The document describes Vista Underground Distribution Switchgear (UDS) from S&C Electric, including its customizable design for manual, remote, or source-transfer operation, ratings up to 1200 amps, and advancements in simplicity and safety for medium-voltage switching. Vista UDS can be installed in various styles and accommodates different components, providing maintenance-free operation. The document also provides ratings and specifications for Vista UDS and discusses its overcurrent control and coordination capabilities.
Oportunidades y riesgos creados por las disrupciones tecnológicasESPAE
Durante la próxima década la aceleración de las innovaciones digitales, golpeará a todos los negocios establecidos y exitosos con enormes disrupciones, creando oportunidades que lamentablemente no sabrán, en su mayoría, aprovechar.
Esta nueva realidad creara nuevos espacios para Startups ágiles y dinámicas que podrán capturar la oportunidad de crear nuevo valor económico y social.
En esta conferencia el Profesor invitado de ESPAE, Carlos Baradello, podrá conectar las tecnologías emergentes de Silicon Valley con la realidad empresarial de América Latina.
The Innovation Issue. Electricity: The Greatest Innovation of All Time
FEATURES:
-APPA's DEED program brings new ideas to scale
-The Instant Gratification Grid: Today's electricity customers want more and they want it now. Utilities in all sectors are prioritizing new, smart technologies.
-Smart Utilities, Smart Cities
-Career Day
Learning Objective: Increase knowledge and awareness of employment potential in Energy
The Marcellus Shale Coalition works with exploration and production, midstream, and supply chain partners to address issues regarding the production of clean, job-creating, American natural gas from the Marcellus and Utica Shale plays.
Aimed at college students and young professionals, this workshop uses as a back drop what the American Petroleum Institute has reported on: Jobs, business development, and workforce needs in hydrocarbon energy, contrasted against projections on what a career in the energy field can offer young professionals.
At the end of this seminar, participants will be able to:
a. Identify the workforce needs of the energy industry.
b. Discuss the present opportunities in the energy sector for new professionals.
c. Examine strategies to benefit the companies and employees.
Public Power Magazine - The Community Solar Issue:
-8 Find Fertile Ground in Public Power: Public power was an early adopter of the community solar trend.
-14 Fund a Solar Suitcase: Give the gift of electricity to save lives.
-20 Healthy Choices: Choosing the best distributed generation rate design for your utility.
-26 Customer Perspectives: Community solar customers are informed and eager participants.
-32 The Many Dimensions of Leadership:
An interview with Doug Hunter, chairman of the American Public Power Association.
-41 What Is Community Solar? Captain Public Power explains how community solar works.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Public Power magazine is the trade magazine for the more than 2,000 community-owned electric utilities that serve more than 48 million people in the United States. The American Public Power Association publishes the magazine bi-monthly online and in print.
Join the discussion! Use #PublicPower and connect with us:
https://www.facebook.com/americanpublicpower
https://twitter.com/publicpowerorg
https://instagram.com/publicpowerorg/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-public-power-association
https://www.pinterest.com/publicpowerorg/
In the issue of “The 10 Best-In-Class SMART GRID Tech Solution Providers, 2018”, we have highlighted some of the most renowned organizations around the world which are working round the clock to provide best in class smart grid solutions. Our shortlist of companies includes, Kalkitech, a smart grid solutions provider that helps energy utilities across the globe to improve energy efficiency
Oportunidades y riesgos creados por las disrupciones tecnológicasESPAE
Durante la próxima década la aceleración de las innovaciones digitales, golpeará a todos los negocios establecidos y exitosos con enormes disrupciones, creando oportunidades que lamentablemente no sabrán, en su mayoría, aprovechar.
Esta nueva realidad creara nuevos espacios para Startups ágiles y dinámicas que podrán capturar la oportunidad de crear nuevo valor económico y social.
En esta conferencia el Profesor invitado de ESPAE, Carlos Baradello, podrá conectar las tecnologías emergentes de Silicon Valley con la realidad empresarial de América Latina.
The Innovation Issue. Electricity: The Greatest Innovation of All Time
FEATURES:
-APPA's DEED program brings new ideas to scale
-The Instant Gratification Grid: Today's electricity customers want more and they want it now. Utilities in all sectors are prioritizing new, smart technologies.
-Smart Utilities, Smart Cities
-Career Day
Learning Objective: Increase knowledge and awareness of employment potential in Energy
The Marcellus Shale Coalition works with exploration and production, midstream, and supply chain partners to address issues regarding the production of clean, job-creating, American natural gas from the Marcellus and Utica Shale plays.
Aimed at college students and young professionals, this workshop uses as a back drop what the American Petroleum Institute has reported on: Jobs, business development, and workforce needs in hydrocarbon energy, contrasted against projections on what a career in the energy field can offer young professionals.
At the end of this seminar, participants will be able to:
a. Identify the workforce needs of the energy industry.
b. Discuss the present opportunities in the energy sector for new professionals.
c. Examine strategies to benefit the companies and employees.
Public Power Magazine - The Community Solar Issue:
-8 Find Fertile Ground in Public Power: Public power was an early adopter of the community solar trend.
-14 Fund a Solar Suitcase: Give the gift of electricity to save lives.
-20 Healthy Choices: Choosing the best distributed generation rate design for your utility.
-26 Customer Perspectives: Community solar customers are informed and eager participants.
-32 The Many Dimensions of Leadership:
An interview with Doug Hunter, chairman of the American Public Power Association.
-41 What Is Community Solar? Captain Public Power explains how community solar works.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Public Power magazine is the trade magazine for the more than 2,000 community-owned electric utilities that serve more than 48 million people in the United States. The American Public Power Association publishes the magazine bi-monthly online and in print.
Join the discussion! Use #PublicPower and connect with us:
https://www.facebook.com/americanpublicpower
https://twitter.com/publicpowerorg
https://instagram.com/publicpowerorg/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-public-power-association
https://www.pinterest.com/publicpowerorg/
In the issue of “The 10 Best-In-Class SMART GRID Tech Solution Providers, 2018”, we have highlighted some of the most renowned organizations around the world which are working round the clock to provide best in class smart grid solutions. Our shortlist of companies includes, Kalkitech, a smart grid solutions provider that helps energy utilities across the globe to improve energy efficiency
Filling in the blanks: How what your energy data monitoring isn't telling you...Kate Trono
When it comes to data monitoring, too many unanswered questions still exist about system performance. Project owners haven’t been able to answer the critical ‘why?’ when comparisons of expected to actual energy and financial returns don’t align, leaving them at a loss as to how to get their project back on track. Until now.
A discussion of next generation monitoring and SCADA technology and how the improved business intelligence and remote capabilities these technologies provide can bolster project returns in significant ways. Includes real-world project examples that demonstrate how smart data monitoring can inform incremental changes to improve project performance, as well as how remote SCADA controls informed by data alerts can rein in costs. Also addresses cybersecurity concerns and how mitigating security risks while maximizing project potential must be top of mind in this new era of smarter solar.
Energy & holistic service systems 20110804 v3ISSIP
PICMET 20 talk in Portland Oregon on August 4th 2011 - discussing energy and buildings and holistic service systems that delivery whole service to the people in them...
Powering Ahead: The Future of Electricity
-Moving Public Power Forward, Together:
Technology often changes the way we live our lives. Remember what life was like before smartphones — I actually used to read paper maps!
- Energy Storage: Changing the Game, Changing the Grid:
Energy storage is emerging as a jack-of-all-trades resource. It's essential to renewable generation proliferation; the backbone of the smartphone decade; and the technology behind peak-shaving, grid-shoring, and other ancillary services.
-Compare and Save With Web-Based Energy Efficiency Tool:
Franklin D. Roosevelt may have said comparison is the thief of joy, but to the contrary, it can be the source of valuable information for utilities.
-Changes to Emission Rules Cloud the Future:
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in early August released its final rule under section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from existing power plants.
-Smart Meters Are Smart Enough to Protect Your Privacy:
Since 2012, utilities in the United States have set up more than 43 million advanced meter installations, known as smart meters, in homes and businesses, and more are being installed every day.
-Charge of the Light Brigade: Is Your Utility Ready for Electric Cars? For many people, the rise in popularity of electric vehicles may seem like something new. What they may not realize is that the first electric car was introduced in 1832, around the same time engineers were developing the first internal combustion engine.
-What Does the Future of Energy Use Look Like? Captain Public Power takes a peek into the future with his young friends.
-Microgrids: Self-Sufficient Energy Islands:
Microgrids can run independently, making small towns into energy islands — a strategy public power utilities have been employing for decades.
-The Evolving Electric Grid, Customer and Utility:
Today, the electric power industry — a fundamental industry that powers our economy and our lives — is in the midst of a profound transition.
-The Future Is Now:
The utility of the future is greener, smarter, more efficient and more flexible. For some public power utilities, the future is now.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Public Power magazine is the trade magazine for the more than 2,000 community-owned electric utilities that serve more than 48 million people in the United States. The American Public Power Association publishes the magazine bi-monthly online and in print.
Join the discussion! Use #PublicPower and connect with us:
https://www.facebook.com/americanpublicpower
https://twitter.com/publicpowerorg
https://instagram.com/publicpowerorg/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-public-power-association
https://www.pinterest.com/publicpowerorg/
Chapter 5144 PART II + Designing the Supply Chain Netw.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 5
144 PART II + Designing the Supply Chain Network
Travel Costs ($)
State Los Angeles Tulsa Denver Seattle Number
of Trips
Washington 150 250 200 25
40
Oregon 150 250 200 75
35
California 75 200 150 125
100
Idaho 150 200 125 125
25
Nevada 100 200 125 150
40
Montana 175 175 125 125
25
Wyoming 150 175 100 150
50
Utah 150 150 100 200
30
Arizona 75 200 100 250
50
Colorado 150 125 25 250
65
New Mexico 125 125 75 300
40
North Dakota 300 200 150 200
30
South Dakota 300 175 125 200
20
Nebraska 250 100 125 250
30
Kansas 250 75 75 300
40
;c Oklahoma 250 25 125 300 55
Each consultant is expected to take at most 25 trips each year.
(a) If there are no restrictions on the number of consultants at a site and the goal is to m
ini-
mize costs. where should the home offices be located and how many consultant
s should
be assigned to each office? What is the annual cost in terms of the facility and tr
avel?
(b) If, at most, 10 consultants are to be assigned to a home office, where should the
offices be set up? How many consultants should be assigned to each office?
What is
the annual cost of this network?
(c) What do you think of a rule by which all consulting projects out of a giv
en state are
assigned to one home office? How much is this policy likely to add to cost co
m-
pared to allowing multiple offices to handle a single state?
2. Dry lee, Inc., is a manufacturer of air conditioners that has seen its demand
grow significantly.
The company anticipates nationwide demand for the year 2006 to be 180,
000 units in the
South, 120,000 units in the Midwest, 110,000 units in the East, and 100,000 un
its in the West.
Managers at Dry lee are designing the manufacturing network and have selec
ted four poten-
tial sites-New York, Atlanta, Chicago, and San Diego. Plants could have a ca
pacity of either
200,000 or 400,000 units. The annual fixed costs at the four locations are sho
wn in Table 5-6,
New York Atlanta Chicago San Diego
Annual-fixed cost
of 200,000 plant $6 million $5.5 million $5.6 million
$6.1 million
Annual fixed cost
of 400,000 plant $10 million $9.2 million $9.3 million
$10.2 million
East $211 $232 $238
$299
South $232 $212 $230
$280
Midwest $240 $230 $215
$270
West $300 $280 $270
$225
-- ---
Chapter 5
Chapter 11
Chapter 13
Supply Chain Management
STRATEGY, PLANNING, AND OPERATION
F i f t h E d i t i o n
Sunil Chopra
Kellogg School of Management
Peter Meindl
Kepos Capital
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Editorial Director: Sally Yagan
Editor in Chief: Donna Battista
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Chuck Synovec
Editorial Project Manager: Mary Kate Murray
Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury
Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan ...
