This document discusses the total cost of ownership for different variable speed drive technologies, focusing on non-energy operating costs. It analyzes pulley systems, variable frequency drives, eddy current drives, and fluid drives. For each technology, it describes maintenance requirements and estimates annual non-energy operating costs as a percentage of initial installed costs, finding these costs to be highest for pulley systems and eddy current drives. The document advocates considering total cost of ownership rather than just initial price when choosing a variable speed drive solution.
This document discusses different variable speed drive technologies and their total energy efficiencies when used as part of a full system. It finds that while variable frequency drives (VFDs) have high advertised efficiencies as standalone devices, their total system efficiencies are lowered by additional equipment needs like filters, transformers, and cooling systems, which can reduce the efficiency to below 75%. In contrast, permanent magnet drives have higher overall system efficiencies due to eliminating the need for additional ancillary equipment. The document also evaluates pulley systems, eddy current drives, and fluid drives.
This document provides a summary of a sourcebook about improving steam system performance in industry. It includes:
1) An overview of steam systems, including generation, distribution, end use, and recovery. It describes common components like boilers, traps, heat exchangers and discusses opportunities for improvement.
2) A discussion of using a systems approach to identify performance improvement opportunities across generation, distribution and recovery. It also introduces DOE tools to help analyze steam systems.
3) Contact information for organizations that can provide resources and assistance to improve steam systems. It acknowledges their contributions to the sourcebook.
Current wind turbine component design and certification methods may underestimate the effects of low-cycle fatigue (LCF), contributing to premature structural failures. LCF refers to high-amplitude stresses that occur at low cycle counts and can induce crack growth faster than predicted. Guidelines do not fully account for transient loads from emergency stops or faults, which analysis shows can significantly reduce fatigue life. Future research is needed to better model LCF effects, manufacturing defects, and increase load spectra resolution to improve structural design and certification methods.
This document discusses GE Energy's HydroXTM expert system for online monitoring of hydro-generators. Key points:
1. HydroXTM was developed over 5 years with New York Power Authority to interpret data from complex sensors using expert knowledge in rules.
2. It relies on available affordable online monitors for critical components and expertise documenting diagnostic rules.
3. The system runs on the commercial System 1 software, which interfaces with sensors and uses a rule engine and tools to develop custom interfaces and visualize data.
4. An initial prototype was evaluated successfully on two 60MVA generators at NYPA's St. Lawrence Power Project.
Methods to determine the overall health and condition of large power transfor...Alexander Decker
The document discusses methods for determining the overall health and condition of large power
transformers (LPTs). It outlines several diagnostic testing methods including (1) oil diagnostics such as
dissolved gas analysis to detect fault conditions, (2) electrical diagnostics like winding power factor testing
to measure insulation deterioration, and (3) additional tests like vibration analysis. The author also notes the
importance of reviewing the transformer design, performing visual inspections, and analyzing historical test
data trends to evaluate an LPT's health over time. The presented methods aim to help asset managers make
informed decisions about repair, replacement, or continued operation of aging LPTs.
11.methods to determine the overall health and condition of large power trans...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes methods for determining the overall health and condition of large power transformers. It outlines oil diagnostics including dissolved gas analysis, additional oil tests, and how to interpret results. Electrical diagnostics like winding power factor, bushing power factor, and leakage reactance are also discussed. Additional assessment methods include transformer design review, visual inspection, maintenance and operating record review. The goal is to provide a comprehensive blueprint using multiple diagnostic tools and data sources to evaluate transformer health and make informed maintenance decisions.
DRS Consolidated Controls has over 55 years of experience as a premier supplier of instrumentation and control systems to the commercial nuclear industry. They design, qualify, and manufacture both safety critical and non-safety systems installed in over 30 nuclear power plants worldwide. DRS offers long-term product support over the lifetime of the plant through services like installation, training, spare parts, and obsolescence management programs to replace outdated components. Their 90,000 square foot facility has over 235 employees with extensive engineering capabilities to support customers' I&C needs.
The use of LNG is a proven, reliable, and safe process, and natural gas is quickly becoming the world’s cleanest burning fossil fuel as it emerges as the environmentally preferred fuel of choice. It is for this reason that LNG facilities are put under more pressure than ever to meet the world’s natural gas demand. Keeping your plants running at an efficient pace is vital to production and condition monitoring plays a critical part in this process. Condition monitoring provides a proactive approach so that maintenance can be planned, eliminating unscheduled outages and optimizing machine performance. In addition, condition monitoring helps to avoid breakdowns with subsequent secondary damage and loss of production revenue meaning that today’s LNG facilities simply can’t afford to not have a reliable condition monitoring solution.
This document discusses different variable speed drive technologies and their total energy efficiencies when used as part of a full system. It finds that while variable frequency drives (VFDs) have high advertised efficiencies as standalone devices, their total system efficiencies are lowered by additional equipment needs like filters, transformers, and cooling systems, which can reduce the efficiency to below 75%. In contrast, permanent magnet drives have higher overall system efficiencies due to eliminating the need for additional ancillary equipment. The document also evaluates pulley systems, eddy current drives, and fluid drives.
This document provides a summary of a sourcebook about improving steam system performance in industry. It includes:
1) An overview of steam systems, including generation, distribution, end use, and recovery. It describes common components like boilers, traps, heat exchangers and discusses opportunities for improvement.
2) A discussion of using a systems approach to identify performance improvement opportunities across generation, distribution and recovery. It also introduces DOE tools to help analyze steam systems.
3) Contact information for organizations that can provide resources and assistance to improve steam systems. It acknowledges their contributions to the sourcebook.
Current wind turbine component design and certification methods may underestimate the effects of low-cycle fatigue (LCF), contributing to premature structural failures. LCF refers to high-amplitude stresses that occur at low cycle counts and can induce crack growth faster than predicted. Guidelines do not fully account for transient loads from emergency stops or faults, which analysis shows can significantly reduce fatigue life. Future research is needed to better model LCF effects, manufacturing defects, and increase load spectra resolution to improve structural design and certification methods.
This document discusses GE Energy's HydroXTM expert system for online monitoring of hydro-generators. Key points:
1. HydroXTM was developed over 5 years with New York Power Authority to interpret data from complex sensors using expert knowledge in rules.
