
For teachers who already had the knowledge and skills in
the context of the content of the lesson and were able to
formulate their own goals and objectives in their careers,
opportunities for promotion were higher. In the context
of supervision, it can also be connected to the knowledge
and skills of the teachers and administrators to provide
the necessary goals and objectives to be achieved by both
the students and the teachers to enhance the teaching and
learning process.
Moreover, the selection and organization of content were
positively significantly related to opportunities for promo-
tion (r = 0.711) and supervision (r = 0.198). This means that
the better the selection and organization of content under
the teaching competencies, the higher the job satisfaction of
the respondents in terms of opportunities and promotions
as well as supervision.
Selection and use of teaching strategies were signif-
icantly related to people in present job (r = 0.501),
opportunities for promotion (r = 0.803), and supervision
(r = 0.612). This implied that the better the selection and
use of strategies under teaching competencies, the higher
the job satisfaction of the respondents in terms of people
at present job, opportunities, and promotion as well as
supervision.
Selection and use of instructional materials were found
to be positively significantly related to people in present
job (r = 0.817), opportunities for promotion (r = 0.193),
and supervision (r = 0.069). This means that the more
appropriate use of instructional materials, the higher the
job satisfaction in terms of opportunities and promotion as
well as in supervision.
Furthermore, the assessment of learning was also found
to be positively and significantly related to people in
present job (r = 0.256), opportunities for promotion
(r = 0.318), and supervision (r = 0.067), implying that the
better the assessment of learning, the higher was the job
satisfaction of the respondents.
Relationship Between Commitment and Job Satisfaction
of Teachers – Table 5
The affective domain was found to be negatively and
significantly related to work on present job (r = −0.718)
and pay (r = −0.031), which implies that the higher the
affective domain, the lower the job satisfaction in terms
of work on present job. In contradicting the findings of
Beck and Wilson [1] where highly satisfied teachers have
more positive relationships and affection with their organi-
zations and their students and are more likely to help them
achieve higher academic outcomes.
The commitment was also found to be negatively and
significantly related to work on present job (r = −0.444)
and pay (r = −0.392). The result implies that the higher
the continuance feeling of the respondents, the lower their
job satisfaction in terms of work at present job and pay.
This means that to continue work in their present organi-
zation would give them lower job satisfaction. In contrast,
Dranitsaris [7] found that a group with a permissive leader
who allowed them to continue to participate in decision-
making had a more favorable attitude to their jobs, higher
productivity, and higher morale than employees with a
restrictive leader who made all decisions.
Moreover, the normative domain was likewise found to
be negatively and significantly related to work on present
job (r = −0.229) and pay (r = −0.023). This means that
the lower the normative decisions of the respondents, the
higher their job satisfaction, which also means that the
lesser they think of transferring from one organization to
another, the more that they become satisfied with their job.
As indicated by Jaiyeban and Jibril [12], satisfied and
motivated teachers are important for any educational
system. The success or failure of the education system
depends mainly on satisfied teachers but also on satisfied
school managers and administrators. Teachers, specifically,
Table 5. Relationship between commitment and job satisfaction
of teachers.
Job Satisfaction
Commitment PJ JG WPJ P OP S
Affective 0.066 0.082 −0.718* −0.031* 0.093 0.062
Continuance 0.085 0.016 −0.444* −0.392* 0.052 0.216
Normative 0.155 0.066 −0.229* −0.023* 0.075 0.166
5. Teaching Competencies and Professional Commitment 85
spend a great amount of time with their students in class,
and therefore, they have a significant impact on student
achievement [3, 13].
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the foregoing findings, the following were the
conclusions: the result showed that the average age of
the respondents was 35 years, females, Bachelor of Sec-
ondary Education graduates, had 0–4 years in teaching,
were Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) passers,
and Teacher II in position. The teaching competency of the
respondents was rated as strongly agree. The commitment
of the respondents was rated as moderately agree. Job
satisfaction was generally described as agree. Among the
classroom management skills, discipline and physical envi-
ronment were positively correlated with job satisfaction.
In terms of content knowledge and skills, the formulation
of goals and objectives, selection and organization of con-
tent, selection and use of teaching strategies, selection and
use of instructional materials, and assessment of learning
were all found significantly correlated with job satisfac-
tion. An affective, continuance, and normative domain
was negatively correlated with the job satisfaction of the
respondents.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The researchers recommend the following: the rating of
the senior high school teachers was strongly agreed on
many aspects; therefore, it is recommended that the same
evaluation should be performed among other stakeholders
such as the students and school heads. School heads should
give chance to senior high school teachers to continue
attending in-service training and continuing professional
education. Likewise, they should continue to improve the
teaching competencies of the teachers in order for them to
become satisfied in their job. In contrast, teachers should
also be given equal opportunities for promotion in order
for them to become satisfied in their job. In terms of job
satisfaction, teachers can be motivated to work on their
present job if there will be an increase in their salary
and other benefits. Professional commitment should be
enhanced and developed further for the respondents to
increase their job satisfaction. Future and further studies
related to this should be conducted to verify the veracity
and correctness of the results.
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