Chapter 5144 PART II + Designing the Supply Chain Netw.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5
144 PART II + Designing the Supply Chain Network
Travel Costs ($)
State Los Angeles Tulsa Denver Seattle Number
of Trips
Washington 150 250 200 25
40
Oregon 150 250 200 75
35
California 75 200 150 125
100
Idaho 150 200 125 125
25
Nevada 100 200 125 150
40
Montana 175 175 125 125
25
Wyoming 150 175 100 150
50
Utah 150 150 100 200
30
Arizona 75 200 100 250
50
Colorado 150 125 25 250
65
New Mexico 125 125 75 300
40
North Dakota 300 200 150 200
30
South Dakota 300 175 125 200
20
Nebraska 250 100 125 250
30
Kansas 250 75 75 300
40
;c Oklahoma 250 25 125 300 55
Each consultant is expected to take at most 25 trips each year.
(a) If there are no restrictions on the number of consultants at a site and the goal is to m
ini-
mize costs. where should the home offices be located and how many consultant
s should
be assigned to each office? What is the annual cost in terms of the facility and tr
avel?
(b) If, at most, 10 consultants are to be assigned to a home office, where should the
offices be set up? How many consultants should be assigned to each office?
What is
the annual cost of this network?
(c) What do you think of a rule by which all consulting projects out of a giv
en state are
assigned to one home office? How much is this policy likely to add to cost co
m-
pared to allowing multiple offices to handle a single state?
2. Dry lee, Inc., is a manufacturer of air conditioners that has seen its demand
grow significantly.
The company anticipates nationwide demand for the year 2006 to be 180,
000 units in the
South, 120,000 units in the Midwest, 110,000 units in the East, and 100,000 un
its in the West.
Managers at Dry lee are designing the manufacturing network and have selec
ted four poten-
tial sites-New York, Atlanta, Chicago, and San Diego. Plants could have a ca
pacity of either
200,000 or 400,000 units. The annual fixed costs at the four locations are sho
wn in Table 5-6,
New York Atlanta Chicago San Diego
Annual-fixed cost
of 200,000 plant $6 million $5.5 million $5.6 million
$6.1 million
Annual fixed cost
of 400,000 plant $10 million $9.2 million $9.3 million
$10.2 million
East $211 $232 $238
$299
South $232 $212 $230
$280
Midwest $240 $230 $215
$270
West $300 $280 $270
$225
-- ---
Chapter 5
Chapter 11
Chapter 13
Supply Chain Management
STRATEGY, PLANNING, AND OPERATION
F i f t h E d i t i o n
Sunil Chopra
Kellogg School of Management
Peter Meindl
Kepos Capital
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Editorial Director: Sally Yagan
Editor in Chief: Donna Battista
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Chuck Synovec
Editorial Project Manager: Mary Kate Murray
Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury
Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan.
Global Power Supply (GPS) is a full service provider of new and used power systems including new and used diesel generators, natural gas generators, custom genset enclosures, UPS power systems, automatic transfer switches (ATS), and electrical switchgear.
Benchmarking leading smart grid projects
Experts have discussed theoretical smart grid maturity models for over a decade. But until now utilities and other stakeholders had no way to benchmark their results globally. Ventyx and ABB selected international energy think-tank VaasaETT to develop the Smart Grid Global Impact Report, the first-ever global research into smart grid projects and their outcomes. The report focuses on a common set of smart grid goals –or five pillars–which deliver returns against some of the industry’s biggest challenges.
Looking for your next Cleared Career Opportunity?
Join us at the reStart Nationwide ALL-Clearances Virtual Career Fair on August 25th and engage with hiring managers and recruiters from some of the nation's leading defense contractors, all from the safety and comfort of your home or office. Accomplish what it would take weeks to do, ALL in one day at reStart!
reStart Nationwide Cleared Virtual Career Fair
Thursday, August 25th, 2022
2pm - 5pm est
Details & Registration: https://tinyurl.com/9apn5xp8
An Active Security Clearance IS Required For This Event
Companies Interviewing:
• Leidos
• Northrop Grumman
• Abacus Technology Corporation
• Accenture Federal Services
• ACT1
• Axient
• Booz Allen Hamilton
• Cognosante
• Defense Contract Management Agency
• Google
• JANUS Research
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
• LinQuest Corporation
• Oasis Systems
• Odyssey Systems
• Palo Alto Networks
• Raytheon Technologies
• Sabre Systems
Whether you are transitioning from the military or federal government, furloughed, actively seeking employment, your contract is coming to an end or window shopping and want to see what else is out there for you, This Is The Event For You!
Positions available include: Software Engineers, Help Desk, Web Developers, Budget Analysts, Program / Project Managers, Cyber CounterIntelligence Specialists, Storage Engineers, Business Analytics, Systems Engineers, SharePoint Developer, Reverse Engineers, Intelligence Analysts, Network Engineers, CNO Analysts, Penetration Testers, JAVA Programmers, Cloud Engineer, Information Systems Security, Administrative Assistants, Network Admins, Linguists, Full Stack Developers, LINUX Systems Admins and much more....
This event will be accessible to job seeking professionals from coast to coast and will offer Cleared career opportunities both CONUS & OCONUS.
Please share this unprecedented event with ALL your Security Cleared friends and colleagues.
Looking forward to having you join us online on August 25th
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Filling in the blanks: How what your energy data monitoring isn't telling you...Kate Trono
When it comes to data monitoring, too many unanswered questions still exist about system performance. Project owners haven’t been able to answer the critical ‘why?’ when comparisons of expected to actual energy and financial returns don’t align, leaving them at a loss as to how to get their project back on track. Until now.
A discussion of next generation monitoring and SCADA technology and how the improved business intelligence and remote capabilities these technologies provide can bolster project returns in significant ways. Includes real-world project examples that demonstrate how smart data monitoring can inform incremental changes to improve project performance, as well as how remote SCADA controls informed by data alerts can rein in costs. Also addresses cybersecurity concerns and how mitigating security risks while maximizing project potential must be top of mind in this new era of smarter solar.
Energy & holistic service systems 20110804 v3ISSIP
PICMET 20 talk in Portland Oregon on August 4th 2011 - discussing energy and buildings and holistic service systems that delivery whole service to the people in them...
Powering Ahead: The Future of Electricity
-Moving Public Power Forward, Together:
Technology often changes the way we live our lives. Remember what life was like before smartphones — I actually used to read paper maps!
- Energy Storage: Changing the Game, Changing the Grid:
Energy storage is emerging as a jack-of-all-trades resource. It's essential to renewable generation proliferation; the backbone of the smartphone decade; and the technology behind peak-shaving, grid-shoring, and other ancillary services.
-Compare and Save With Web-Based Energy Efficiency Tool:
Franklin D. Roosevelt may have said comparison is the thief of joy, but to the contrary, it can be the source of valuable information for utilities.
-Changes to Emission Rules Cloud the Future:
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in early August released its final rule under section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from existing power plants.
-Smart Meters Are Smart Enough to Protect Your Privacy:
Since 2012, utilities in the United States have set up more than 43 million advanced meter installations, known as smart meters, in homes and businesses, and more are being installed every day.
-Charge of the Light Brigade: Is Your Utility Ready for Electric Cars? For many people, the rise in popularity of electric vehicles may seem like something new. What they may not realize is that the first electric car was introduced in 1832, around the same time engineers were developing the first internal combustion engine.
-What Does the Future of Energy Use Look Like? Captain Public Power takes a peek into the future with his young friends.
-Microgrids: Self-Sufficient Energy Islands:
Microgrids can run independently, making small towns into energy islands — a strategy public power utilities have been employing for decades.
-The Evolving Electric Grid, Customer and Utility:
Today, the electric power industry — a fundamental industry that powers our economy and our lives — is in the midst of a profound transition.
-The Future Is Now:
The utility of the future is greener, smarter, more efficient and more flexible. For some public power utilities, the future is now.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Public Power magazine is the trade magazine for the more than 2,000 community-owned electric utilities that serve more than 48 million people in the United States. The American Public Power Association publishes the magazine bi-monthly online and in print.
Join the discussion! Use #PublicPower and connect with us:
https://www.facebook.com/americanpublicpower
https://twitter.com/publicpowerorg
https://instagram.com/publicpowerorg/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-public-power-association
https://www.pinterest.com/publicpowerorg/
Chapter 5144 PART II + Designing the Supply Chain Netw.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 5
144 PART II + Designing the Supply Chain Network
Travel Costs ($)
State Los Angeles Tulsa Denver Seattle Number
of Trips
Washington 150 250 200 25
40
Oregon 150 250 200 75
35
California 75 200 150 125
100
Idaho 150 200 125 125
25
Nevada 100 200 125 150
40
Montana 175 175 125 125
25
Wyoming 150 175 100 150
50
Utah 150 150 100 200
30
Arizona 75 200 100 250
50
Colorado 150 125 25 250
65
New Mexico 125 125 75 300
40
North Dakota 300 200 150 200
30
South Dakota 300 175 125 200
20
Nebraska 250 100 125 250
30
Kansas 250 75 75 300
40
;c Oklahoma 250 25 125 300 55
Each consultant is expected to take at most 25 trips each year.
(a) If there are no restrictions on the number of consultants at a site and the goal is to m
ini-
mize costs. where should the home offices be located and how many consultant
s should
be assigned to each office? What is the annual cost in terms of the facility and tr
avel?
(b) If, at most, 10 consultants are to be assigned to a home office, where should the
offices be set up? How many consultants should be assigned to each office?
What is
the annual cost of this network?
(c) What do you think of a rule by which all consulting projects out of a giv
en state are
assigned to one home office? How much is this policy likely to add to cost co
m-
pared to allowing multiple offices to handle a single state?
2. Dry lee, Inc., is a manufacturer of air conditioners that has seen its demand
grow significantly.
The company anticipates nationwide demand for the year 2006 to be 180,
000 units in the
South, 120,000 units in the Midwest, 110,000 units in the East, and 100,000 un
its in the West.
Managers at Dry lee are designing the manufacturing network and have selec
ted four poten-
tial sites-New York, Atlanta, Chicago, and San Diego. Plants could have a ca
pacity of either
200,000 or 400,000 units. The annual fixed costs at the four locations are sho
wn in Table 5-6,
New York Atlanta Chicago San Diego
Annual-fixed cost
of 200,000 plant $6 million $5.5 million $5.6 million
$6.1 million
Annual fixed cost
of 400,000 plant $10 million $9.2 million $9.3 million
$10.2 million
East $211 $232 $238
$299
South $232 $212 $230
$280
Midwest $240 $230 $215
$270
West $300 $280 $270
$225
-- ---
Chapter 5
Chapter 11
Chapter 13
Supply Chain Management
STRATEGY, PLANNING, AND OPERATION
F i f t h E d i t i o n
Sunil Chopra
Kellogg School of Management
Peter Meindl
Kepos Capital
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Editorial Director: Sally Yagan
Editor in Chief: Donna Battista
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Chuck Synovec
Editorial Project Manager: Mary Kate Murray
Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury
Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan ...
Chapter 5144 PART II + Designing the Supply Chain Netw.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5
144 PART II + Designing the Supply Chain Network
Travel Costs ($)
State Los Angeles Tulsa Denver Seattle Number
of Trips
Washington 150 250 200 25
40
Oregon 150 250 200 75
35
California 75 200 150 125
100
Idaho 150 200 125 125
25
Nevada 100 200 125 150
40
Montana 175 175 125 125
25
Wyoming 150 175 100 150
50
Utah 150 150 100 200
30
Arizona 75 200 100 250
50
Colorado 150 125 25 250
65
New Mexico 125 125 75 300
40
North Dakota 300 200 150 200
30
South Dakota 300 175 125 200
20
Nebraska 250 100 125 250
30
Kansas 250 75 75 300
40
;c Oklahoma 250 25 125 300 55
Each consultant is expected to take at most 25 trips each year.
(a) If there are no restrictions on the number of consultants at a site and the goal is to m
ini-
mize costs. where should the home offices be located and how many consultant
s should
be assigned to each office? What is the annual cost in terms of the facility and tr
avel?
(b) If, at most, 10 consultants are to be assigned to a home office, where should the
offices be set up? How many consultants should be assigned to each office?
What is
the annual cost of this network?
(c) What do you think of a rule by which all consulting projects out of a giv
en state are
assigned to one home office? How much is this policy likely to add to cost co
m-
pared to allowing multiple offices to handle a single state?