2. It relies on available affordable online monitors for critical components and expertise documenting diagnostic rules.
3. The system runs on the commercial System 1 software, which interfaces with sensors and uses a rule engine and tools to develop custom interfaces and visualize data.
4. An initial prototype was evaluated successfully on two 60MVA generators at NYPA's St. Lawrence Power Project.
Methods to determine the overall health and condition of large power transfor...Alexander Decker
The document discusses methods for determining the overall health and condition of large power
transformers (LPTs). It outlines several diagnostic testing methods including (1) oil diagnostics such as
dissolved gas analysis to detect fault conditions, (2) electrical diagnostics like winding power factor testing
to measure insulation deterioration, and (3) additional tests like vibration analysis. The author also notes the
importance of reviewing the transformer design, performing visual inspections, and analyzing historical test
data trends to evaluate an LPT's health over time. The presented methods aim to help asset managers make
informed decisions about repair, replacement, or continued operation of aging LPTs.
11.methods to determine the overall health and condition of large power trans...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes methods for determining the overall health and condition of large power transformers. It outlines oil diagnostics including dissolved gas analysis, additional oil tests, and how to interpret results. Electrical diagnostics like winding power factor, bushing power factor, and leakage reactance are also discussed. Additional assessment methods include transformer design review, visual inspection, maintenance and operating record review. The goal is to provide a comprehensive blueprint using multiple diagnostic tools and data sources to evaluate transformer health and make informed maintenance decisions.
DRS Consolidated Controls has over 55 years of experience as a premier supplier of instrumentation and control systems to the commercial nuclear industry. They design, qualify, and manufacture both safety critical and non-safety systems installed in over 30 nuclear power plants worldwide. DRS offers long-term product support over the lifetime of the plant through services like installation, training, spare parts, and obsolescence management programs to replace outdated components. Their 90,000 square foot facility has over 235 employees with extensive engineering capabilities to support customers' I&C needs.
The use of LNG is a proven, reliable, and safe process, and natural gas is quickly becoming the world’s cleanest burning fossil fuel as it emerges as the environmentally preferred fuel of choice. It is for this reason that LNG facilities are put under more pressure than ever to meet the world’s natural gas demand. Keeping your plants running at an efficient pace is vital to production and condition monitoring plays a critical part in this process. Condition monitoring provides a proactive approach so that maintenance can be planned, eliminating unscheduled outages and optimizing machine performance. In addition, condition monitoring helps to avoid breakdowns with subsequent secondary damage and loss of production revenue meaning that today’s LNG facilities simply can’t afford to not have a reliable condition monitoring solution.
This document is a musical score for Antonio Vivaldi's "Autumno" concerto from his work "Il Cimento dell'Armonia e dell'Inventione". The score is divided into multiple labeled sections with instructions for tempo, volume, and instrumentation. It provides musical notation for string instruments across several pages.
The document summarizes various literary elements that make up a story, including setting, characters, plot, theme, and conflict. It provides details on how authors establish and develop these elements through both direct and indirect methods. Key aspects of setting described include details of location, time period, and how the setting impacts the story. Characterization methods explored are direct telling and indirect showing through character actions and descriptions. The plot structure outlined includes an inciting incident, rising action, climax, resolution, and denouement. Conflict is presented as a central driver of most narratives.
El documento define droga como cualquier sustancia que afecte el sistema nervioso central y pueda producir dependencia física o psíquica. Las drogas se dividen en 3 categorías: depresoras, estimulantes y perturbadoras del sistema nervioso central. Algunas drogas comunes incluyen el alcohol, barbitúricos, anfetaminas, cocaína, cafeína, marihuana y LSD.
Christmas Carol Songbook Voice, S A T B VariousHOME
Este documento contiene una lista de 22 villancicos navideños populares. Algunos de los villancicos incluidos son "Angels We Have Heard on High", "Away in a Manger", "O Come, All Ye Faithful" y "Silent Night". La lista proporciona los títulos de villancicos navideños tradicionales cantados comúnmente durante la temporada de Navidad.
Dokumen tersebut menyajikan perhitungan bonus seseorang dalam program multi level marketing selama 6 bulan. Pada bulan pertama bonusnya Rp. 242.000, bulan kedua Rp. 875.500, bulan ketiga Rp. 4.437.500, bulan keempat Rp. 33.700.000, bulan kelima Rp. 151.085.000, dan bulan keenam Rp. 608.507.500. Total bonus selama 6 bulan adalah Rp. 798.847.500 atau meningkat sebesar ±150
The morning mist hung low over the hills as the sun rose, blanketing the landscape in a soft, white haze. Through the mist, the faint outlines of trees and fields could barely be seen. As the sun grew stronger, its warmth began to burn off the mist, revealing the vibrant greens and browns of the countryside in full view under a clear blue sky.
Neil Frizzell has over 28 years of experience in accounting and management for hospitals, clinics, home health agencies, and non-profit housing agencies. He has extensive experience in fiscal management, information systems, payroll, personnel management, and consulting. As CFO for various hospitals, he improved cash flow, reduced accounts receivable days, and produced consistent positive net incomes. Two hospitals he worked for received awards as top 100 hospitals in the US based on quality and financial benchmarks. He currently works as a CEO and senior consultant through his own consulting firm.
Mixwest 2014 Local SEO Strategies & SecretsErin Sparks
A comprehensive presentation about Local SEO, the localized search engine marketing tactics that lead to easy consumer wins. Learn what you need to do and what you need to avoid in grooming your web site for best results on Google. Find out techniques to gain great consumer reviews, and why it is so important. Presenting a full list of steps to fully connect with attendees local business profiles, and what are best techniques to groom the listings.
Marketing methods have changed entirely in the last five years. Consumers and businesses alike increasingly rely on the Internet as their primary source of information. Without a strong and responsive web presence, you have no way to attract new customers.
Site Strategics understands the art and science of properly structuring your web, mobile and social media programs. The metrics of search engine optimization (SEO) are increasingly complex and our experts rule the tools that provide the research required to satisfy stringent new search engine requirements. Google certified owner Erin Sparks keeps up with the continually changing digital landscape and offers valuable insights on his weekly radio podcast, Edge of the Web.