2. Dry lee, Inc., is a manufacturer of air conditioners that has seen its demand
grow significantly.
The company anticipates nationwide demand for the year 2006 to be 180,
000 units in the
South, 120,000 units in the Midwest, 110,000 units in the East, and 100,000 un
its in the West.
Managers at Dry lee are designing the manufacturing network and have selec
ted four poten-
tial sites-New York, Atlanta, Chicago, and San Diego. Plants could have a ca
pacity of either
200,000 or 400,000 units. The annual fixed costs at the four locations are sho
wn in Table 5-6,
New York Atlanta Chicago San Diego
Annual-fixed cost
of 200,000 plant $6 million $5.5 million $5.6 million
$6.1 million
Annual fixed cost
of 400,000 plant $10 million $9.2 million $9.3 million
$10.2 million
East $211 $232 $238
$299
South $232 $212 $230
$280
Midwest $240 $230 $215
$270
West $300 $280 $270
$225
-- ---
Chapter 5
Chapter 11
Chapter 13
Supply Chain Management
STRATEGY, PLANNING, AND OPERATION
F i f t h E d i t i o n
Sunil Chopra
Kellogg School of Management
Peter Meindl
Kepos Capital
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Editorial Director: Sally Yagan
Editor in Chief: Donna Battista
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Chuck Synovec
Editorial Project Manager: Mary Kate Murray
Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury
Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan.
Global Power Supply (GPS) is a full service provider of new and used power systems including new and used diesel generators, natural gas generators, custom genset enclosures, UPS power systems, automatic transfer switches (ATS), and electrical switchgear.
Benchmarking leading smart grid projects
Experts have discussed theoretical smart grid maturity models for over a decade. But until now utilities and other stakeholders had no way to benchmark their results globally. Ventyx and ABB selected international energy think-tank VaasaETT to develop the Smart Grid Global Impact Report, the first-ever global research into smart grid projects and their outcomes. The report focuses on a common set of smart grid goals –or five pillars–which deliver returns against some of the industry’s biggest challenges.
Looking for your next Cleared Career Opportunity?
Join us at the reStart Nationwide ALL-Clearances Virtual Career Fair on August 25th and engage with hiring managers and recruiters from some of the nation's leading defense contractors, all from the safety and comfort of your home or office. Accomplish what it would take weeks to do, ALL in one day at reStart!
reStart Nationwide Cleared Virtual Career Fair
Thursday, August 25th, 2022
2pm - 5pm est
Details & Registration: https://tinyurl.com/9apn5xp8
An Active Security Clearance IS Required For This Event
Companies Interviewing:
• Leidos
• Northrop Grumman
• Abacus Technology Corporation
• Accenture Federal Services
• ACT1
• Axient
• Booz Allen Hamilton
• Cognosante
• Defense Contract Management Agency
• Google
• JANUS Research
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
• LinQuest Corporation
• Oasis Systems
• Odyssey Systems
• Palo Alto Networks
• Raytheon Technologies
• Sabre Systems
Whether you are transitioning from the military or federal government, furloughed, actively seeking employment, your contract is coming to an end or window shopping and want to see what else is out there for you, This Is The Event For You!
Positions available include: Software Engineers, Help Desk, Web Developers, Budget Analysts, Program / Project Managers, Cyber CounterIntelligence Specialists, Storage Engineers, Business Analytics, Systems Engineers, SharePoint Developer, Reverse Engineers, Intelligence Analysts, Network Engineers, CNO Analysts, Penetration Testers, JAVA Programmers, Cloud Engineer, Information Systems Security, Administrative Assistants, Network Admins, Linguists, Full Stack Developers, LINUX Systems Admins and much more....
This event will be accessible to job seeking professionals from coast to coast and will offer Cleared career opportunities both CONUS & OCONUS.
Please share this unprecedented event with ALL your Security Cleared friends and colleagues.
Looking forward to having you join us online on August 25th
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
9. We put the now in
Knowledge
And it’s what we used to develop dobleARMS™, an asset risk management system that
intelligently combines your on-line and off-line data sources along with risk factors like
load, cost and interruptions. dobleARMS™ analyzes this complex set of information
and gives you a clear, simple dashboard view into the health of your system.
Knowledge. It’s what helps you make the next right
decision about your critical assets.
Helping you make informed decisions. Right now.
See data in action: Let us show you how dobleARMS™ can help you make the next right
decision. Gain immediate valuable insights into asset health.
Request a dobleARMS™ demo today.
www.doble.com/td2014arms
10. February 2014 | www.tdworld.com2
Vol. 66 No. 2
CONTENTS
COVER
STORY
FEBRUARY2014
™
30
36
42
48
52
Desert Transmission
Southern California Edison combines technology and teamwork to
meet challenging environmental requirements on the Eldorado-Ivanpah
Transmission Project.
By Roger Schultz and Jerry Silva, Southern California Edison,
and Bill Hanna, POWER Engineers Inc.
Where Are the Crews?
Iberdrola USA implements a Web-based solution to streamline
work processes.
By Kerri Foster and Joe Purington, Central Maine Power
Proofing the Ground Grid
Injection current tests enable New Zealand utility to demonstrate
compliance with statutory regulations and safety requirements.
By Rodger Griffiths, Westpower Ltd.
Pipe-Type Cable Gets Einstein Treatment
PEPCO uses real-time thermal rating to enhance power-transfer
capabilities with better monitoring and control.
By Christopher W. Schnetzler, William A. Lopez and Mousa Hejazi,
Potomac Electric Power Co., and Earle C. Bascom III, Electrical Consulting
Engineers, P.C.
AEP Visualizes the Future of the Grid
New technology supports a massive data analysis project that
will provide direction for future smart grid expansions.
By Brian Schell, American Electric Power
TVA Pushes More Power Down the Corridor
Tennessee Valley Authority accomplishes a line uprating and avoids
clearance issues on a 500-kV transmission line with a high-capacity
conductor.
By Jeffery L. Phillips, Tennessee Valley Authority
36
42
30
11. AD_05_005_E
ENDURING PRODUCTS PEOPLE
YOU CAN DEPEND ON
hubbellpowersystems.com
When you’ve been around as long as us, you become pretty familiar with the expectations
and demands of the industry. We have 125 years of experience built into our Anderson™
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services. We don’t just stand for quality. We stand the test of time.
For more information visit hubbellpowersystems.com/applications/substation/.
125 YEARSAND WE’VE STILL GOT IT
12. 4 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
8
10
14
18
20
57
64
60
63
Departments
GLOBALViewpoint
I Love Family. Through the inevitable ups and downs of our lives, it’s family
— the professional friends who make up our work family — we count on.
By Rick Bush, Editorial Director
BUSINESSDevelopments
● East and West Coasts Experience Largest Power Price Increases in 2013
● Siemens and Iberdrola Plan Smart Grid Alliance for the Middle East
● European Union Predicted to Miss Climate Targets
TECHNOLOGYUpdates
● NYC Program Grows 70% and Creates Energy-Conscious Customers
● Milsoft and FieldWorker Complete Interoperability Testing
● Omnisens Monitors Cable Temperature at Sheringham Shoal Wind Farm
INDUSTRYReport
Partnership: The Key to Solar Growth. By working together, the solar
industry and electric utilities can help to grow the solar market.
By Julia Hamm, Solar Electric Power Association
CHARACTERSwithCharacter
Making Knowledge Work. Dan Patel of Southern Company Services is
putting knowledge to use by creating software and carbon-remediation
technologies geared to electric utilities.
By James R. Dukart, Contributing Writer
PRODUCTSServices
● Storm Damage Assessment Software
● PMU Calibration System
● Cable Fault Pinpointer
STRAIGHTTalk
Resilient Grid Tops Agenda. The NARUC is initiating a dialogue over how
best to assess resilience investments intended to keep the lights and to
help the electricity system better withstand massive storms, catastrophic
manmade events and other disruptions.
By Colette Honorable, National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners
In Every Issue
ClassifiedADVERTISING
ADVERTISINGIndex
CONTENTS
ABOUT OUR COVER:
Mid-Columbia
$37.53/MWh
64%
MISO Illinois Hub
$35.79/MWh
12%
PJM West
13%
Mass Hub
57%
NYISO Zone J
$62.70/MWh
34%
Into Southern
$34.83/MWh
16%
ERCOT Houston Zone
$38.27/MWh
8%
Palo Verde
$37.66/MWh
27%
CAISO NP15
$43.97/MWh
37%
$65.24/MWh
$45.21/MWh
Average wholesale electricity prices
at major trading locations, 2013 level
and percent change from 2012
14
20
10
57
16. February 2014 | www.tdworld.com8
GLOBALViewpoint
I Love Family
W
e’ve had our ups and downs. You know how it is with
family. We fight. We squabble. We say what we wish
we hadn’t said. We don’t say what we wish we would
have said. We all have relatives with that innate ability to get
under the skin. We would prefer not to care, but darn it, we
do. But then, when we find ourselves in a bind, what do you
do? We call family.
I lost a really close friend when Shan Nandi died. And I
do hold it against him, leaving me, that is. Shan and I were
brothers in technology as we both specialized in “thermal rat-
ings.” Every time I saw Shan, I would break into a big grin.
Shan fought the same engineering battles at Commonwealth
Edison that I fought at Georgia Power. But we weren’t fighting
against, we were fighting for. We were fighting to see technical
advances take hold in our industry. And for the most part, they
did. Shan, you were one class brother in the TD tribe.
And I lost another really close friend in Doug Stazesky.
Doug had survived for several years after he being diagnosed
with brain cancer, but he was fading. He had the decency to
call me, and I was able to go see him a week before he died. I
miss you Doug, and I continue to sing “I’m a Rambling Wreck
from Georgia Tech” in your honor.
I love this industry. I love what we stand for. I love what we
deliver. I love how we deliver it. I love that we care about our
customers and that we care about each other.
I’m guessing that somewhere along the road, someone
reached down and gave you the helping hand that launched
you in your career. Mack Martin was the guy who invested in
me. Now those of you who know Mack know he is a little crusty,
but he is also honest and driven and demanding.
I hated it when Mack came back from his business trips be-
cause he would dump all sorts of work on me. But I always had
an answer as to why I couldn’t get the work done by the time
Mack wanted it, so he started calling me “but but.” Now I know
a lot of people in power companies have nicknames worse
than mine, but I really hated that nickname. So I decided to
do something about it; I decided to “just say yes.” Mack, thanks
for a lesson that will last a lifetime. And thank you for the op-
portunities you provided me to contribute to the writing of
IEEE standards.
Now Dave Silver was another real influence in my life. He
was a vice president with then General Cable. I was a southern
Catholic boy, and Dave was a northern Jewish man. He loved
sharing his wisdom, even more than most of us loved hearing
it. But he was really sharp. From Dave, I picked up a love for all
things underground. I also learned from him that persistence
is at the root of overcoming.
I also loved working with so many of the great program
and project managers at EPRI. A more quirky batch of folk
would be hard to assemble at any one location. The work we
did truly changed the future of our industry. Today’s advances
in underground cable installation techniques and dynamic
overhead line ratings can be attributed to two class project
managers: Tom Rodenbaugh and Vito Longo.
I left Georgia Power in my early 40s, the consequence of
taking a voluntary severance package. That was the hardest
decision I have ever made in my professional life. That was
back in 1994 when we looked upon our companies with great
loyalty and esteem. In fact, we had even personalized our com-
pany by calling it “Uncle George.”
Fortunately, we work in an industry of second chances. As
a part of the severance package, Georgia Power paid to have
my thoughts remolded at a career counseling company in
Atlanta. There my new found cousin (not genetically related)
Pat Williams took me on as a project. We jointly discovered
that I had one strong management skill — vision — and one
strong creative skill — writing.
So when Earl Hazan, an editor at TD World, called and
asked if I would like to be his boss, those words — vision and
writing — popped into my brain and a new career was borne.
Arriving with plenty of experiences and contacts, this job
at TD World has proven to be a good fit for me and a perfect
venue for maintaining old friends while meeting new mem-
bers of the power-delivery family.