This document summarizes KML (Keyhole Markup Language) architecture and advanced features such as regions, time, updates, and extended data. Regions allow features to have visibility transitions based on the user's zoom level or location. Time and timestamps can represent when features are valid. Updates allow changing, creating, and deleting features. Extended data provides a way to attach typed or untyped metadata to features for balloon popups or other uses. The document reviews these and other KML concepts and provides code examples.
This document discusses the total cost of ownership for different variable speed drive technologies used in process industries. It notes that while energy efficiency is important, non-energy operating costs associated with maintenance, repair, and operations should also be considered. These include costs from vibration-related damage, component replacement due to wear, and process downtime. The document then analyzes the non-energy operating costs of various variable speed drive technologies like pulley systems, variable frequency drives, eddy current drives, and fluid drives. It finds that accounting for total cost of ownership is important for determining the most cost-effective variable speed solution.
This document proposes algorithms called real-time dynamic voltage scaling (RT-DVS) to provide energy savings through dynamic voltage scaling while maintaining real-time deadline guarantees in embedded systems. RT-DVS modifies the operating system scheduler and task management to integrate dynamic voltage scaling. Simulations and a prototype implementation show that RT-DVS can reduce energy consumption by 20-40% in an embedded real-time system while closely approaching the theoretical minimum energy usage and preserving timing constraints of real-time tasks.
This document is a musical score for Antonio Vivaldi's "Autumno" concerto from his work "Il Cimento dell'Armonia e dell'Inventione". The score is divided into multiple labeled sections with instructions for tempo, volume, and instrumentation. It provides musical notation for string instruments across several pages.
The document summarizes various literary elements that make up a story, including setting, characters, plot, theme, and conflict. It provides details on how authors establish and develop these elements through both direct and indirect methods. Key aspects of setting described include details of location, time period, and how the setting impacts the story. Characterization methods explored are direct telling and indirect showing through character actions and descriptions. The plot structure outlined includes an inciting incident, rising action, climax, resolution, and denouement. Conflict is presented as a central driver of most narratives.
El documento define droga como cualquier sustancia que afecte el sistema nervioso central y pueda producir dependencia física o psíquica. Las drogas se dividen en 3 categorías: depresoras, estimulantes y perturbadoras del sistema nervioso central. Algunas drogas comunes incluyen el alcohol, barbitúricos, anfetaminas, cocaína, cafeína, marihuana y LSD.
Christmas Carol Songbook Voice, S A T B VariousHOME
Este documento contiene una lista de 22 villancicos navideños populares. Algunos de los villancicos incluidos son "Angels We Have Heard on High", "Away in a Manger", "O Come, All Ye Faithful" y "Silent Night". La lista proporciona los títulos de villancicos navideños tradicionales cantados comúnmente durante la temporada de Navidad.
Dokumen tersebut menyajikan perhitungan bonus seseorang dalam program multi level marketing selama 6 bulan. Pada bulan pertama bonusnya Rp. 242.000, bulan kedua Rp. 875.500, bulan ketiga Rp. 4.437.500, bulan keempat Rp. 33.700.000, bulan kelima Rp. 151.085.000, dan bulan keenam Rp. 608.507.500. Total bonus selama 6 bulan adalah Rp. 798.847.500 atau meningkat sebesar ±150
The morning mist hung low over the hills as the sun rose, blanketing the landscape in a soft, white haze. Through the mist, the faint outlines of trees and fields could barely be seen. As the sun grew stronger, its warmth began to burn off the mist, revealing the vibrant greens and browns of the countryside in full view under a clear blue sky.
Neil Frizzell has over 28 years of experience in accounting and management for hospitals, clinics, home health agencies, and non-profit housing agencies. He has extensive experience in fiscal management, information systems, payroll, personnel management, and consulting. As CFO for various hospitals, he improved cash flow, reduced accounts receivable days, and produced consistent positive net incomes. Two hospitals he worked for received awards as top 100 hospitals in the US based on quality and financial benchmarks. He currently works as a CEO and senior consultant through his own consulting firm.
Mixwest 2014 Local SEO Strategies & SecretsErin Sparks
A comprehensive presentation about Local SEO, the localized search engine marketing tactics that lead to easy consumer wins. Learn what you need to do and what you need to avoid in grooming your web site for best results on Google. Find out techniques to gain great consumer reviews, and why it is so important. Presenting a full list of steps to fully connect with attendees local business profiles, and what are best techniques to groom the listings.
Marketing methods have changed entirely in the last five years. Consumers and businesses alike increasingly rely on the Internet as their primary source of information. Without a strong and responsive web presence, you have no way to attract new customers.
Site Strategics understands the art and science of properly structuring your web, mobile and social media programs. The metrics of search engine optimization (SEO) are increasingly complex and our experts rule the tools that provide the research required to satisfy stringent new search engine requirements. Google certified owner Erin Sparks keeps up with the continually changing digital landscape and offers valuable insights on his weekly radio podcast, Edge of the Web.
This document summarizes KML (Keyhole Markup Language) architecture and advanced features such as regions, time, updates, and extended data. Regions allow features to have visibility transitions based on the user's zoom level or location. Time and timestamps can represent when features are valid. Updates allow changing, creating, and deleting features. Extended data provides a way to attach typed or untyped metadata to features for balloon popups or other uses. The document reviews these and other KML concepts and provides code examples.
This document discusses the total cost of ownership for different variable speed drive technologies used in process industries. It notes that while energy efficiency is important, non-energy operating costs associated with maintenance, repair, and operations should also be considered. These include costs from vibration-related damage, component replacement due to wear, and process downtime. The document then analyzes the non-energy operating costs of various variable speed drive technologies like pulley systems, variable frequency drives, eddy current drives, and fluid drives. It finds that accounting for total cost of ownership is important for determining the most cost-effective variable speed solution.
This document proposes algorithms called real-time dynamic voltage scaling (RT-DVS) to provide energy savings through dynamic voltage scaling while maintaining real-time deadline guarantees in embedded systems. RT-DVS modifies the operating system scheduler and task management to integrate dynamic voltage scaling. Simulations and a prototype implementation show that RT-DVS can reduce energy consumption by 20-40% in an embedded real-time system while closely approaching the theoretical minimum energy usage and preserving timing constraints of real-time tasks.