At 61 years of age, I keep close tabs on lifelong friends Bill
Herdegen (Connecticut Light Power), Jim Greer (Oncor)
and Gordon Matthews (Bonneville Power Administration). I
have another set of compadres at engineering firms, class guys
including Lee Willis, Dale Douglass, Bill Eisenger, John Rector
and Mike Beehler. And I also have friends in the making, in-
cluding Mehrdod Mohseni (Alstom) and Hamid Jaffari (Town
of Danvers, Massachusetts); it’s like I already knew them before
I met them. And I can’t forget Ellen Krohne who invited me
up to Illinois Power to experience one of the first integrated
distribution management systems in the country. Ellen knows
how to be a friend. She always she takes time to call or write.
If given a choice, we work with people we like and trust. I
am so blessed to work in an industry filled with caliber people
whom I call family.
Editorial Director
17. Consulting • Engineering • Construction • Operation I www.bv.com
Substations continue to get smarter.
Our clients depend on us to creatively apply advanced
technology to all types of substation projects including
gas-insulated and outdoor air-insulated facilities. From
planning through construction, Black Veatch offers
flexible, proven solutions regardless of project size or
technology. Our experience deploying both physical and
digital infrastructure provides a more efficient, secure
and intelligent result every time.
We’re building a world of difference. Together.
Visit bv.com/transmission
to learn more.
Efficient
Effective
18. February 2014 | www.tdworld.com10
Mid-Columbia
$37.53/MWh
64%
MISO Illinois Hub
$35.79/MWh
12%
PJM West
13%
Mass Hub
57%
NYISO Zone J
$62.70/MWh
34%
Into Southern
$34.83/MWh
16%
ERCOT Houston Zone
$38.27/MWh
8%
Palo Verde
$37.66/MWh
27%
CAISO NP15
$43.97/MWh
37%
$65.24/MWh
$45.21/MWh
Average wholesale electricity prices at major trading
locations, 2013 level and percent change from 2012.
Courtesy of the U.S. Energy Information Adminstration.
BUSINESSDevelopments
East and West Coasts Experience
Largest Power Price Increases in 2013
Wholesale, on-peak electricity prices were up across the United States from 2012
to 2013, driven largely by increases in spot natural gas prices. Percentage increases
in power prices were highest in the Pacific Northwest and New England, based on
regional supply and demand issues in those markets.
Electricity in the Pacific Northwest is typically among the least expensive in the
nation because of the regional concentration of hydroelectric generation, which
has a very low operating cost. The spring of 2013 was drier than the previous two
springs in the Pacific Northwest, which kept
wholesale power prices in the re-
gion from dropping to the levels
seen in 2012. Colder-than-normal
temperatures in December led to
short-term spikes in both the nat-
ural gas and power markets in the
region. About 5% of the increase
in wholesale power prices between
2012 and 2013 is attributable to the
December price spike.
In New England, cold weather
taxed the already strained natural
gas pipeline infrastructure, leading
to day-ahead power prices in excess of $200 per MWh in January and February 2013.
Cold weather in late November and early December led to a second spike in both the
natural gas and power markets in New England.
Elsewhere, a cooler-than-normal August kept power prices low in Texas in 2013,
the area with the lowest increase in average wholesale, on-peak electric power prices
compared to 2012. Most of the other wholesale power markets in the country had
higher electricity prices in 2013 as natural gas prices generally increased from the
sub-$3 per million British thermal unit levels of April 2012. For example, the power
price at PJM West in the Mid-Atlantic region increased 14% while the natural gas
price in that region (Transco Leidy Hub) increased 11%.
For more information, visit www.eia.gov.
European Union
Predicted to Miss
Climate Targets
The European Commission’s “EU
Energy, Transport and GHG Emissions
Trends to 2050,” published on the com-
mission’s website, shows that on the basis
of current policies, the European Union
(EU) will fail to meet its 2050 commit-
ment of 80% to 95% greenhouse-gas
(GHG) emission reductions.
The European Commission’s latest
reference scenario, based on current
trends and adopted policies, shows that
EU GHG emissions would fall by 24% in
2020, but by just 44% in 2050 (compared
to 1990 levels), with energy import de-
pendency increasing during the period
to almost 57%.
“With the EU’s power sector expect-
ed to be still pumping out almost 400
million tonnes of CO2
annually by 2050,
and the EU in an even worse energy
security situation, an ambitious 2030
climate and energy framework, with
targets for renewable energy and GHG
reductions, is more critical than ever.
Without such targets, energy security
and a zero-carbon power sector will be
impossible,” said Justin Wilkes, deputy
CEO of the European Wind Energy
Association’s.
The scenario shows that even under
current trends and policies, more wind-
power capacity will be installed over the
next 20 years than any other generating
technology — accounting for 37% of
new installations — with the result that
wind energy will be the leading generat-
ing technology in Europe by 2040.
“The European Commission’s sce-
nario highlights a positive medium- and
long-term outlook for the wind industry.
However, a sharp decline in new installa-
tions of wind power from 2021 onwards
of 27% highlights the vital importance
of a long-term stable regulatory frame-
work for the sector, underpinned by a
2030 renewable energy target,” contin-
ued Wilkes.
Wind and other renewables together
account for 59% of all new electricity
generating installations over the 20-year
period to 2035 in the European Com-
mission’s scenario.
Visit www.ewea.org.
Siemens and Iberdrola Plan Strategic
Smart Grid Alliance for the Middle East
The Smart Grid Division of Siemens and the Spanish utility Iberdrola have signed
a memorandum of understanding stating their intention to negotiate a contract for
a strategic alliance, through which they plan to develop smart grid technologies for
Qatar and the entire Middle East.
Areas in which the partners hope to cooperate include the integration of energy
from renewable sources into smart grids. In addition, both parties intend to develop
systems designed to balance the supply and demand for energy (demand response
management). Such a balance not only ensures network stability but helps utilities by
eliminating the need to draw on expensive peak-load power plants. The two parties
also plan to cooperate in monitoring and controlling of the distribution grids. Here,
new technologies allow for an improved integration of outage management and an
advanced level of grid automation. This enables utilities to operate their grids more
reliably and more efficiently.
For more information, visit www.siemens.com and www.iberdrola.es.
19. NECA IBEW
Your Quality Connection
F o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n : w w w . n l m c c . o r g O n l i n e v i d e o m a g a z i n e : w w w. e l e c t r i c t v. n e t
Do you need
something
done up here?
We’re the ones
that will do it.
You want qualified contractors
who employ skilled, safe
electrical linemen.
We at NECA IBEW have
significantly increased the
number of apprentices in
lineman training.
When you need help,
we’re the answer.
Find us at the sites below.
20. February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
BUSINESSDevelopments
12
EIB Loans Prysmian Group 100 Million Euros for RD in Europe
Letter to the Editor
Thank you so much for your shout out to Jim Lusby
in the January 2014 issue of TD World. Jim was my first
project engineer at Black Veatch. I learned so much
about substation design from him. More importantly, he
taught me how to be a consulting engineer who always
produces the best quality work and is attentive to the needs
of our clients. The other project teams referred to us as the
“Lusbyians.” Not everybody wanted to be one. You had
to work hard because he never said no to a client, and you
had to be a little thick-skinned because he was passionate
about producing superb quality work. I truly believe that
the successes I have achieved and the challenges that I
have overcome in my career would not have been possible
without being a Lusbyian.
Regards,
Jeff Camden, Director of Engineering
Transmission and Distribution Services, Burns McDonnell
Plainfield Renewable Energy Project Commercially Operational
The Plainfield Renewable Energy project in Plainfield,
Connecticut, U.S., has reached substantial completion under
the terms of the facility’s engineer, procure and construct con-
tract. The facility has met all conditions to qualify as an ISO
New England (ISO-NE) market asset and achieved commer-
cial operation under the terms of its interconnect agreement
with ISO-NE. The commercially operational plant also has
met the eligibility requirements under the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act for a 1603 cash grant.
As one of the only Class 1 renewable biomass plants in the
state, the facility will power the equivalent of 37,000 homes us-
ing a variety of fuel sources, such as wood from construction
and demolition debris, recycled wood pallets and land-clear-
ing materials. Connecticut Light Power will purchase 80%
of the power from the plant under a 15-year off-take agree-
ment, based on the plant’s status as a renewable power source.
Leidos, an engineering, national security and health solu-
tions company, will operate the plant and commence market-
ing efforts to sell the facility to renewable power plant inves-
tors in an effort to maximize the investment for shareholders.
For more information, visit www.Leidos.com.
The Plainfield Renewable Energy project creates a beneficial reuse
for construction debris by turning it into energy.
Integrys to Sell Michigan Utility
Integrys Energy Group has agreed to sell its Upper Penin-
sula Power Co. (UPPCO) utility subsidiary for US$299 million
to Balfour Beatty Infrastructure Partners (BBIP), a British in-
vestment fund. UPPCO provides power to about 52,000 resi-
dential, CI customers in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.
While keeping UPPCO’s ownership stake in American
Transmission Co., Integrys will provide certain services to
BBIP to ease the transition. BBIP plans to own UPPCO for the
long run, reaping the steady returns available to utility owners.
For Integrys, the utility holding company sheds a small part of
its utility subsidiaries, which will bolster its remaining assets.
Integrys Chairman and CEO Charles Schrock said, “The
proceeds will substantially reduce the need to issue new equity
to fund generation and infrastructure requirements at our
other regulated utilities.”
Integrys has announced plans to invest $40 million to $50
million annually in a residential and commercial solar fund.
For more information, visit www.integrysgroup.com.
The European Investment Bank (EIB) and Prysmian
Group announce a 100 million euro loan to fund the Eu-
ropean research and development (RD) program of the
group from 2013-2016. The loan represents about 50% of the
planned investment expenditure in Europe during the period
concerned. The Prysmian Group’s global budget for RD over
the four-year period is 300 million euros.
The EIB loan is intended to support projects developed in
the group’s RD centers in six countries: France, Great Brit-
ain, Holland, Spain, Germany and Italy. Italy, which is due
to receive a significant share of the funding, is home to the
group’s RD headquarters as well as to several centers of man-
ufacturing excellence for optical fiber and power transmission
cables and submarine systems.
The EIB loan will be used in particular for three initiatives:
• Industrial research into innovative materials using nano-
technology, network monitoring and management systems,
optimization of cable design to reduce electrical losses and
optical cables for use in electricity distribution networks
• Innovation and experimentation on using alternative ma-
terials for cable design and optimizing product projects
• Product development of underground and submarine
power transmission cables and systems, high-voltage P-Laser
cables, cables for the renewable energy sector, high-perfor-
mance optical fiber, cables for fiber-to-the-home and fiber-to-
the-antenna applications, and connectivity and development
of smart cables and systems for monitoring and management.
For more information, visit prysmiangroup.com.
22. February 2014 | www.tdworld.com14
TECHNOLOGYUpdates
Omnisens Monitors
Cable Temperature
at Sheringham Shoal
Wind Farm
Long-distance power cable monitor-
ing specialist, Omnisens was selected to
monitor the export cables at Shering-
ham Shoal Wind Farm. The two 132-kV
cables monitored join the offshore sub-
stations to the Sheringham Shoal Salle
substation, which houses the Omnisens
DITEST interrogator.
Fiber-optic cables integrated into the
power cables are used to provide contin-
uous temperature monitoring, detect-
ing small temperature changes to within
a few meters along the whole length of
the cables, both for the 21-km (13-mile)
cable onshore and for the two offshore
cables (21 km and 23 km [13 mile and
14 mile]). From the cable temperature,
various changes in the cable’s condition
can be inferred. These include changes
in burial depth or sand cover as well as
breakdown of insulation due to damage.
The 317-MW Sheringham Shoal
Offshore Wind Farm, owned equally by
Statoil and Statkraft through joint-ven-
ture company Scira Offshore Energy, is
located 20 km (12 miles) off the Norfolk,
U.K., coast and began generating in 2011.
Using fiber-optic-based Brillouin sensing
together with highly qualified, dedicated
application, commissioning and custom-
er service teams, Omnisens offers con-
tinuous, reliable monitoring of onshore
and subsea power cables and umbilicals.
To learn more, visit www.scira.co.uk
and www.omnisens.com.