This document summarizes a technique called Dynamic Voltage and Threshold Scaling (DVTS) that can reduce power consumption in digital CMOS circuits. DVTS dynamically controls both the supply voltage (Vdd) and threshold voltage (Vth) to minimize total power based on workload conditions. It works by lowering Vdd to reduce dynamic power during low activity, and increasing Vth via body bias to reduce leakage power. Compared to dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) alone, DVTS provides additional leakage power savings. Simulation results show that DVTS controllers can effectively optimize Vdd and Vbs to minimize average power in basic logic gates and that the approach may be extended to larger circuits.
This document discusses variable speed drives (VSDs), which are electronic devices that control the speed and torque of electric motors. It describes how VSDs work by rectifying AC power to DC, conditioning it, and inverting it back to variable frequency AC to control motor speed. The document outlines different applications of VSDs for fans, pumps, and other loads and how they provide benefits like energy savings and process control compared to traditional constant speed control methods. It also notes some limitations of VSDs and provides references for further information.
Nidec asi electric power solutions for pipeline applicationsNidec Corporation
Nidec ASI provides electric power solutions for pumps and compressors used in oil and gas pipelines. They have over 40 years of experience designing customized solutions that meet clients' needs in terms of power quality, network connection flexibility, maintenance costs, machine durability, and capital expenditures. Nidec ASI works closely with end users, engineers, and OEMs to develop optimal global solutions for pipeline operations. Their solutions include soft starters, variable frequency drives, and fully integrated packages for applications up to 30 MW. Nidec takes an integrated engineering approach considering mechanical, electrical, and site factors to optimize performance, reliability, and costs.
9900-4412_00_electric-vs-hydraulic-actuators-wpAaron Dietrich
Electric rod actuators provide superior motion control capabilities compared to hydraulic cylinders, allowing for precise control of position, velocity, acceleration, deceleration, and force. While hydraulic cylinders can produce extremely high forces, electric actuator systems are capable of achieving high forces as well and provide automated current regulation for on-demand force output. Electric systems also have significantly fewer components, take up less space, and are better able to manage heat compared to hydraulic systems.
Simple Ways to Maximize the Efficiency of Your Process Control Application Wh...Ives Equipment
Integrated Drive Systems (IDS) for any industry.
No matter what industry you’re in, the price of your inputs is bound to fluctuate – usually trending in a direction that doesn’t favor profits. You can’t control the rising costs of raw materials and energy, but you can control how much you get out of them. The simplest way to do this is by maximizing the efficiency of your equipment.
This report aims to familiarize the reader with basic but important information about
two specific types of controllers – DC drives and AC drives. The first part provides
descriptions of the general working principles of variable speed drive (VSD)
technology. It discusses their main advantages and disadvantages between AC and
DC drive solutions. The second part explains some problems that could possibly be
encountered when employing AC or DC drive systems and offers practical
recommendations about how to approach these problems.
Dr Adrian West, Optima’s technical director, has spent more than 30 years working
with, programming and troubleshooting drive systems. This report is based on his
extensive practical knowledge and experience. It is, therefore, a very accurate and independent source of information.
Regeneration in Variable Frequency Drives and Energy Saving MethodsIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for regenerating energy from variable frequency drives to save costs. When an induction motor decelerates, it generates electricity that is normally wasted as heat through braking resistors. Regenerative converters can return this energy to the grid instead. Three types are described: regenerative converters use PWM to feed energy back through the supply line; sinusoidal PWM converters regulate voltage while improving power quality; and matrix converters directly convert AC to AC with minimal components. Matrix converters integrate regeneration and driving but have limited voltage transfer. Regenerative converters provide significant utility cost savings, especially for applications with frequent braking like cranes or elevators.
DVR and its Various Control Schemes: A SurveyIRJET Journal
This document discusses dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) and their control schemes. It begins with an introduction to power quality issues like voltage sags and swells. It then discusses DVRs as a custom power device that can compensate for voltage sags by injecting the missing voltage. The document reviews various DVR control techniques including pre-sag compensation, in-phase compensation, and energy optimized compensation. It also provides the mathematical model and discusses the components of a DVR like the voltage source inverter and energy storage device. In conclusion, it summarizes that DVRs can effectively reduce harmonics in power systems using different implementation methods.
The servo hydraulic system replaces the standard uncontrolled motor with a precisely controlled servo motor. The most important feature of variable speed pump motors.
This document discusses GE's asset condition monitoring solutions for combined cycle power plants. It begins by providing background on the history and importance of gas turbine power plants. It then describes GE's portfolio of condition monitoring systems that can monitor various assets across a combined cycle plant, such as gas turbines, steam turbines, pumps, fans and more. It discusses how these systems help customers minimize downtime, reduce costs, protect critical equipment, and optimize maintenance through predictive analytics. Customers can see returns through increased availability, reduced maintenance durations and costs, and extended time between outages. The document provides an overview of how GE's solutions can be applied across a combined cycle plant.
The document describes a Power Conditioning and Control Equipment (PCCE) system designed to improve the efficiency and production of oil wells that use sucker rod pumps. The PCCE replaces the pump motor with a more efficient motor and power electronics to precisely control the motor. Sensors monitor the pump mechanics to detect stresses and optimize the stroke cycle. This allows increasing production while reducing stresses on equipment. The PCCE is estimated to reduce energy and demand costs by 10-15% on average while increasing oil production by 15-20% through intelligent control of the pump stroke cycle. It also provides operators with analytics to monitor individual well performance.
Energy storage can provide multiple value streams through load management and ancillary services. Load management includes consumer and utility services like demand charge reduction and transmission deferral. Ancillary services like frequency regulation have high value. To maximize value, a storage system should stack services over time, prioritizing the highest valued. In Chicago, distributed storage has high value due to transmission deferral and frequency regulation market prices. A joint utility-consumer business model could further improve returns by leveraging both sets of value streams. Flow batteries currently have the best financial metrics for utility-scale projects in Chicago.