NYC Program Grows 70% and
Creates Energy-Conscious Customers
ThinkEco partnered with Consolidated Edison of New York to launch coolNYC
in the summer of 2011. Now in its fourth year, coolNYC aims to provide a simple and
scalable solution to tackle one of the summer’s leading energy hogs in New York
City: room air conditioners. Participants typically own between one and five room
air conditioner units and are given a smartAC Kit for each AC unit. coolNYC’s mix
of technology, marketing, operational efficiencies and proactive customer engage-
ment appealed to New Yorkers, creating an involved and vibrant user base commit-
ted to reducing energy use.
As part of its outreach efforts, coolNYC worked with local environmental groups
to inform their members about the program, coordinated community events in
specific neighborhoods and marketed directly to utility customers with targeted e-
mails, resulting in a 31% oversubscription rate. coolNYC also re-engaged existing
customers and maintained high retention rates through e-mail outreach during the
winter months and free equipment upgrades. E-mail marketing campaigns had an
open rate of 41%, well above the industry average.
In 2013, program managers successfully enrolled and managed 6.9 MW of total
load, and achieved a 22% reduction in average demand across demand-response
events. The coolNYC program achieved targeted deployment of smartAC kits to the
high-load pockets in NYC’s five boroughs. The coolNYC’s online enrollment process
is followed by an efficient fulfillment and package distribution process.
The ThinkEco smartAC kit was designed as a self-installable consumer electron-
ics technology, therefore keeping program startup costs down significantly. The
progam’s staff provides 24/7 customer support as well as a comprehensive online
self-help center, which includes videos and FAQs. The coolNYC program ended the
year with a very high customer service rating (91%) and will net out with a demand-
response readiness rate of 70%.
In addition to peak-shaving calculations, different types of load analyses were
conducted on the big data collected through a real-time cloud platform. In 2013,
ThinkEco segmented the coolNYC population into groups to better understand
room air conditioner usage and end-customer opt-out patterns. Through this analy-
sis, coolNYC targeted different populations with different demand-response strate-
gies, leading to improved participation and overall program performance.
For more information, visit www.thinkecoinc.com.
Milsoft and FieldWorker Complete Testing
Milsoft Utility Solutions Inc., Milsoft Utility Solutions and FieldWorker Products
Ltd. have successfully passed interoperability tests for the interface between Milsoft’s
engineering and operations (EO) system, including its outage management sys-
tem (OMS), and FieldWorker’s custom enterprise mobility solutions in compliance
with the MultiSpeak 3.0 standard.
The interoperability enables a utility’s workers in the field to obtain information
about all current service outages on their mobile devices without an active server net-
work connection. They also can update outage cause codes as well as close/restore
an outage from the field without having to contact the dispatcher. The FieldWorker
mobile solutions automatically acquire outage information and update Milsoft OMS
through the MultiSpeak Web service method by periodically calling the Milsoft EO
system Web server. This is consistent with Milsoft and Fieldworker’s shared goal of
enabling their users to do their jobs more easily, effectively and efficiently.
For more information, visit www.milsoft.com.
23.
24. February 2014 | www.tdworld.com16
TECHNOLOGYUpdates
Ventev Solves Backup Battery Challenge
The vulnerability of backup batteries in radio-signal extenders has plagued large
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems for years. Critical power
backup systems must be ready if commercial power fails and no one knows that bet-
ter than Bob Cheney, team leader for Power Delivery Test Lab at Southern Company.
With 4.4 million customers, Southern Company is the premier energy company serv-
ing the Southeast United States through its subsidiaries Georgia Power, Alabama
Power, Mississippi Power and Gulf Power.
“I had not been able to find anything already on the market that would test the
backup battery and send reports back to me,” explains Cheney. “The whole system
can go down because a little $30 battery dies. I needed something that would be able
to tell me the battery is good or the battery is bad.”
Southern turned to Ventev Wireless Infrastructure to develop a custom solution.
They started with Ventev’s radio-specific Outdoor Wireless Enclosure containing
ample power for two radios, radio interface and environmental protection. The de-
sign accommodates components such as networking equipment, power-conversion
equipment, cable grounding and lightning protection, and they can be installed in
the Ventev factory prior to deployment. Working with Cheney’s “wish list,” Ventev
engineers designed and manufactured a new product — the Battery Test Remote
Monitor (BTRM) — to perform automatic battery load tests and then send alerts via
SNMP, text or e-mail using Ethernet or DNP3 communications protocols.
“Ventev did what no one else had been able to do,” says Cheney. “They created an
enclosure that can let me know the health of the backup battery in every enclosure.”
Southern has ordered 400 Ventev enclosures, 100 with BTRM, to date with plans
to deploy more, and has doubled the size of its SCADA system over the past three
years to nearly 5,000 devices. Now Ventev is making the product available to other
utilities, and oil and gas companies.
For more information, visit www.ventev.com/radiospecificsolutions.
Five Tips for Your Smart Grid Rollout
If you are a smaller utility, you are in an ideal position to leverage lessons
learned and avoid pitfalls from across the industry. Here are five critical success
factors unearthed at municipals and cooperatives that have delivered successful
smart grid implementations.
1. Laser focus on information technology. Most of the risk and work in rollouts
involves implementation of new systems, modification of legacy IT systems and
integrations across the enterprise.
2. Stay connected with community. Utilities have a tight bond with their
communities and their citizens. Regulators and management bodies like to have
city and county personnel engaged throughout the project lifecycle to reduce
the consequences that come from public misinformation. Customer engagement
starts on day one.
3. Plan to immerse yourself. The quality of professional implementation
services varies wildly, and some vendors need help in just implementing their own
solution, let alone integrating with new and legacy utility systems and processes.
4. Have processes on the ready. Most utility business processes will change
with the introduction of smart metering and smart grid capabilities. It is essential
for the utility to understand and document existing processes before starting the
transformation to avoid gaps and ensure utility unique business considerations are
addressed.
5. Be security conscious. Cybersecurity design should be a central element
of a smart grid project. The convergence of the information and communications
infrastructure with the electric grid introduces new security and privacy-related
challenges as well as opportunities to increase the reliability of the power system.
25.
26. February 2014 | www.tdworld.com18
What Can the U.S. Learn from Germany?
We are designing opportunities for the two industries to
engage and learn from others. In September, SEPA will lead
a fact-finding mission of energy executives — from utilities as
well as the renewable industry — to Germany to explore not
just the state of solar but the overall energy transition under-
way in Germany and much of Europe. We will seek to better
understand the factors behind recent changes in the cost and
nature of the delivery of power and the reports of severe chal-
lenges facing utilities as a result.
Germany has led the world in the development of solar. It is
also committed to ambitious carbon-emission reduction goals
at the same time that it is curtailing nuclear power generation.
Will its plans and policies ensure that future supplies of elec-
tricity will be low in emissions, safe and secure, always avail-
able at the flick of a switch and kept affordable to all? What les-
sons can we learn from Germany that can positively influence
plans for an energy transition in the United States?
Adapting to Changes
As the electric utility business heads into historic, perhaps
revolutionary change, it could benefit from becoming more
entrepreneurial, more agile and more open to change. Just
as some telephone companies have been able to adapt to the
changes in technology, electric utilities also must look for ways
to adapt, change and evolve.
As solar companies work to stabilize their businesses for
growth, they may do well to look at how solar needs to be part
of a sustainable, long-term and complete provider of reliable
energy, and to become more like a utility.
In turn, utilities need to try to view the solar industry not
as a competitor but as a partner. For example, if a utility works
with local solar installers on a new rooftop solar service, they
can lower the cost of solar to their customers, maintain their
relationship with them, minimize the loss of revenue and avoid
the challenge of increasing costs for the non-solar customers.
In the future, we expect that more utilities will see solar
power as an important part of their companies’ future. By
working together, we can help increase the use of this clean,
easily scalable energy resource for homes and businesses
worldwide.
Julia Hamm (jhamm@solarelectricpower.org) is the president
and CEO of the Solar Electric Power Association, a national
education and research non-profit that helps its utility members
make smart solar decisions.
INDUSTRYReport
Partnership: The Key to Solar Growth
By Julia Hamm, Solar Electric Power Association
S
olar may still contribute less than 1% of our nation’s
power, but the signs of much bigger change are unavoid-
able. The year 2013 may be remembered as the year that
solar really came into its own.
The solar industry is in a time of transition, and utilities are
actively questioning long-held assumptions and seeking an-
swers. For example, utilities are searching for resources they
can count on and generation they can manage around the
clock. Also, while they may look to solar to help meet peak de-
mand and cut back on expensive peak generation, right now,
we are in a transition and questions may outnumber answers.
Increasing the Solar Market
Two years ago, I envisioned a shift from 1% solar in 2011 to
30% in 2031. It would take more than just a single silver bullet
to create this change, however. Rather, it would have to come
about as a result of a myriad of factors, including a change in
the national energy policy, utility regulation and a continued
fall in solar prices. In addition, we needed the advent of af-
fordable storage, and the evolution of an advanced grid and
sophisticated energy management.
As we enter 2014, a new national Energy Policy Act is not on
the horizon. Nevertheless, the market for solar is accelerating
as prices fall and new business models emerge, bringing solar
within reach of more and more customers.
Working Together
We are just at the beginning of figuring out how to mea-
sure and fairly assign the costs and benefits of solar as well as
the costs and benefits of grid infrastructure in a world that
includes significant distributed resources. For solar, and its
future as an increasingly important part of the electricity mix,
it will take measures of adaption, innovation and compromise.
At the Solar Electric Power Association (SEPA), we oper-
ate at an interesting and rather complex congruence of all the
market forces. Roughly half of our membership is utilities, and
half are engaged in some aspect of the business of generat-
ing and delivering solar products and services. On the surface,
the basic business models could not be more different. We
have, on the one hand, pragmatic utilities operating in highly
structured environments, saddled with complex requirements
and restraints. On the other hand, solar companies tend to
be highly entrepreneurial in nature, fast-moving and highly
responsive to market and customer shifts, trying to survive
through boom-and-bust cycles. There is a lot that each of the
two parts of our membership could learn from one another.
28. 20 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
CHARACTERSwithCharacter
Making Knowledge Work
Dan Patel,
Southern Company Services
By James R. Dukart, Contributing Writer
T
he drive behind Dan Patel’s personal life and profes-
sional life can be summed up in the motto of his under-
graduate university: Making Knowledge Work.
Patel is a principal engineer for the technical services
group of Engineering and Construction Services at Southern
Company Services in Birmingham, Alabama, U.S. His drive
to apply knowledge to practical issues and result in applicable
products and services, though, started more than 50 years ago
as a child, born in the state of Gujarat, India, to a father who
worked with village water supply equipment.
Patel called Gujarat, in northwest India bordering Paki-
stan, home until the age of 9, at which point he and his family
moved to England, near the English industrial hub of Birming-
ham. He went on to obtain a chemical engineering degree
from the University of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England,
home to the motto “Making Knowledge Work,” which he ap-
pears to have taken to heart, continuing to do so some 35 years
later in a new Birmingham — this one in Alabama. Patel is still
working in water supply technology, only now as an inventor
and creator of software and carbon-remediation technologies
geared to electric utilities.
In the early 1990s, Patel developed new — at the time —
software to help utilities track groundwater quality status and
monitor potential contamination issues surrounding facilities.
“We are like an in-house consulting company for the South-
ern plants,” Patel explains. “They [the plants] need to measure
wastewater elements like mercury and arsenic, and make sure
we have good data for all permit requirements. So, that’s why I
developed the software called MANAGES.”
The MANAGES software suite Patel developed for South-
ern is now used by many EPRI members to track data at other
plants across the country. In 2010, an update that includes spe-
cial allowances for the tracking and analysis of groundwater at
nuclear plants was released.
Another way Patel is aiming to put knowledge to use is
through new methods of carbon sequestration. As Patel ex-
plains, the challenge many utilities face today is how to remove
large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2
) released as a byprod-
uct of power generation, specifically at coal-fired plants but
even at newer natural gas-driven generation sites. His answer
is patent-pending technology that allows carbon producers to
inject CO2
directly into saline acquifiers, which, he says, are far
more prevalent and in fact safer than traditional injection into
the surrounding ground.
“Right now people are struggling,” Patel notes. “They are
trying to inject CO2
into the ground, but there are seismic
risks and risks of contaminating shallow water. What we do
is change the form of the CO2
, so that it is a different form
of the chemical. This will be applicable to anywhere the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency is going to require carbon
capture.”
In addition to fossil fuel power plants, Patel mentions ce-
ment manufacturing as a high carbon-emitting industry.
Patel alludes to both physical and “mental” travel as ways
to spark one’s intellectual creativity as well as find practical
applications of knowledge.
“As a chemical engineer in this field [electrical power gen-
eration], I’ve been able to move around in a lot of ways,” he
starts. “It’s almost like it is better not to be a specialist to come
at something from outside the box. That is what I try to do, to
look at things from the outside and find a solution that can
work.”
As a triple citizen — yes, you read that right — Patel has
done his fair share of world travel from boyhood in India to
young adulthood and university study in Britain, to graduate
and professional work in the United States. And he continues
to travel when he can, preferably with his wife and family, last
on an Alaskan cruise that featured dog-sledding on one gla-
cier and a helicopter ride over another. Patel is considered an
“overseas citizen” by India because he was born there, and he
retained his British citizenship when granted American citi-
zenship as a young adult.
His move to United States in 1980 was, he adds, anything
but a long-planned or carefully engineered move.
“My uncle from Louisiana was visiting in Britain, and said
he thought there might be better opportunities for young en-
gineers here than there,” Patel recalls. “So, I took him up on
that and went to live with him in Louisiana and attended Loui-
siana Tech.”
Patel did a lot of odd jobs in those years, everything from
running a motel business in Oklahoma to managing a gas sta-
tion in Mississippi.
“I was learning all about the American culture, the weather,
the language, the customs,” he notes. “It was a period of transi-
tion and getting up to speed, of gathering knowledge.”
In other words, pretty much what you’d expect from some-
one who has internalized and attempts to personify the Brad-
ford University motto.
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30. Desert
TransmissionSouthern California Edison combines technology
and teamwork to meet challenging environmental
requirements on the Eldorado-Ivanpah
Transmission Project.
By Roger Schultz and Jerry Silva, Southern California Edison, and Bill Hanna, POWER Engineers Inc.
A 35-mile double-circuit 220-kV transmission line was
installed as part of the Eldorado-Ivanpah Transmission
Project to accommodate power from new solar develop-
ments. Construction in this sensitive desert landscape
along the southeast California-Nevada border required
meeting strict environmental mandates.
31. S
everal abrupt mountain ranges surround the des-
ert landscapes of the Eldorado and Ivanpah valleys,
where aprons of sediment slope down to scrub brush
and several dry lake beds in the valley bottoms. This
fragile desert habitat along the California-Nevada, U.S., bor-
der is home to several protected species such as the desert
tortoise and presents numerous challenges that make it hard
even to contemplate a major transmission line through this
region.
However, the sun that shines in the Ivanpah Valley also is
ideal for new solar generation projects, with up to 1,400 MW
of solar development coming on-line over the next few years.
This new solar generation will help California utilities like
Southern California Edison (SCE) to meet the state’s ambi-
tious renewables portfolio standard, which requires 33% of
generation from renewable sources by 2020.
SCE’s existing transmission facilities, including a 35-mile
(56-km) single-circuit 115-kV transmission line, were inad-
equate for this anticipated development, which is how the
Eldorado-Ivanpah Transmission Project was born. The proj-
ect crossed lands managed by the Bureau of Land Manage-
ment, which required SCE to implement some of its most
aggressive and proactive environmental and safety programs
to date, encompassing environmental monitoring, training,
inspection and overall agency communication. All of this was
achieved under an accelerated 18-month project schedule to
meet a deadline for on-line generation testing of three new
solar partners’ solar-generation facilities.
The end result was a successful project that leveraged tech-
nology and teamwork to achieve project goals under a series
of demanding constraints. Using a state-of-the-art Web-based
platform known as POWER360 as a portal to access and in-
tegrate complex project data for quick decision making, the
team was able to achieve a collaborative approach with regu-
latory agencies that resulted in substantially quicker response
times than SCE typically has experienced, effective adjust-
ment of plans in the field to continue construction even dur-
ing heightened bird activity season, and significantly above-
average safety results. Taking these results to heart, SCE plans
to use similar approaches for future project development.
32. 24 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
PARTNERINGOutsourcing
Project Challenges
SCE filed an application for approval with the California
Public Utilities Commission in May 2009 and an initial ap-
plication with the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada
Strict dust control measures were implemented to avoid disruption of protected desert bighorn
sheep.
in April 2010. The Eldorado-Ivanpah
Transmission Project includes five ma-
jor components:
• A new 220/115-kV Ivanpah substa-
tion in San Bernardino County, Califor-
nia, just across from Primm, Nevada
• Replacement of an existing 115-kV
line with a 35-mile double-circuit 220-kV
line with optical ground wire cable
• Upgrades at the Eldorado substa-
tion near Boulder City, Nevada
• Construction of two alternate tele-
communications pathways as well as
other equipment to connect the project
to SCE’s existing telecommunications
system
• Installation of a total of 211 lattice
steel towers and 10 H-frame steel pole
structures.
SCE hired POWER Engineers to
design the new transmission line and
perform owner’s engineer/construc-
tion management services. The construction contract was
awarded to PAR Electrical Contractors in August 2012,
and SCE received notice to proceed from the California
and Nevada utility commissions the following month.
33. 25www.tdworld.com | February 2014
PARTNERINGOutsourcing
Small helicopters are used to fly in tools and personnel, set stringing dol-
lies and string conductor from structure to structure.
The team faced several significant challenges:
• SCE was issued a permit under the Endangered Species
Act that would allow up to two incidental takes of desert tor-
toise, a threatened species that is concentrated in the valley.
Other projects including solar plant construction had been
stopped as a result of too many takes, and regulatory agen-
cies limited SCE to no more than two takes because of con-
cerns that previous mitigation plans had not been restrictive
enough and additional construction could further harm the
species.
• Any bird nest — defined as two sticks on a structure or
ground — would stop all project activity within a specified
buffer under California’s interpretation of the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act.
• Use of helicopters to fly in preassembled lattice towers
would require consideration of dust control issues and poten-
tial disruption of protected desert bighorn sheep.
• Extensive watering and dust monitoring would be re-
quired in the two states’ water-restricted areas.
• Species previously thought to be nonexistent in the area
were found, including the Mojave green rattlesnake, which
is considered to be the most poisonous snake in the United
States, the burrowing owl and the American badger.
Bringing It All Together
The intensive effort to meet environmental requirements
FIND UNDERGROUND
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34. 26 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
PARTNERINGOutsourcing
Working from platforms known as spacer buggies, linemen install spacer dampers to prevent
subconductor contacts and to limit conductor vibration.
began right from the start, with a goal
of fostering a culture of strict compli-
ance, forward thinking and collabora-
tion with the regulatory agencies. The
first step was establishing the owner’s
engineer/construction manager as the
single point of contact for construction
as well as environmental procedures
and requirements. Other measures were
as follows:
• Mobilizing POWER’s Web-based
collaboration tool, called POWER360,
to enable sharing of daily project status,
geographic information system (GIS)-
linked bird nesting areas and bird buf-
fers, map-linked field pictures, detailed
reporting, and action items between
SCE, the regulatory agencies, PAR and
POWER
• Using PAR’s GPS-based helicopter
navigation system to automate the com-
munication of latitude and longitude
locations of nest locations and buffers
through GPX files — a common GPS
data format — to avoid disturbances
• Implementing rigorous procedures
35. 27www.tdworld.com | February 2014
PARTNERINGOutsourcing
and training to minimize impact to pro-
tected species, and to prevent any inju-
ries or fatalities to workers
• Creating a communications plan to
expedite responses to design requests
for information and project adjustments
as well as overall decision making
• Establishing a rapid-response re-
source committee to address field issues
related to monitoring, permitting, miti-
gation and compliance.
The result of all this planning and
coordination was readily apparent after
construction began in September 2012.
At any given time, approximately 100
environmental professionals were work-
ing on the project. Some were assigned
to crews to do a sweep of each work site
daily for sensitive plants and cacti, birds,
tortoises, owls and other protected spe-
cies in the proposed work sites. They
reported their findings to the lead envi-
ronmental person on site.
Spotters were assigned to large vehi-
cles where seeing over the hood to spot
any desert tortoises would be difficult.
The desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) is a common species found in the Mojave Desert region
of the Eldorado and Ivanpah valleys.
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36. 28 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
PARTNERINGOutsourcing
Detecting these tortoises can be hard, as they range in size
from a silver dollar up to 15 inches (25 mm up to 381 mm).
They also are the color and appearance of desert rocks. Any
violations, such as speeding, driving off designated corridors
or failing to look under parked vehicles before driving, would
be reported to the lead on site. Stand-downs or holds could be
called to deal with violations.
Monitors were assigned to look for bird nests or nesting be-
haviors. A rapid-response team was mobilized to report the
coordinates of any potential nest, log the nest on POWER360,
upload the location to working helicopters, send the location
and coordinates to construction crews, and immediately send
a request form to the regulatory agencies. PAR would submit
a workaround plan with drawings to POWER, which would
then send the request to SCE and, in turn, the agencies. The
agencies would review the request and return an answer with-
in 24 hours. Historically, on other similar projects, agency
response time was measured in number of days or weeks.
Special dust monitors watched for proper watering and
ensured excessive dust was not generated from vehicles and
equipment. Dust monitors attended a two-day class on detec-
tion and recognition methods.
The result of all that activity was no desert tortoises were in-
jured or killed during the project, construction never stopped
and the project stayed on schedule during the height of bird
activity season. General agency response time was reduced
from a 30- to 45-day range to a 3- to 5-day range, and a 24-hour
turnaround for bird nesting workarounds became the norm
using the POWER360 tool as the communications platform
for all parties.
Other Desert Obstacles
Challenges from the desert environment were not limited
to regulatory restrictions alone. There were several other
technical design and construction chal-
lenges. Soil conditions and topography
affected road construction, foundation
construction, tower assembly, conductor
stringing and work site access. Geologi-
cal conditions in the region included
alluvium fields, volcanic soils, sand, dry
lake beds and granite cliffs. The allu-
vium fields required large drill rigs to
lift larger stone.
Where volcanic soils existed or rock
fissures were common, a foundation
design known as a micropile was used.
Micropiles use special rods and grout
to anchor the foundation. They allow
for solid connections in areas where fis-
sures can grow and regular drill appli-
cation for steel-pole foundations is not
practical.
Vehicle traffic through McCullough
Pass is restricted, and installing struc-
tures is almost impossible and danger-
ous. PAR Electric used Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane helicopters
to fly in preassembled lattice towers. Smaller helicopters also
flew in tools and personnel, set stringing dollies and strung
conductor from structure to structure. Fueling sites had to be
predetermined and approved by the regulatory agencies.
On top of hills, in dry lake beds and within wash perim-
eters, straw wattles — tube-shaped erosion devices — were re-
quired around each 250-ft by 250-ft (76-m by 76-m) work area.
A number of off-road race events occurred during the proj-
ect, crossing the alignment, and requiring planning and coor-
dination to avoid public hazards and work stoppage.
Safety Under Control
The expedited work schedule also raised the possibility
that safety could be a challenge, but proactive planning facili-
tated management of this primary concern. POWER was as-
signed as the responsible safety coordinator on site, with SCE
as the safety lead. POWER established a safety incident deter-
rent team with representatives who could address all aspects of
the field work. The team’s primary mission was to be proactive
in heading off safety incidents by working with the contractor
safety team in evaluating safety challenges and ensuring cor-
rective action.
Field observers also were present on site, providing an ad-
ditional level of accountability. The result was a days away, re-
stricted and transferred (DART) rate of 1.52 per 659,964 man-
hours worked, which is significantly better than the national
industry average of 2.10 for similar work and man-hours.
Taking Teamwork to New Levels
The lesson that soon became apparent from this project is
that it is necessary to be proactive to get ahead of project con-
straints, particularly when it comes to meeting environmental
challenges that can slow or stop construction. Having a com-
A Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane helicopter flies in preassembled lattice towers.