Rack And Pinion Mechanism for Continuous Variable Valve Timing of IC EnginesIJERA Editor
This document summarizes the development of a rack and pinion mechanism for continuous variable valve timing in internal combustion engines. It begins with an introduction to variable valve timing and the need for a system that can independently vary both valve timing and lift. It then describes the methodology used, which included modeling the system in CREO software, simulating engine performance in Lotus simulation to determine optimal valve parameters, and designing the rack and pinion mechanism and servo motor. The system aims to provide continuous variability of both valve timing and lift through the use of a servo motor, rack, pinion, and lever arm arrangement connected to the engine valves. Analysis was performed to size the servo motor and gears based on calculated torque requirements. This single system
The document discusses improving energy efficiency on packaging conveyor lines. It recommends selecting energy efficient electric motors, drives, components and controls when evaluating conveyor equipment. It also recommends utilizing energy monitoring and optimization controls to capitalize on additional energy savings beyond just efficient component selection. Specific opportunities discussed include proper motor sizing, use of variable speed drives, selection of efficient gear reducers like helical gears over worm gears, and implementing automation controls to optimize energy usage based on production demands.
The document discusses thrust vector control systems which redirect engine thrust to control aircraft attitude. It focuses on the jet deflection method, where small airfoils located at the nozzle exit plane cause thrust to be vectored. The goals are to analyze this system using CFD. NACA 0012 airfoils are selected due to symmetrical shape and lift characteristics. CFD will be used to simulate fluid flow and predict system performance before manufacturing. Key benefits of CFD include insight into designs, ability to test variants efficiently, and compressing development cycles.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
This document discusses four key factors to consider when comparing energy technologies over the lifetime of a solar project: installed system cost, energy production, inverter replacement, and operations and maintenance. It argues that using Enphase microinverters results in lower lifetime costs and higher returns compared to string inverters due to lower installation costs, increased energy production, fewer required inverter replacements, and lower maintenance needs.
SPEED SYNCHRONIZATION OF MASTER –SLAVE D.C. MOTORS USING MICROCONTROLLER, FOR...Editor IJMTER
In textile industry many processes require speed synchronization of more than one motors involved in the process. Rolling of cloth should be synchronized with the speed of weaving spindle to avoid damage and motor speed synchronization is vital in conveyor belt driven by multiple motors. Abrupt load variations may cause hunting or oscillatory behavior in d. c. machines. This behavior can be detrimental to the process. The digitally controlled d. c. machines can have much aggravated phenomenon owing to poor sampling period selection. Traditionally processes are synchronized through mechanical transmission system consisting of a line shaft gears, pullers etc. Among the available software mechanisms master-slave synchronization is a widely used technique. Multi-motor applications have become very attractive field in industrial applications replacing in traditional mechanical coupling. Many textile applications involved synchronized speed motors. For example wrapping of clothes should be synchronized with the speed of weaving spindle to avoid damage and Similarly in some cases the speed of long conveyor belt driven by multiple motors is need to be constant. In such types of applications master slave technique is used as a software mechanism to synchronize the speed of different motors to avoid damage.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
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Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
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Keywords: AI, Containeres, Kubernetes, Cloud Native
Event Link: https://meine.doag.org/events/cloudland/2024/agenda/#agendaId.4211
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Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
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LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
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-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
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-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Demystifying Knowledge Management through Storytelling
Tcom Maint Operate
1. TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP
A Financial Approach to the Process Industry
TCO-Maintenance & Operations / October 1, 2006
A Complete System Approach to Non-Energy Operating Costs
Abstract:
Much attention is paid to the energy efficiency of Variable Speed Drive (VSD) technologies.
However, energy efficiency is only the “tip of the iceberg” when considering the Total Cost of
Ownership of VSD alternatives. End users of VSD’s need to consider the costs associated with
maintaining, repairing, and operating the variable speed control technology they decide to use in
their plant. The differences in the costs of replacing parts, repairing vibration caused damage,
correcting misalignment, and replacing worn out or obsolete VSD components can be
considerably higher than the energy cost differences between the same technologies.
The methods available to adjust the speed
Total Cost of Ownership Analysis:
of a driven system are numerous. Pulley
Systems, Variable Frequency Drives, Eddy
It is an accepted fact that in variable load
Current Drives, Fluid Drives, and Permanent
process applications, the use of speed
Magnet Adjustable Speed Drives top the list
control on motor driven systems offers
of options. But which one is the best
significant energy savings. A quick look at
option?
the Affinity Laws that govern centrifugal
pump applications helps to explain and
When making this decision it is important to
confirm this fact. In summary, the Affinity
look at the Total Cost of Ownership
Laws are:
associated with each of these options. Total
Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis has to
1. Flow - Q1/Q2 = N1/N2
include all costs that go along with each
P1/P2 = (N1/N2)2
2. Head - option. Initial purchase price typically is only
10 to 25% of TCO. Drive system energy
3
3. Horsepower - HP1/HP2 = (N1/N2) efficiency, non-energy system operating
costs (such as long term maintenance
Where Q = Flow, N = Speed, P = Pressure, and requirements), drive system life, and the
HP = Power.
cost of process downtime all need to play a
part in the purchase decision. Some of
What the Affinity Laws tell us is that flow
these, such as initial price, are easy to get a
changes are proportional to changes in
handle on. Non-Energy Operating Costs
pump speed but that the power required to
however, tend to be a little more difficult to
drive the flow is proportional to the cube of
quantify when comparing VSD options.
the pump speed. So, a 50% reduction in
flow requires a 50% reduction in pump
Most manufacturers of VSD’s pay very
speed. However, the power required to
careful attention to the reliability and
produce this lower flow will only be 12.5% of
maintainability of their VSD as a stand-alone
the original level!
piece of equipment. All too often, the
reliability and operation of the Process
It is this relationship between flow, speed,
System that the VSD is being used in is
and power that makes adjustable speed
neglected. The reason for this is simple.
control such an attractive option in the
Until recently, the VSD technologies
process world.
available to the industrial user were all very
2. similar in the impact they had on the The potential for seal damage and
complete system’s maintenance and subsequent leakage is very real. In fact, in a
operation. Breakthroughs in variable speed government publication that covers process
power transmission, specifically VSD’s that leaks and their impact on air quality, the
utilize permanent magnet eddy currents to EPA proposes that process operators plan
transmit torque across an air gap, have to replace 20% of the seals in their system
changed the VSD landscape significantly. annually as a standard leak prevention
This paper will examine the Non-Energy program. In an average oil refinery using
Operating Costs associated with traditional 3000 pumps this equates to 600 seal
VSD’s. Specific attention will be paid to the replacements annually… two seals every
differences and advantages of Permanent day! The maintenance demand created by
Magnet Adjustable Speed Drives. A this task is enormous and ties up talent that
summary and comparison of the actual could be used on process optimization
system Non-Energy Operating Costs for the instead.
different VSD options will also be provided.