37. 29www.tdworld.com | February 2014
PARTNERINGOutsourcing
prehensive daily picture of project status, sharing GIS-linked
project information and coordinating with field personnel
in real time have all become critical tools for project success.
Extensive preconstruction training and planning also are
necessities.
Having a single point of contact guiding the team through
environmental challenges and a state-of-the-art digital plat-
form that allows a single-source view of project information
for fast, informed decision making proved to be decisive in
achieving project goals. Regulatory agencies were integrated
into the construction process to an unprecedented extent.
They were given restricted access to the POWER360 site so
they could download bird nesting information and other proj-
ect details directly. The POWER360 site registered more than
1,500 hits in just one day, showing how extensively used it was
by both the internal team and external stakeholders.
What stands out about this overall effort is how SCE, PAR,
POWER and the regulatory agencies worked together success-
fully to address the steep environmental requirements and
challenges head-on.
Roger Schultz (roger.schultz@sce.com) is a senior project man-
ager for the Major Projects Organization’s northeast territory at
Southern California Edison Co., a publicly owned utility. Schultz
has 33 years of experience in the utility industry licensing, con-
structing and managing substation and transmission projects.
His current projects include Silver State South and Eldorado-
Ivanpah Transmission Project.
William Jerry Silva (jerry.silva@sce.com) is a senior project man-
ager for the Major Projects Organization’s northeast territory at
Southern California Edison Co. Silva has 31 years of experience
in the utility industry managing major licensing for substation
and transmission projects, and having served in key roles during
the energy crisis. His portfolio of projects includes the Kimball,
Triton and Leatherneck substations in addition to Silver State
South and Eldorado-Ivanpah Transmission Project. Silva has
been involved with all major local, state and federal licensing
permits for Eldorado-Ivanpah Transmission Project during the
last five years.
Bill Hanna (bill.hanna@powereng.com) is a senior project man-
ager for POWER Engineers Inc. He has 36 years of experience
in the utility and consulting sectors licensing, constructing and
managing substation and transmission projects. Hanna repre-
sented Southern California Edison Co. as its owner’s engineer
on the Eldorado-Ivanpah Transmission Project.
Companies mentioned:
California Public Utilities Commission
www.cpuc.ca.gov/environment/info/ene/ivanpah/ivanpah.html
PAR Electric | www.parelectric.com
POWER Engineers | www.powereng.com
Sikorsky | www.sikorsky.com
Southern California Edison | www.sce.com
38. 30 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
WORKFORCEManagement
Where Are the Crews?
Iberdrola USA implements a Web-based solution
to streamline work processes.
By Kerri Foster and Joe Purington, Central Maine Power
A
utomated crew management is a game changer for
the utility industry. Mobilizing and tracking crews
efficiently, capturing crew staffing and the time
crews worked, and playing it back after a storm has
passed — this is all data Iberdrola USA is collecting to bet-
ter gauge restoration costs and address information requests
from executive management and regulators.
Last fall, Central Maine Power Co., New York State Electric
Gas and Rochester Gas Electric began automating their
crew-management processes. These utilities, which are part of
Iberdrola USA, put in place Web-based software to give storm
managers and others access to a computer-generated board
for visually organizing and mobilizing crews required during
large power-restoration events. The new automated system
supports real-time distributed updating of crews by field su-
pervisors and dispatchers, and tracks crew status, including
contractors across each operating utility’s service territory.
Talk of automating the crew-management process began as
early as 2011. In the beginning, the goal was to manage storms
better. However, Iberdrola USA quickly realized a utility will
never be successful with a system during a storm if the technol-
ogy is not used day to day.
State of Practice
Before automating this process, mobilizing and deploying
crews for power restoration and reporting on their status was
largely a manual process that required significant time and ef-
fort to assemble and collate information from numerous sites.
Even on blue-sky days, tracking crew assignments and work
status requires the application of complex workplace rules
for a real-time picture of work. Often, the centerpiece for as-
sembling and reporting on blue-sky days as well as storm-crew
resources is a spreadsheet, a whiteboard (rather, typically doz-
ens of whiteboards spread across multiple service centers) or,
in rare cases, a homegrown storm-management system.
The homegrown software system in place at Central Maine
Power was not a Web-based application. It could not easily gen-
erate reports, for example, about the tree-trimming and line
resources on a property. The homegrown system could not dis-
play the number of linemen working at a local level, let alone
on an individual circuit. The best the system offered was a view
of in which divisions crews were working.
At Iberdrola’s operating utilities in New York, groups of
supervisors manually pieced together crews at local service
centers and handed this data over to dispatchers to match
it to their daily reporting location and availability for work.
At times, keeping count of crews could take more than 500
spreadsheets. Whether in Maine or New York, providing crew
deployment reports to regulators and executives during a ma-
jor event was a significant burden for personnel engaged in
managing the storm-restoration effort.
From Concept to Kickoff
Managing crews is complex. The utility industry must
juggle the maintenance of equipment, unexpected outages,
scheduling of crews and contending with bad weather. While a
The clearinghouse group assesses local needs.Local dispatch deploys crews for storm restoration.
40. 32 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
WORKFORCEManagement
utility regularly has planned work, the plan gets shelved when
a tree takes out a line, a house catches fire, a car runs into a
pole or a major event like Superstorm Sandy strikes.
Even on blue-sky days, the scheduled plan can get rewritten
on the fly if crews had to work extra hours the night before to
tackle the fallout from a weather event. Time of day, call-offs,
callouts and weather are always factors. During normal busi-
ness hours on a blue-sky day, the crews working for Iberdrola
USA go into the field with a plan. A radio, text message or
phone call puts supervisors and dispatchers in contact with
crews if things change. And they always do.
After normal business hours, if trouble hits, Iberdrola
USA will launch a callout for one or more crews. And when
the company sees a major event looming, it shifts into storm
mode, and schedules crews and contractors for what is over
the horizon. In a world where uncertainty is routine, utility
professionals often have to rewrite the plan as they go.
With this in mind, Iberdrola USA began collaborating
with NSTAR, PEPCO Holdings and software developer
ARCOS in the spring of 2012 to develop a new system for
automating the management of crews. The system entailed
virtual boards to replace spreadsheets, whiteboards and
the homegrown system. The virtual boards would give
supervisors and executives a way to assess the makeup of
crews during blue-sky days, and manage employee, contrac-
tor and mutual-assistance crews during storms. As ARCOS
wrote the code, the utilities jointly tested the early versions and
gave feedback.
Iberdrola USA and Delmarva Power piloted the finished
product — a fast, accountable way to mobilize and track crews
for storms — during the fall of 2013. The new system, Crew
Manager, helps utilities organize visually and mobilize crews
required during large power-restoration events and blue-sky
days. The software-generated boards mimic the traditional
whiteboards used today in operations centers and storm cen-
ters at many North American utilities.
With the “old technology,” all updates to local and region crew assignments
were recorded on a whiteboard.
41. 33www.tdworld.com | February 2014
WORKFORCEManagement
Flipping the Switch
The virtual board’s point-and-click graphics let super-
visors tap touchscreen interactive whiteboards from their
PCs and mobile devices to see where crews are working and
reassign them as power restoration progresses, as needed.
A virtual board allows supervisors to track crews by job
classification, staging area, elapsed-time worked and sta-
tus. Working shifts, rest time, emergency callouts and work
exceptions appear as movable icons, so users can visualize
ongoing work and forecast potential needs. Users can re-
organize crews with a click to address the constant inflow
of questions and information that come with restoration
work. Much like an air traffic control system coordinates
the movement of planes, Iberdrola USA’s Crew Manager
shows the number of crews working or resting at any time,
even during a major event.
The virtual boards are giving Iberdrola USA’s operating
utilities a visual of what is happening with crews in real time.
The virtual boards include color-coded icons designating dif-
ferent classes of employees, so supervisors can quickly tell if
a crew has the right composition and bargaining unit agree-
ments are met. The automated crew-management system also
tracks the cumulative hours a crew has worked and a minute-
by-minute account of how long each crew member has been
on the clock.
Iberdrola USA began using the new automated callout sys-
tem in October 2013, and CMP tapped the system during a
storm for the first time in November as a cold front pushed
through its territory with wind gusts up to 60 mph (97 kmph).
Storm managers loaded contractors into the automated crew-
management system to prepare for the damage and tracked
where crews were along with what they were tackling.
Groundbreaking Common Sense
Managing crews with a centralized, virtual board is com-
mon sense, but it is also a groundbreaking way of operating.
And this is why: A virtual board can precisely and continually
Crews review and assess assignments through Crew Manager.
42. 34 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
WORKFORCEManagement
system, crew members typically write a note
stating they worked the night before and
tack it to a board to be read the next day.
Recovering from major storm events re-
quires a fast response from a large and var-
ied workforce. By automating crew manage-
ment, Iberdrola USA has the potential to
deliver accurate crew invoicing by validating
the composition of contractor crews, vehicle
billing and utilization rates. The ability to re-
cord crew status and work also creates a his-
torical database for long-term trend analysis
that is invaluable for future pre-storm plan-
ning. This could give Iberdrola USA a way
to manage labor costs more closely during
a storm because supervisors can better pre-
dict which resources are needed.
Multiple Improvements
By automating crew management, Iberdrola USA believes
it can improve safety and satisfaction. With Crew Manager in
place, managers can point, click and move crews, and have
these employees’ icons change colors quickly, showing which
crews are tapped for storm duty. The system ensures each
crew’s status is tracked and work hours are managed for safety.
Iberdrola USA’s Crew Manager helps it to safely expedite res-
toration work so customers see their power come on sooner.
And, because Crew Manager is cloud-based, any storm room
personnel or executive with Internet access can see the plan-
ning taking place and monitor the activation of crews, even if
Iberdrola USA has to evacuate its storm center.
Automated crew management is an around-the-clock, all-
weather answer to the question: Where are the crews?
Kerri Foster (kerri.foster@iberdrolausa.com) is the manager of
TD support programs and projects for Central Maine Power.
During her 12 years at the utility, she has handled regulatory
affairs and risk management. She now manages electric opera-
tions projects for the three operating utilities owned by Iber-
drola USA: Central Maine Power Co., New York State Electric
Gas and Rochester Gas Electric.
Joe Purington (joseph.purington@cmpco.com) is director of
electric distribution for Central Maine Power. He is responsible
for the transmission and distribution system construction, op-
erations and maintenance along with the energy control center.
capture crew staffing, assign crews as needed and replay all
the moves after a storm has passed. Anyone working a storm
can display the virtual board anytime and anywhere to update
crew status, move or demobilize crews, or simply see what is
happening. Utility managers can use this constantly updated
information from a centralized database to calculate costs
more accurately and respond to requests from executives and
regulators.
Automating crew management is a logical step for North
American utilities, especially the ones using the ARCOS suite
for automating callouts. Once a utility automatically calls out
crews, tracking each crew’s makeup, skills and real-time status
is a natural outgrowth; it could even lead to a national crew
management system.
Another benefit Iberdrola USA has found is automated
crew management gives a manager a head start on setting up
crews for the next day’s work. For example, before supervisors
come to work, they can see from their smartphone when a
crew is on rest because the crew’s work stretched from nor-
mal business hours into the night. The manager has a jump-
start on reorganizing crews and expediting the departure of
crews that morning. Without an automated crew-management
A local safety specialist conducts a safety briefing for the mutual-assistance crews.
NYSEG crews enroute to Central Maine Power to provide assistance.
Companies mentioned:
ARCOS LLC | www.arcos-inc.com
Central Maine Power Co. | www.cmpco.com
Delmarva Power | www.delmarva.com
Iberdrola USA | www.iberdrolausa.com
New York State Electric Gas | www.nyseg.com
NSTAR | www.nstar.com
PEPCO Holdings | www.pepco.com
Rochester Gas Electric | www.rge.com
43. When different perspectives come together, there is a unique opportunity for
innovation and discovery. The Modern Solutions Power Systems Conference (MSPSC)
encourages meaningful collaboration across a variety of industries and disciplines.
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Register now and learn more at www.selinc.com/mspsc.
2014 Topics:
• The Case for Microgrids: Islanding Can Be a Good Thing
• Best Maintenance Practices Improve Power Systems
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• Reinventing the Relationship Between Operators and Regulators
• The Human Factor in Cybersecurity
• The Realities of Renewables
• And more…
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Engineering
JUNE 3–5, 2014 HOUSTON, TEXAS
44. 36 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
SUBSTATIONFacilities
Proofing the Ground Grid
Injection current tests enable New Zealand utility
to demonstrate compliance with statutory
regulations and safety requirements.
By Rodger Griffiths, Westpower Ltd.
G
rounding systems installed by transmission and
distribution utilities can be difficult to test as they
are often extensive and can have very low imped-
ance. The traditional portable ground testing
equipment available is designed primarily for relatively small
systems and, in many cases, is not able to measure very low
resistance. In particular, it cannot test reliably or easily for
touch, step or transferred voltages. Grounding systems must
be able to perform correctly during the infrequent but seri-
ous power-system ground-fault events. Inadequate grounding
systems can result in hazardous voltages arising under fault
conditions.
To comply with statutory and regulatory requirements, util-
ity grounding systems for existing and new substations should
be subjected to testing when installed and again every few
years under a maintenance regime. Testing is required to en-
sure that during a ground fault, the general public and field
staff are not exposed to any hazards. Further, telecommunica-
tions equipment should not get damaged and voltage hazards
should not be transferred onto other facilities or services such
as fences, gas pipelines or water pipelines. The magnitude of
the ground potential rise (GPR) and the associated voltage
hazards are directly linked to the layout, fault currents and
impedance of an overall grounding system.
Westpower Ltd., a distribution utility on the West Coast of
New Zealand, was faced with the need to undertake ground-
ing compliance testing at six 66-kV
and 33-kV substations. It needed to
determine the overall grid system
impedance and ground fault poten-
tials on security fencing, high-voltage
plants, water pipes and metalwork in
nearby buildings, as well as to iden-
tify the GPR contours to ensure that
no dwellings or telecommunications
were within the “hot zone,” where
GPR is above the allowable thresh-
old. In some cases, existing ground
grids can be modeled using appro-
priate software. However, experience
has shown it is almost always cost ben-
eficial to also test the ground grid in-
stead of attempting just to model the
grounding system.
Few practical methods exist
for comprehensively testing such
grounding systems. However, West-
power was well aware of the Mitton
Instruments ground grid off-fre-
quency injection test equipment,
which had a proven track record of
use throughout New Zealand and
Australia. For this ground testing
project, Westpower staff used the
Mitton Instruments ground grid in-The LCI2000 portable low current injector operates at 58 Hz as a current source.
45. 37www.tdworld.com | February 2014
SUBSTATIONFacilities
jection test equipment with the assistance of staff from both
Westpower and Mitton Instruments.
Ground Testing Equipment
The objective of the test program was to produce, for each
substation site, a comprehensive test report that included rec-
ommendations for mitigation or ground grid modifications to
eliminate any identified hazards. The testing also provided a
footprint for future reference.
IEEE Standard 81.2-2012, Guide for Measurement of Im-
pedance and Safety Characteristics of Large, Extended or
Interconnected Grounding Systems, in-
cludes a background on ground testing
and the various test methods that can be
applied. The difficulty in ground grid in-
jection testing is to implement a method
that does not require a substantial pow-
er-system outage to enable the injection
of relatively high test currents needed to
overcome background electrical noise.
One method is to use off-frequency
low current injection, whereby a signal
is injected into the ground system at a
frequency very close to the system fre-
quency. Tuned voltmeters are then used
to detect the resulting voltage signals on
the grounding system.
The method and equipment are gen-
erally suitable for both large and small
substations and switchyards (for exam-
ple, 11 kV to 500 kV) and power stations.
Mitton Instruments has developed
specialized equipment to undertake
these tests that replicate, on a small
scale, the effects of a ground fault on
the grounding system. The LCI2000
portable low current injector operates at
58 Hz, and the associated TVM1000 volt-
meter is tuned to 58 Hz, with exceptional
rejection of the 50-Hz residual noise and
any associated harmonics. The LCI2000
operates as a current source and this
means no special power-transfer-match-
ing transformers are required.
By using this method, only the test sig-
nal is measured, and any fundamental,
harmonic or other noise on the ground-
ing system or noise induced in the test ca-
bles is rejected. In addition, the unique
signature of the 58-Hz signal may be
identified easily at significant distances
from the substation under test, such as
on farm fences, low-voltage grounding
systems, substation or power station in-
frastructure, and third-party equipment
such as gas or water pipelines.
Off-frequency injection, together with sensitive measuring
equipment, allows identification of the unique and often rela-
tively low signal levels against the much higher background
noise levels. The grounding system parameters can be mea-
sured without de-energizing the substation. The same test
equipment is available for 60-Hz systems where the injection
current and tuned voltmeters are set at 52 Hz.
Both new and existing switchyard grounding grids have
been tested using this instrumentation. The results confirmed
both the ground grid design and the effectiveness of the test
equipment. Computer models and test results show close
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46. 38 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
SUBSTATIONFacilities
correlation, including predicted touch voltages in and around
the sites. However, as mentioned previously, the main benefit
of injection testing is to determine the ground grid perfor-
mance since, in the majority of cases, the actual performance
will differ from the design because of the many variables as-
sociated with grid design and practical installation.
Ground Testing Method
The injection circuit can comprise
either a distribution or transmission
line, or an independent cable. The lat-
ter is preferred if a suitable cable route is
available as it enables independent grid
testing and is simpler to organize. For
best results, the inspection point should
be located at a distance of at least five
times the diameter of the ground grid
under test.
The LCI2000 injector is capable of
injecting up to 10 A rms, a value that
will remain constant irrespective of any
change in ground resistance as a result
of remote test ground rod heating.
If a de-energized overhead line is
used, induced currents should be con-
sidered first where the line is in parallel
with an energized circuit. The equip-
ment can operate with several amps of induced system cur-
rent. The out-of-service line should be well grounded at the
remote end or at a position along the line.
In the substation grounding tests conducted for Westpow-
er, an independent cable was used to inject the test current
into the grounding system. Ideally, the remote end of the in-
Remote current
injection electrode
Low current
injector
Test current
Ground grid
under test Touch and step
voltage measurements
Remote voltage
reference
Tuned
voltmeter
The diagram provides an overview of the current injection test circuit.
Rauckman Utility Products
Belleville, Illinois
www.rauckmanutility.com
ph: 618-234-0001
3159B
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47. 39www.tdworld.com | February 2014
SUBSTATIONFacilities
jection circuit should be the lowest pos-
sible resistance; this can be achieved by
locating the remote ground rods in a
swampy area, pond or creek, or by satu-
rating the surrounding soil with a mild
saltwater solution.
Impedance Measurements
To determine the grounding system impedance, the volt-
age rise of the ground grid is measured with respect to the
ground grids under test. The GPR is recorded using the
TVM1000 tuned voltmeter. Readings are taken at intervals
that gradually increase from the grounding system until
the value of GPR is constant (that is, the position of remote
ground has been reached). In some cases, it may be possible
to use a local telecommunications circuit to provide a second
remote ground reference.
It is preferred to take the GPR readings on a route approxi-
mately 90 degrees (perpendicular) to the route of the injec-
tion current to minimize errors caused by any induced voltage
created by the injection current. This is particularly signifi-
cant when the grounding system impedance is below 0.5 Ω.
The maximum test GPR divided by the test current yields
the impedance of the grounding system. For very low imped-
ance grids, which can be quite inductive, it can be useful to
measure the phase angle between the voltage and current
to determine the impedance angle. This can be done using
the TVM1000P, which includes a phase-angle measurement
option.
Touch and Step Voltages
The open-circuit touch voltages at each substation were
determined by using the TVM1000 and a metal plate to mea-
sure the voltage between the metallic item under test and the
ground surface at a 1-m (3.3-ft) distance. The prospective volt-
age is independent of the ground surface treatment or soil
resistivity (and is the same voltage the ground grid design soft-
ware programs calculate).
The touch voltage measurement is repeated with a 1,000-Ω
resistor across the voltmeter input to provide an indication
of the actual touch voltage that would arise across a person’s
body. With the resistor loading the voltage source, the touch
voltage is reduced depending on the surface contact resis-
tance with the metal plate. For example, a prospective test
touch voltage reading of 500 mV on a crushed rock surface
may reduce to 20 mV when loaded with the resistor. These re-
sults confirm the beneficial effect of using crushed rock as a
surface layer in substation compounds.
On natural soil, a similar test may only reduce the 500 mV
to 400 mV, indicating low soil surface resistivity. The TVM1000
includes a switchable 1,000-Ω resistor to facilitate the proce-
dure. Step voltages are measured in a similar way. The results
of the touch and step voltages tests are scaled up by the ratio
of maximum ground fault current to test current. The ground
grid characteristics under actual fault conditions then can be
compared with the acceptable touch and step voltage limits in
IEEE 80 or similar standards or regulations.
Impact of GPR on Telecommunications Equipment
The GPR arising from power-system fault current is of par-
ticular interest to telecommunications companies. The rise in
ground potential can cause insulation failure and other dam-
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
GPR(V)
Distance from grid (m)
GPR Traverse (with respect to remote ground)
430 V @ 100 m
Ground potential rise (GPR) with respect to a remote ground as a func-
tion of distance from the grid.
The testing crew is making a touch voltage measurement on station equipment using a metal
plate for ground contact.
The tuned voltmeter is used to take measure-
ments during the ground grid testing.
48. 40 February 2014 | www.tdworld.com
SUBSTATIONFacilities
age to telecommunications equipment, and can also be a haz-
ard to staff working in the vicinity. The GPR traverse measure-
ments can be used to assess the severity of the GPR arising as a
result of a power-system grounding fault.
By replotting the graph with respect to remote ground, the
actual ground surface GPR can be determined by using the ra-
tio of real fault current to test current. This provides the GPR
contour locations, for example the 430-V contour that may be
of significant interest to telecommunications companies. In
this example, the GPR contour of 430 V was located at ap-
proximately 20 m (66 ft) from the edge of the ground grid.
Current Splits
The current injection method enables the effect of ad-
ditional ground paths provided by cable screens and over-
head ground wires to be determined. The test current can
be measured in these conductors using a flexible current
transformer and TVM1000 or TVM1000P. The current
transformer can be placed directly around power cables to
measure the test current in the cable screen/sheath.
Where possible, the phase angle of the current split also
should be recorded, particularly for cable screens, which
can be quite inductive. Proportions of test currents can be
detected in almost any conductor such as buried services,
low-voltage power supply cables, telecommunications cable
and gas pipelines, provided the current transformer loop is
large enough to encompass the service.
Compliance Achieved
The off-frequency test equipment enabled the ground-
ing systems of all Westpower’s substations to be tested ef-
fectively. Where hazardous touch and transferred voltages
were identified, the engineers were able to propose suitable
forms of mitigation such as additional buried conductor
for gradient control, crushed rock to increase contact re-
sistance, and the electrical isolation of fence sections. The
GPR contours were identified and this ensured that no tele-
communications systems would be compromised. Overall, the
use of this test equipment and methods enabled Westpower
to demonstrate compliance with statutory regulations and
health and safety requirements.
Acknowledgement
The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance and tech-
nical support provided by Tony Mitton of Mitton Instruments
in the preparation of this article.
Rodger Griffiths (rgriffiths@electronet.co.nz) has held vari-
ous engineering positions with Westpower Ltd., a distribution
utility on the West Coast of New Zealand’s South Island, and
now works as an asset manager for ElectroNet Services Ltd., a
Westpower subsidiary. He is responsible for the management
and performance of all Westpower’s assets, including transmis-
sion equipment up to 110 kV and the ongoing development and
rollout of asset management strategies. Most recently, Griffiths
served on the Electricity Engineer’s Association National Work-
ing Party, developing the “Guide to Power System Earthing
Practice,” a document developed to assist with compliance with
the New Zealand electricity safety legislation.
Companies mentioned:
IEEE | www.ieee.org
Mitton Instruments | www.mittoninstruments.com
Westpower Ltd. | www.westpower.co.nz
A technician takes a cable screen current split measurement.
Step voltage potential is measured with leads from plates beneath the tech-
nician’s shoes.
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