Pulley Systems:
Traditional VSD Technology:
Pulley systems (or Friction Drives) are the
For the purpose of this discussion, the term oldest of the VSD technologies having been
“Traditional VSD’s” will refer to: Pulley in use even before the introduction of motors
Systems, Variable Frequency Drives to industry. Pulley Systems are easy to set
(VFD’s), Eddy Current Drives, and Fluid up, require no specialized training, and offer
Drives. a small degree of overload protection.
There are several hundred suppliers in
All traditional VSD technologies offer North America and the technology has seen
significant advantages when compared to very little innovation in the past few
Control Valves and Dampers. Because of decades.
the Affinity Laws, the potential for energy
savings is substantial. Also, because VSD’s In a pulley system, speed of the driven load
control flow by controlling the driver speed is adjusted by moving a drive belt to a
and, therefore, the head of the system, the different size pulley or by using an
potential for cavitation and the damage that adjustable pulley, or sheave. If the drive
comes with it is greatly reduced. An pulley is kept at a constant diameter then a
advantage of Control Valve systems is that doubling of the driven pulley diameter will
they appear to be extremely simple and result in a halving of the speed. Unless a
easy to understand. The additional energy sheave is being used, this type of system
and non-energy costs of Control Valves, requires that the process be stopped in
however, can not be ignored. order to change the speed and provides a
limited set of speed choices to the operator.
Traditional VSD’s either control the load This is not an appropriate choice for speed
speed by changing the driver speed or by control in a true process control loop.
changing the amount of power being However, in a system requiring a one-time,
transferred to the load. In both cases, the semi-permanent adjustment this seems, on
driver is physically connected to the driven the surface, to be a fairly viable option.
load. Because of this physical connection,
any misalignment between the driver and Adjustable pulley drive systems, or sheaves,
the load will result in vibration leading to operate using the same principles and
shortened seal and bearing life in the function by moving the sides of an
system. Generally, realignment of the adjustable drive pulley towards or away from
system occurs at least once per year. Even each other. This changes the effective pitch
when this preventative maintenance occurs, diameter of the pulley, and therefore, the
vibration remains one of the biggest output speed. While capable of continuously
concerns for rotating equipment. In severe modulating speeds in response to a process
cases, the vibration can be enough to loop, these systems tend to be hard on belts
actually damage the driven equipment. and produce relatively high mechanical
losses.
3. In both of these systems, proper operation radial loads greatly reduce the life of
depends on friction between the belt and the bearings and will cause premature leakage
pulleys. Because of this necessary friction, in pump seals.
there are numerous opportunities for wear
which, in turn, leads to increased costs for Pulley Systems offer a simple and easy
system maintenance and repair. to understand approach to varying the
speed of a driven load. However, in
addition to the vibration-related
maintenance costs common to all
traditional VSD technologies, Pulley
Systems utilize belts that have maximum
life expectancies of 3 years. On average,
the use of Pulley Systems in variable
speed applications can result in
maintenance costs more than twice as
high as other traditional VSD options.
Figure 1: Pulley System
Variable Frequency Drives:
Belts typically are constructed in a manner
similar to an automobile tire. An elastic Variable Frequency Drives (VFD’s) were
compound is formed into a loop. introduced to industry in the 1980’s. Major
Strengthening belts made of fiberglass, suppliers in North America include: Rockwell
steel, or another cord material are Automation; ABB; General Electric (GE);
embedded into the loop and the cross and Siemens. VFD technology in general
section of the material is given a specific has seen significant amounts of innovation
shape. Typical life expectancy of a generally focused on getting more power out
properly installed and tensioned belt is of a smaller package. The adoption rate of
approximately 25,000 hours, or slightly less VFD’s by industry in the 1990’s was quite
than three years of continuous operation. high. This adoption rate has slowed
dramatically in recent years as more users
As is the case with automobile tires, these become aware of the problems associated
belts wear with use. Side wall friction and with VFD’s. The biggest issues identified by
belt/pulley slippage wears away belt material users are:
during normal operation. In the case of a
load seizure, these systems are designed to
• Reliability of drives
either slip or to break the belt. In either
• Need to replace or upgrade drives
case, the belt is typically rendered unusable
every 4 – 7 years
and must be replaced.
• Harmful impacts to other equipment
on same electrical service.
In addition to friction, the belts tend to
deteriorate as a result of oxygen in the air,
Due to their apparent low initial cost, many
heat, and lubricants in the system. Small
industrial users think of VFD’s as the de-
pulley diameters will also put extra strain on
facto standard for process speed control.
belts resulting in shorter life expectancies. It
This technology has a fairly long history and
has been shown that belt life can be cut in
the market price continues to decline.
half simply due to a 35º F increase in
These factors make the VFD appear, on the
ambient operating temperatures.
surface, to be a good value. However,
VFD’s also carry with them several issues
To maintain the proper amount of friction
that negatively affect not only the efficiency
between the belts and pulleys, tensioning of
of the process they are used in, but also the
the belt is required. A belt that is too loose
reliability of those processes.
will rapidly wear out due to friction generated
heat. In fact, one of the primary causes of
VFDs control the speed of the motor by
belt failure is improper tensioning. Properly
changing the sine wave AC supply voltage
tensioned systems lead to longer belt life but
to DC voltage, which is then converted into a
also place high radial loads on the motor
pulse width modulated (PWM) AC voltage of
and load bearings and/or seals. These
variable frequency. The frequency of these
4. for leaks, checking exterior paint condition
and touching up when necessary, checking
the radiator surfaces for foreign materials,
confirmation of fan and cooling system
operation.
Figure 2: Small Variable Frequency Drives
Figure 4: Example of Bearing Fluting
Air conditioning systems also require annual
maintenance schedules. When considering
the maintenance impact of an air
conditioning system, purchasers of VFD’s
need to consider the following activities as a
base minimum: checking of refrigerant level
and quality, measurement of condenser coil
airflow, cleaning and inspection of the
system’s motor, compressor, ducting, and
filters.
VFD’s often appear to be the most
Figure 3: Large Variable Frequency Drive System
economical solution to adjustable speed
applications. However, the general
pulses ranges from 1 kHz up to 20 kHz. As
maintenance costs associated with
these pulses are sent to the motor, a
system vibration combined with the
capacitive charge is created between the
additional costs of maintaining the
motor’s stator and rotor, which induces a
system’s ancillary equipment typically
voltage on the rotor shaft. As this induced
results in annual non-energy operating
voltage builds, it can discharge to ground
expenses that are, at a minimum, equal
through the motor’s bearings. This
to 20% of the system’s initial total
phenomenon repeats on a continuous basis.
installed costs.
This repeating cycle of voltage build-up and
discharge causes pitting of the motor’s
Eddy Current Drives:
bearings and bearing race in a manner
similar to the process of Electric Discharge
Eddy Current Drives were first introduced in
Machining (EDM). This pitting can become
the 1930’s for use on railcars. Their use
quite severe over time – creating a pattern
quickly spread throughout industry such that
of grooves in the bearing race. This pattern
the leading supplier, Eaton, was selling over
of wear is called “fluting”.
$100 million per year of these drives during
the 1970’s. Since that time, there has been
When considering a VFD solution for an
very little product innovation in this category
adjustable speed application, many users
of VSD’s and relative market share has
neglect to consider the ancillary equipment
fallen. Two of the largest remaining
often needed when comparing maintenance
suppliers in North America of Eddy Current
and operating costs. Air conditioning
Drive technology are TECO/Westinghouse
systems and transformers both require
and Dynamatic.
regularly scheduled maintenance. At a
minimum, preventative maintenance for a
Eddy Current Drives use an electromagnetic
transformer includes: power factor testing,
coupling between the motor and the driven
oil level checks, oil sampling and testing,
load. The motor runs at its rated speed at
max and min temperature checks, checking
5. all times while the speed of the load is these drives every two years which may
adjusted. There are two basic types of Eddy require a full dismantling and rebuild of the
Current Drives currently on the market – Eddy Current Drive system.
foot-mounted (Figure 5) and shaft-mounted
(Figure 6).
Figure 7: Eddy Current Drive Schematic
In addition to the above maintenance,
proper Eddy Current Drive operation is
Figure 5: Foot Mounted Eddy Current Drive
dependent on the dissipation of heat within
the drive’s components. Annual inspections
of the cooling air passages within the drive
are critical, especially in dusty environments.
End users who are considering the
installation of Shaft Mounted Eddy Current
Drives also need to include the maintenance
and operating costs associated with the use
of belts and pulleys. As mentioned earlier,
the non-energy operating costs associated
Figure 6: Shaft Mounted Eddy Current Drive
with these systems can be substantial when
compared to other VSD system options.
The basic principle of operation of an Eddy
Current Drive is that an armature, typically a
A recent case study published by a North
steel drum that may have another
American municipality determined that
conductive material as a lining, is attached
there are significant costs associated
to the drive motor. This armature assembly
with maintaining and operating Eddy
turns at the nameplate speed of the motor at
Current Drives in their process! On
all times. Attached to the load shaft is a
average, the non-energy operating costs
multi-pole electromagnet. A variable DC
associated with the use of Eddy Current
current is supplied to the electromagnet. As
Drives can be as high as 18% of the
the current to the electromagnet is
system’s initial total installed cost.
increased, the magnetic field increases. As
the magnetic field moves relative to the
Fluid Drives:
armature, eddy currents are created,
magnetically coupling the two elements and
transferring torque from the motor to the The principle of using fluid to transmit power
load. Alignment between the armature and was introduced in 1905 by the Vulcan
the electromagnet is maintained with Engineering Company and was originally
supporting bearings within the drive unit applied to driving a low-speed ship’s
(Figure 7). propeller with a high-speed steam turbine.
The advantage of this new Fluid Drive was
While Eddy Current Drives use magnetically that it allowed for speed reduction without
induced forces to transfer torque, they still the use of complicated and temperamental
depend on a series of bearing surfaces to gear systems. In 1930 the first variable
keep their rotating components aligned. In speed Fluid Drive was installed in England
fact, Eddy Current Drives typically have up with the first U.S. installation following
to four more bearings than the motor they shortly in 1932. At the time of introduction,
are attached to. As the number of bearing Fluid Drives offered the benefits of smooth
surfaces increases, so to does the likelihood and continuous control of speed using a
of bearing failure. Also, end users need to constant speed motor. Compared to the
replace brushes and dress the slip rings in options available at the time (gears and
6. pulley systems), the Fluid Drive was an Fluid Drives have been used in industrial
attractive technology. applications for over 100 years. Smooth
load speed control has been the
While the technology has continued to be advertised benefit of this technology.
available to this time, the operating However, when long-term non-energy
principles and designs of Fluid Drives have operating costs are considered the
remained rather stagnant. The largest Fluid choice of a Fluid Drive for adjustable
Drive suppliers today, (Falk and Voith), have speed applications quickly becomes a
introduced small changes to their drives, but questionable decision. The age of this
overall the technology is the same as it was technology’s installed base combined
in the 1930’s. with the industry’s maintenance
experience produce annual non-energy
When considering the installation of a Fluid operating costs in excess of 15% of
Drive, a process owner needs to consider initial installed costs.
the extensive maintenance activities
required of this VSD technology. Proper Permanent Magnet Adjustable
operation of industrial Fluid Drives is Speed Drives
dependent on the volume and pressure of oil
flow through the system. Heat dissipation, The introduction of Permanent Magnet
transmitted power, and component Adjustable Speed Drives (PMASD’s) by
lubrication are all dependent on proper oil MagnaDrive Corporation, a U.S. company
flow. Excessive system vibration (such as based in Bellevue, Washington, has given
that caused by shaft misalignment) can the process industry another option to
result in damage to the bearings, shafts and consider when reviewing adjustable speed
sealing components of a fluid drive. When applications. The company’s technology
vibration is excessive, damage to the drive’s has one of the fastest adoption rates for a
internal rotating components is also a very new introduction in its targeted industries
real possibility. with over 5,000 installations currently
operating.
A major industrial fluid drive maintenance
shop in the U.S. lists the following PMASD‘s consist of two primary
maintenance trends and concerns components. The first component, a set of
associated with fluid drives: copper conductor plates, is connected to the
• Ball or Roller Bearing Wear motor shaft; the second component of the
• Internal oil pump impeller wear permanent magnet drive is a rigid assembly
• Internal oil pump reversing valves of permanent, rare earth magnets which is
• Shaft sealing surfaces connected to the load. During operation,
• Scoop tube assembly and seals relative motion between the parts creates an
• Gaskets and o-ring condition interwoven, eddy current field that transmits
• Oil quality/contamination torque across the air gap. To adjust the
• Vibration speed of the driven load, the amount of
• Oil cooing system torque transmitted from the motor to its load
• Wear of the input shaft thrust bearing is controlled by changing the distance
• Fatigue cracking of input rotor vanes between the conductor plates and the
magnet assembly. During operation and
• Fatigue cracking of lower bearing support
throughout the entire speed range, no
physical connection exists between the
In addition, it is suggested in industrial
motor and the load (Figure 8). This
maintenance bulletins that the stresses
“disconnected connection” has
experienced in fluid drive system subjected
demonstrated vibration reductions up to
to repeated start/stop cycles can increase
85%.
the loads experienced by the internal rotors.
These increased loads can cause damage
that shows up as either increased vibration
or unstable load speed.
7. across all industries. In comparison to
available baseline energy information,
the use of a permanent magnet drive can
result in significant non-energy
operational savings with annual non-
energy operating costs as low as 3% of
initial installed costs.
References:
Figure 8: Operation of Permanent Magnet ASD
1. AC Drive Worldwide Outlook. ARC
Advisory Group Market Study.
The advantage of PMASD’s is found in the
2. California Energy Commission. Energy
fact that they operate without any physical
Solutions For California Industry: Ways
connection between the driver and the load. To Improve Operations And Profitability.
By completely isolating these components 2001.
from each other, PMASD’s eliminate the
3. Coyote Electronics, Inc. Fort Worth, TX.
alignment-related issues experienced by all
4. Dabbs, Tom, The True Cost of
traditional VSD technologies. The result is
Maintenance, Pumps & Systems
increased seal and bearing life in the overall Magazine, April 2004, pump-zone.com
system and a reduction in the cost of
5. DSI – Dynamatic, Inc., Sturtevant, WI.
operating and maintaining that system over
6. Emerson Electric, St. Louis, MO.
its life.
7. Frost & Sullivan. European Variable
Also, because most PMASD’s require no Speed Drives Market Report. 2005.
ancillary equipment, the cost of maintaining 8. Frost & Sullivan. North American
and operating these additional components Variable Speed Drives Market Report.
2005.
is completely avoided. Larger horsepower
PMASD’s may require water cooling to 9. Hydraulic Institute, Pump Life Cycle
Costs, 2005.
prevent excessive heat build-up in the
conductor rotors. In these applications, the 10. Iowa Energy Center website.
minimal cost of maintaining a heat www.energy.iastate.edu/news/pr/pr-
acmaintenance.html
exchanger skid does need to be considered.
11. Jones, Garr. Pumping Station Design,
Butterworth-Heinemann; 3rd ed. Woburn,
However, the costs associated with these
MA, 2005.
systems are historically low, comparing very
favorably to compressed refrigerant cooling 12. MagnaDrive Corp., Bellevue, WA.
systems. 13. Maintenance Resource.com website.
www.maintenanceresource.com.
PMASAD construction is, from both a 14. PowerFlow Engineering, Inc. Westland,
mechanical and electrical design point of MI. PowerFlow Engineering Maintenance
Bulletins. www.power-
view, identical to the construction of the
flowengineer.com/bulletins.html.
electrical motors they are typically attached
to. PMASD manufacturer’s maintenance and 15. Progress Energy. Electrical Maintenance
Workshop: Transformer Maintenance &
operations manuals suggest that the only
Testing. 2003. http://www.progress-
required maintenance is to lubricate any energy.com/custservice/carcig/resourcec
bearing surfaces on the same schedule as is tr/presentations/ElectricalTestingWorksh
opk.pdf
used for the motor bearings. One
manufacturer’s maintenance recommenda- 16. Reliance Electric. Maintenance and
tion for motor lubrication in standard duty Troubleshooting of Electric Motors
website. www.reliance.com.
applications is to check and re-lubricate
every 1 to 7 years depending on the size of 17. Stock Equipment Company. Chagrin
Falls, OH.
the motor.
www.stockequipment.com/solution1.asp
The potential value of permanent magnet 18. US Department of Energy. Industrial
Electric Motor Systems Market Study.
technology is clear. In site evaluations,
the permanent magnet coupling concept 19. Voith Turbo GmbH & Co. KG.
Crailsheim, Germany
for speed control has been proven
8. Total System Non-Energy Operating Cost Comparison of Various Technologies
Annual Cost of
Technology Typical Failure Maintenance and Repair as
Modes a Percentage of Installed
Cost
• System penetration leaks
• Mechanical linkage hysteresis &
Restrictive Flow deadband
• Cavitation / Flashing damage
Control
20%
• Misalignment between driver and
(Valves or Dampers)
load causing premature seal &
bearing wear
• Radial loads on bearings & pump
seals causing premature wear
• Belt wear
• Environmental degradation of belt
Pulley Systems 30%
materials
• Improper tensioning causing loss of
power
• Misalignment between driver and
load causing premature seal &
bearing wear
• Electronic component failure
• Bearing fluting
VFD’s 20%
• Failure of ancillary equipment
• Overheating of circuitry
• Motor winding damage due to
insufficient cooling air flow
• Misalignment between driver and
load causing premature seal &
bearing wear
• Mechanical weakening of
Eddy Current Drives components due to rapidly changing 18%
electrical currents
• Complex and aging controls
• Replacing brushes
• Misalignment between driver and
load causing premature seal &
bearing wear
• Fluid leakage leading to loss of
Fluid Drives 15%
power
• Inadequate cooling of torque transfer
fluids
• Demagnetization caused by
operation outside of specified range.
PMASD’s 3%
• Failure of actuator